Thesis (MA. (Translation Studies and Linguistics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2012 / A critical analysis of The Treatment of Technological and Scientific terms in Xitsonga Bilingual Dictionaries has revealed that the role of equivalence in translation cannot be taken for granted. In the study, various types of translation equivalence problems are examined. Different strategies and procedures for dealing with non-equivalence are also discussed. The study investigates the problems encountered; the impact of transliteration when dealing with the translation of technological and scientific terms in Xitsonga bilingual dictionaries and how lexical engineering contributes towards language change; language shift; language evolution and sometimes language death. This study also reveals that technological terms should be translated by a descriptive term.

M.A. (Linguistics) / Unlike in the natural sciences, the study fields of the social sciences are closely related and large areas overlap - with regard to the use of terminology as well. However there are also differences, and in an institution such as the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) which comprises a heterogeneous community of subject specialists, not only the different subjects fields are represented, but also the different schools of thought (universities). In order to conduct human sciences research, the subject specialists should communicate with one another within these subject fields, but also across the borders of the different human sciences disciplines. The aim of this study was to standardize selected human sciences terminology used in the HSRC in order to provide a source of such terminology to be used mainly by HSRC personnel, and to enhance communication in this way. A theoretical review of the fields of standardization and sUbject lexicography was given. The former field was subdivided into linguistic standardization, technical language standardization and organizational standardization, and a clear organizational standardization process was distinguished on the basis of the steps of collecting, submitting, processing and distributing terminology. The field of subject lexicography concerned technical dictionaries and terminology lists, and the issue of computerizing terminology was also dealt with. The organizational standardization process with respect to HSRC terminology was explained and problematic terms identified in the study were discussed. The terminology involved in the study had been collected over a number of years by the language practitioners at the Centre for Language Services eCLS) of the HSRC, recorded on cards and later entered into the computer. In the study the terminology was submitted to the various sUbject specialists in the HSRC for their comment and approval, and their comments were subsequently researched and discussed by the CLS. The next step in the standardization process involves the processing of the comments so that the terminology can be distributed in the form of a publication or by means of a computerized database. The use of standardized terminology in the HSRC can contribute greatly towards improving communication between subject specialists and if the computerized information is transferred to the National Term Bank of the National Terminology Services as planned, the standardized HSRC terminology can be of use outside the HSRC as well.

Thesis (DLitt (Ancient Studies))--University of Stellenbsoch, 2008. / Two main problems that confront existing Biblical Hebrew (BH) dictionaries can be identified. Firstly, there is a lack of adequate semantic models for the analysis and description of lexemes. Secondly, data is structured in ways that do not enhance optimal retrieval of desired information from the dictionary. The failure to take cognizance of the insights from theoretical lexicography partly explains the state of BH dictionaries. This investigation hypothesizes that current insights from theoretical lexicography can improve existing lexica and create better ones. Accumulated insights from the academic community have resulted in the formulation of a theory of lexicography or metalexicography. In this light, a general lexicographic theory of components and structures of dictionaries is selected and investigated in order to establish the aspects of BH that can be improved. The point of departure is the notion of “dictionary criticism”, which focuses on the critical evaluation of existing dictionaries with the goal of improving them. Though there are other approaches to assess lexica critically, theoretical lexicography provides justified heuristics for an objective appraisal of BH dictionaries. These heuristic include notions of “frame structure”, “lexicographic function,” and “microstructure.” The frame structure focuses on the structural components of the dictionary book. The lexicographic function places emphasis on the goals that the dictionary purports to fulfill in the light of its target users. The microstructure hosts the data that is provided as part of the lexicographic treatment of the lemma sign. In addition, it is the centre of user’s