L‟acétonitrile (ACN) peut être considéré comme le solvant de référence utilisé dans les électrolytes pour supercondensateurs car, industriellement, il est le plus utilisé. Il présente en effet de nombreux avantages tels qu‟une viscosité faible et une permittivité élevée, conduisant à une excellente conductivité en présence d‟un sel. Il est cependant hautement volatile, très inflammable et toxique quand il brûle (dégagement de HCN). Ainsi, dans le but de réduire sa pression de vapeur, et donc le risque d‟inflammabilité, il peut être mélangé à un liquide ionique (LI) qui lui est non volatile. Le but de ce travail est de remplacer l‟électrolyte classique des supercondensateurs à base de ACN et de sel de tétraethylammonium tétrafluoroborate (ACN + 1M Et4N+BF4-) par un mélange LI/ACN. Pour ce faire, l‟étude physico-chimique, électrochimique et thermodynamique des mélanges LI/ACN est entreprise. Dans un premier temps, les liquides ioniques ont été synthétisés et caractérisés par différentes techniques d‟analyses physico-chimiques. Ensuite des mélanges LI/ACN ont été formulés. Ces mélanges ont subi des tests de sécurité (tests préliminaires d‟inflammabilité, mesures de point flash) afin de trouver le mélange optimal. Les phénomènes de transport dans ces mélanges ont été aussi étudiés afin de comprendre leur comportement en température. Par ailleurs, l‟étude électrochimique menée sur ces mélanges a montré qu‟il n‟y avait pas de dégradation des performances électrochimiques par comparaison à l‟électrolyte classique. Enfin l‟étude de l‟équilibre liquide vapeur à partir de modèles thermodynamiques semi-prédictifs comme UNIQUAC ou prédictifs comme Cosmo-RS a permis de déterminer les grandeurs d‟excès. / Acetonitrile (ACN) is the most popular solvent in electrolytes designed for use in supercapacitors. It presents many advantages such as a low viscosity and a high permittivity, leading to excellent conductivities in the presence of salts. However it is highly flammable and very toxic when burning (release of HCN ). Thus, in order to reduce its vapor pressure and hence its flammability we propose to mix it with an ionic liquid (IL). As ILs are non volatile compounds, the vapor pressure of the mixture will be reduced (Raoult‟s law). In addition many other benefits may be expected from these mixtures. The aim of this work is to replace the conventional ACN and Et4NBF4 based electrolyte for supercapacitors by a IL/ACN mixture. Thus, the physico-chemical, electrochemical and thermodynamical studies of IL/ACN mixtures have been undertaken. Synthesized and commercial ILs are characterized by mean of different physico-chemical analysis. Then IL/ACN mixtures were formulated. These mixtures were tested for safety (preliminary flammability tests, flash point measurements) and the optimal mixture determined. Transport phenomena in these mixtures were also studied to understand their behavior in response to temperature. Furthermore, the electrochemical study conducted on these mixtures showed that there was no degradation of the electrochemical performances as compared to the conventional electrolyte. Finally the study of vapor liquid equilibrium from semi-predictive thermodynamic models like UNIQUAC or predictive models like Cosmo-RS allowed us to determine the excess properties.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur la réalisation d’une batterie redox-flow fonctionnant grâce à la circulation de suspensions de matériaux d’insertion du lithium afin d’accroitre leur densité d’énergie. Le recours à des cellules microfluidiques permet de s’affranchir des limitations causées par les membranes échangeuses d’ions. Il s’articule dans un premier temps sur la synthèse contrôlée par voie hydrothermale de nanoparticules de LiCoO2 et leur caractérisation en suspension aqueuses. Cette étape permet de déterminer à la fois les propriétés électrochimiques des suspensions, leur état d’agrégation ainsi que leur comportement rhéologique en vue d’une utilisation redox-flow. Le transfert électronique entre une particule en suspension et les électrodes de la cellule est un aspect fondamental de ce type de batteries. Ce transfert est étudié grâce la technique de collision électrochimique dans laquelle la réponse de chaque agrégat est détecté individuellement par une ultramicroélectrode ce qui permet d’établir de nombreuses propriétés physique-chimiques de ces suspensions. Ce travail propose ensuite de s’affranchir de l’utilisation des membranes et de leurs limitations par le recours aux techniques de la microfluidique. La formation d’un écoulement co-laminaire en microcanal permet d’obtenir une cellule redox-flow opérationnelle. La conception et le fonctionnement de ces cellules est étudié en vue de la mise en circulation de suspensions de nanoparticules dans ce type de systèmes. / The aim of this work is to make a redox-flow battery that runs on lithium insertion material suspensions in order to increase the energy density of such systems. The use of microfluidic technics allows to solve the issues and limitations of ion exchange membrane by removing them. In the first part controlled size LiCoO2 nanoparticles are synthesized by hydrothermal route and dispersed into suspensions. The aggregation state of these suspensions are investigated using diffusion light scattering and transmission electronic cryoscopy. Rheological properties were also characterized for redox-flow use. The electronic transfer between a particle in suspension and the flow cell electrodes is crucial for their performances. This transfer is studied in the second part using the single event collision technic which consist of isolating individual aggregate electrochemical response at the surface of an ultramicroelectrode. This approach allows an extensive investigation of suspensions aggregates size, mobility and insertion reaction kinetic. Finally this works propose to replace the conventional ion exchange membrane by the mean of microfluidic technics. In co-laminar condition the fluid interface acts as a separation membrane to create a membrane-less redox-flow battery. The last part focuses on the fabrication of microfluidic cells and the behavior of suspensions in micro-channels.