look up activities, and it hosts other important structural components. The above selected notions directly affect the extent to which the user benefits from the dictionary and the success of the dictionary in general. The criticism of selected BH dictionaries in the light of the above-mentioned reveals that most dictionaries fall short in certain critical areas. Data types that are provided are either unnecessary or are not structured in ways that allow optimal and successful retrieval of desired information. Such inadequacies present evidence that existing BH dictionaries can benefit from the insights of theoretical lexicography. A model that seeks to ameliorate BH dictionaries is developed primarily for Bible translators based on selected insights from theoretical lexicography. A trial of this model of BH lexemes that are selected from different lexical classes demonstrates improved lexica in terms of the lexicographic function, the selection, and the organization of data. The trial of the model also highlights areas that need further investigation in the light of current trends in theoretical lexicography in order to better the quality of BH dictionaries.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Linguistics / Master / Master of Philosophy

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The lemmatisation of nouns in African and Non-African language dictionaries is investigated with a view to account for the development of a theoretical framework of how nouns could be lemmatised in a Tshivenda monolingual dictionary. Within the African language dictionaries two traditions exist for lemmatisation of nouns: the stem or root system and the word system. Dictionaries belonging to the Nguni languages enter nouns according to the letter of the root or stem and this has been followed because of the presence of a preprefix in these langauges. Languages like Venda, Tsonga and Sotho usually enter nouns in the dictionary under the first letter of the prefix if present. In African languages the morphological and syntactic category noun is exactly the same. With syntax and morphology the category noun is presented by the root or stem of the noun with prefixes added as inherent semantic and grammatical features of such nouns. So, the exact entry in a dictionary has to be considered form the view point of the syntactic and morphological category only. Taking these considerations into account a case can be made for the treatment of nouns in dictionaries. In a Tshivenda monolingual dictionary nouns are entered as head of the noun phrases (NPs); thus indicating the syntactic operation of the noun outside the context of a sentence. In other instances the syntactic operations are indicated within the context of a sentence and this information is indicated within a dictionary implicitly or covertly by means of illustrative examples. Nouns in these dictionaries may appear with two and or more than two arguments. Semantically, the noun Halwa in a Tshivenda monolingual dictionary may have two arguments: firstly it may mean "an intoxicating drink" and secondly it may refer to "a container for holding beer". Thus the noun in African language dictionaries, Tshivenda in particular, could be represented syntactically morphologically and semantically. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die lemmatisering van naamwoorde in Afrika- en nie-Afrikatale woordeboeke is ondersoek om 'n teoretiese raamwerk te ontwikkel vir die lemmatisering van naamwoorde in 'n Tshivenda eentalige woordeboek. Binne die Afrikatale woordeboek bestaan twee tradisies vir die lemmatisering van naamwoorde: die stamsisteem en die woordsisteem. Woordeboek vir die Ngunitale skryf naamwoorde in volgens die eerste letter van die stam: Dié stelsel is toegepas weens die teenwoordigheid van 'n voorprefiks in hierdie tale. Tale soos Venda, Tsonga en Sotho neem gewoonlik naamwoorde in die woordeboek op onder die eerste letter van die prefiks, as daar een is. In die Afrikatale is die morfologiese en sintaktiese kategorie naamwoord presies dieselfde. Die naamwoord word deur die stam of wortel verteenwoordig en van prefikse vergesel ter aanduiding van bepaalde semantiese en grammatikale kenmerke. Die presiese inskrywing in 'n woordeboek word bepaal deur die sintaksiese en morfologiese kategorie. Baie aandag moet dus gegee word aan die aard van die behandeling van naamwoorde in woordeboeke. In 'n Tshivenda eentalige woordeboek, word naamworde opgeneem as kern van die naamwoordstukke ter aanduiding van die sintaksiese optrede van die naamwoord buite die konteks van 'n sin. In ander gevalle word die sintaksiese optrede aangedui binne die konteks van 'n sin en hierdie inligting word in 'n woordeboek implisiet aangedui deur middel van voorbeeldmateriaal. Naamwoorde in hierdie woordeboek kan met twee en of meer as twee argumente voorkom. Semanties kan die naamwoord [ Halwa] in 'n Tshivenda eentalige woordeboek twee argumente hê : eerstens kan dit beteken" 'n dronkmakende bier" en tweedens 'n blik wat bier hou". Dus kan die naamwoorde in Afrikataalwoordeboeke, veral Tshivenda, sintakties, morfologies en semanties voorgestel word.

This thesis provides individual studies in and a comparison of the Atticistic lexica of the second and third centuries AD. Modern European classicists have looked at the lexicogra-phers separately, but never as a group or in direct comparison. German philologists of the 19th and early 20th centuries looked at them in depth, but did not draw conclusions for their social context, other than the supposed rivalry between Phrynichus and Pollux, while modern classicists of the late 20th century referred to them mainly as source to strengthen their theories for the broader social context of the Second Sophistic. Most extant Atticistic lexica stem from the second and third centuries AD, and it seems natural to concentrate on this period of time in this context. The first chapter of this thesis summarises the linguistic developments leading up to this period of time to provide a bet-ter understanding of Atticism. Atticism cannot be understood fully without special consid-eration of the Atticistic lexicographical movement and vice versa. Chapter II discusses Ae-lius Dionysius and Pausanias, the so-called “forefathers of Atticistic lexicography”, and establishes their neutral approach to the promotion of Atticism. Philemon and the Antiatti-cist are briefly introduced in Chapters III and IV, [but not discussed in length due to exist-ing literature and fragmentary character of the former and the unusual approach of the sub-ject matter and the weak manuscript tradition of the latter.] Chapters V, VI and VII form the core of this analysis with the discussion of Phrynichus’ feisty promotion of Atticism, Moeris’ close links to Phrynichus and his unusual tripartite criteria (Ἀττικόν, Ἑλλήνικον, κοινόν), and Pollux’ Onomasticon which provides us with a unique insight to the lexicog-rapher’s methods, intentions and readership. Chapter VIII reveals that there was harsh crit-icism of those who “over-Atticised,” and discusses who of these lexicographers might have fallen under this criticism. Just as there was no standardised approach to the imitation of Attic Greek, there was no standardised lexicographical approach to providing guidance.

Orientador: Clotilde de Almeida Azevedo Murakawa / Banca: Gladis Maria de Barcello Almeida / Banca: Maria Helena de Paula / Banca: Odair Luiz Nadin da Silva / Banca: Ronaldo Zucchi / Resumo: A relação entre homens e abelhas é histórica. No Brasil, ela é inicialmente marcada pelo extrativismo predatório de mel de melipon"neos e, posteriormente, pela introdução no pa"s de abelhas do gênero Apis. O interesse cient"fico pelas abelhas nasce com a busca de conhecimento para o manejo seguro dessas abelhas e o aumento da produtividade de mel. Atualmente, as pesquisas com abelhas (Apis e melipon"neos) visam mensurar o impacto desses insetos polinizadores sob a perspectiva socioeconômica e ambiental. O conhecimento, a conservação e a criação das diferentes espécies de abelhas estão diretamente relacionados à recuperação da resiliência ambiental e à segurança alimentar. A ciência é a chave, e sua divulgação, as portas de acesso ao conhecimento e à mobilização da sociedade na direção da preservação da biodiversidade e da produção agr"cola sustentável. Esta tese na área da Lexicografia Especializada oferece-se como uma contribuição, como possibilidade de organização e divulgação da terminologia desse dom"nio espec"fico do conhecimento humano. Trata-se de reflexão teórico-metodológica para a elaboração de um dicionário terminológico. Dividida em cinco seções, a tese discute a metalinguagem necessária ao trabalho lexicográfico e a compreensão da palavra como unidade de significação, aprendizagem e transmissão de conhecimento. Como resultados, apresentam-se o corpus APIMELI - base textual digital constitu"da a partir dos princ"pios da Lingu"stica de Corpus; as facilidades e os limites das ferramentas computacionais utilizadas para a extração automática do vocabulário terminológico; a macroestrutura do dicionário com 2404 entradas registradas em ordem alfabética; e, finalmente, um conjunto-piloto com 225 verbetes referentes às unidades iniciadas com a letra M como modelo de microestrutura. Esta tese concebe o dicionário terminológico como produto lexicográfico ... / Abstract: The relationship between man and bees dates from ancient times. In Brazil, it initially consisted of predatory extraction of honey from stingless bees and later of the introduction of bees of the genus Apis. Scientific interest concerning bees began with a search for ways to safely manage these bees and increase honey production. Currently, bee research has focused on examining the impact of these pollinating insects from socio-economic and environmental perspectives. Knowledge concerning the biology, conservation and rearing of the various species of bees directly affects environmental resilience and food security. Scientific knowledge is the key, and its dissemination is the door to access to knowledge and to the mobilization of society to protect biodiversity and prioritize sustainable agricultural production. This thesis, concerning specialized lexicography, seeks to contribute to knowledge about bees, through organization and dissemination of the terminology of this specific domain of human knowledge. It is a theoretical-methodological reflection directed towards the elaboration of a terminological dictionary. Divided into five parts, the thesis discusses the metalanguage necessary for lexicographic studies and comprehension of words as units of significance, learning and transmission of knowledge. The results include the corpus APIMELI - digital text base constituted based on Corpus linguistic principals; the facilities and limits of computational tools used for automatic extraction of vocabulary terms; the macrostructure of a dictionary with 2404 entries recorded in alphabetical order; and a pilot grouping with 225 entries of units that initiate with the letter M as an infrastructure model. This thesis conceives a terminological dictionary as a lexicographic product of semasiological orientation, to bring together a lexical collection, resulting from the linguistic interchange of specialist speakers, and a model for description ... / Doutor

Orientador: Cristina Martins Fargetti / Banca: Clotilde de Almeida Azevedo Murakawa / Banca: Álvaro Iriarte Sanromán / Resumo: Esta dissertação apresenta o estudo de organização de um vocabulário do léxico focado no campo semântico da culinária juruna. A língua juruna é uma língua indígena brasileira, da Família Juruna do Tronco Tupi, falada por 458 pessoas (segundo censo recente), no Parque Indígena Xingu (MT). A organização lexicográfica prática desse vocabulário tem por objetivo colaborar com a produção do dicionário enciclopédico ilustrado bilíngue juruna-português (projeto de pesquisa maior, coordenado pela orientadora desta pesquisa). O levantamento de dados foi realizado em campo pelos métodos de observação participante e de entrevistas semiestruturadas, entre os anos 2011 e 2013, na aldeia Maitxiri-Tubatuba, a qual tem maior densidade demográfica. A exposição que se segue apresenta: uma breve contextualização da história do contato com o povo Juruna; os estudos científicos que nos orientam para a organização do saber apreendido, com fundamentação teórica no Funcionalismo e abordagens teóricas para os Estudos do Léxico; o desenvolvimento dos trabalhos de campo e de gabinete; a análise do conjunto de unidades lexicais; as decisões lexicográficas para a elaboração dos verbetes; e os 72 verbetes / Abstract: This dissertation presents the study of organization of a vocabulary of the lexicon focused in the semantic field of the Juruna cookery. The Juruna language is a Brazilian indigenous language, of the Juruna Family, related to the Tupi Stock, spoken by 458 people (according to recent census) in the Xingu Indigenous Park (MT). The lexicographical organization of this vocabulary aims to collaborate in the making of the bilingual Juruna-Portuguese illustrated encyclopaedic dictionary (larger research project, coordinated by the advisor of this research). The raw data were collected by the methods of participant observation and semi-structured interviews, during the years 2011 to 2013 in Maitxiri-Tubatuba village, which has larger demographic density. This dissertation contains: a short history about the first contacts with the Juruna people; the scientific studies that guide us for the organization of the acquired knowledge, with theoretical basis on the Functionalism and theoretical approaches for the Studies of the Lexicon; the development of the field and office works; the analyses of group the lexical units; the lexicographical decisions for the treatment of the headwords; and the 72 headwords / Mestre

This thesis treats the tendencies in the development of diminutives in French dictionaries between 1539 and 1787. In this period develop both French lexicography, a new linguistic discipline, and French language. Diminutives belong to the set of words that were declassificated during the 17th century and were estimated as undesirable for the speech of an honest man - "honnte homme", eventhough these were relatively appreciated in the previous century. On the basis of research we present diminutives that occur in seven lexicographic works (in the dictionaries from Robert Estienne, Jean Nicot, Randle Cotgrave, Pierre Richelet, Antoine Furetire, French Academy and Abbé Féraud). Thus we are able to observe the stability of particular diminutives as well as the category as a whole. If we encounter the deminutive form in the dictionories from the end of the 17th and 18th centuries, it is very likely to be the case of a lexicalised diminutive, independent on the previously diminuted word. In parallel to that, we also deal with comments - marque d'usage - that generally detach diminutives out of bon usage. The occurence of synthetical diminutives, their partial extinguishment and substitution by analytical diminutives reflect the degradation of diminutive derivation in the speech of classical France and...

Orientador: Celso Fernando Rocha / Banca: Angélica Karim Garcia Simão / Banca: Odair Luiz Nadin da Silva / Resumo: A presente dissertação volta-se para o estudo do léxico de uma obra traduzida, tendo como base o uso de corpus. Escolhemos para análise o livro The Chronicles of Narnia: the Silver Chair (1953), do escritor C. S. Lewis, e suas traduções para a língua portuguesa "As Crônicas de Nárnia: a cadeira de prata" - tradução de Paulo Mendes Campos - e para a língua espanhola Las Crónicas de Narnia: la silla de plata - Tradução de María Rosa Duhart Silva. Selecionamos três vocábulos para análise, os quais se relacionam à representação das principais personagens femininas e a aspectos simbólicos da narrativa: Jill, Witch e owl. Estas são palavras-chave no corpus que compilamos e foram extraídas por meio de ferramentas específicas do software WordSmith Tools. Investigamos, então, os três vocábulos de acordo com seu cotexto (texto ao redor da palavra de busca) e com seu contexto. Para tal, levamos em consideração os dados fornecidos pelo programa, como o número de ocorrências dos vocábulos escolhidos no texto de partida (TP) e nos textos de chegada (TCs) e os pressupostos teóricos dos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996). Os resultados das análises apontam para a criação de novos sentidos nos TCs de acordo com o léxico selecionado pelos tradutores, levando o leitor a conceituar de diferentes modos as personagens citadas, a partir de suas impressões ao ter acesso ao TC. / Abstract: The present dissertation, based on subsidies from Corpus Linguistics consists of a study aimed at studying the lexicon of a literary work. We have chosen to analyze the book The Chronicles of Narnia: the Silver Chair (1953), by the writer C. S. Lewis, and its translations into the Portuguese language As Crônicas de Nárnia: a cadeira de prata - translated by Paulo Mendes Campos -, and into the Spanish language Las Crónicas de Narnia: la silla de plata - translated by María Rosa Duhart Silva. We have selected three words for analysis, which relate to the representation of the main female characters and the symbolic aspects of the narrative: Jill, Witch and owl. These are keywords in the corpus we compiled and they were extracted using specific tools from WordSmith Tools software. We then investigated the three words according to their co-text (text around the search word) and its context. To do so, we took into account the data provided by the program, such as the number of occurrences of the words chosen in the source text (ST) and in the target texts (TTs) and the theoretical assumptions of Corpus-based Translation Studies (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996). The results of the analyzes point to the creation of new meanings in the TTs according to the lexicon selected by the translators, leading the reader to conceptualize the characters mentioned in different ways, from their impressions upon access to the TT. / Mestre