Conventional energy sources are diminishing and non-renewable, take million years to form and cause environmental degradation. In the 21st century, we have to aim at achieving sustainable, environmentally friendly and cheap energy supply by employing renewable energy technologies associated with portable energy storage devices. Lithium-ion batteries can repeatedly generate clean energy from stored materials and convert reversely electric into chemical energy. The performance of lithium-ion batteries depends intimately on the properties of their materials. Presently used battery electrodes are expensive to be produced; they offer limited energy storage possibility and are unsafe to be used in larger dimensions restraining the diversity of application, especially in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs). This thesis presents a major progress in the development of LiFePO4 as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. Using simple procedure, a completely novel morphology has been synthesized (mesocrystals of LiFePO4) and excellent electrochemical behavior was recorded (nanostructured LiFePO4). The newly developed reactions for synthesis of LiFePO4 are single-step processes and are taking place in an autoclave at significantly lower temperature (200 deg. C) compared to the conventional solid-state method (multi-step and up to 800 deg. C). The use of inexpensive environmentally benign precursors offers a green manufacturing approach for a large scale production. These newly developed experimental procedures can also be extended to other phospho-olivine materials, such as LiCoPO4 and LiMnPO4. The material with the best electrochemical behavior (nanostructured LiFePO4 with carbon coating) was able to delive a stable 94% of the theoretically known capacity. / Konventionelle Energiequellen sind weder nachwachsend und daher nachhaltig nutzbar, noch weiterhin langfristig verfügbar. Sie benötigen Millionen von Jahren um gebildet zu werden und verursachen in ihrer Nutzung negative Umwelteinflüsse wie starke Treibhausgasemissionen. Im 21sten Jahrhundert ist es unser Ziel nachhaltige und umweltfreundliche, sowie möglichst preisgünstige Energiequellen zu erschließen und nutzen. Neuartige Technologien assoziiert mit transportablen Energiespeichersystemen spielen dabei in unserer mobilen Welt eine große Rolle. Li-Ionen Batterien sind in der Lage wiederholt Energie aus entsprechenden Prozessen nutzbar zu machen, indem sie reversibel chemische in elektrische Energie umwandeln. Die Leistung von Li-Ionen Batterien hängen sehr stark von den verwendeten Funktionsmaterialien ab. Aktuell verwendete Elektrodenmaterialien haben hohe Produktionskosten, verfügen über limitierte Energiespeichekapazitäten und sind teilweise gefährlich in der Nutzung für größere Bauteile. Dies beschränkt die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Technologie insbesondere im Gebiet der hybriden Fahrzeugantriebe. Die vorliegende Dissertation beschreibt bedeutende Fortschritte in der Entwicklung von LiFePO4 als Kathodenmaterial für Li-Ionen Batterien. Mithilfe einfacher Syntheseprozeduren konnten eine vollkommen neue Morphologie (mesokristallines LiFePo4) sowie ein nanostrukturiertes Material mit exzellenten elektrochemischen Eigenschaften hergestellt werden. Die neu entwickelten Verfahren zur Synthese von LiFePo4 sind einschrittig und bei signifikant niedrigeren Temperaturen im Vergleich zu konventionellen Methoden. Die Verwendung von preisgünstigen und umweltfreundlichen Ausgangsstoffen stellt einen grünen Herstellungsweg für die large scale Synthese dar. Mittels des neuen Synthesekonzepts konnte meso- und nanostrukturiertes LiFe PO4 generiert werden. Die Methode ist allerdings auch auf andere phospho-olivin Materialien (LiCoPO4, LiMnPO4) anwendbar. Batterietests der besten Materialien (nanostrukturiertes LiFePO4 mit Kohlenstoffnanobeschichtung) ergeben eine mögliche Energiespeicherung von 94%.

Ein viel diskutiertes Thema unserer Zeit ist die Zukunft der Energiegewinnung und Speicherung. Dabei nimmt die Nanowissenschaft eine bedeutende Rolle ein; sie führt zu einer Effizienzsteigerung bei der Speicherung und Gewinnung durch bereits bekannte Materialien und durch neue Materialien. In diesem Zusammenhang ist die Chemie Wegbereiter für Nanomaterialien. Allerdings führen bisher die meisten bekannten Synthesen von Nanopartikeln zu undefinierten Partikeln. Eine einfache, kostengünstige und sichere Synthese würde die Möglichkeit einer breiten Anwendung und Skalierbarkeit bieten. In dieser Arbeit soll daher die Darstellung der einfachen Synthese von Mangannitrid-, Aluminiumnitrid-, Lithiummangansilicat-, Zirkonium-oxinitrid- und Mangancarbonatnanopartikel betrachtet werden. Dabei werden die sogenannte Harnstoff-Glas-Route als eine Festphasensynthese und die Solvothermalsynthese als typische Flüssigphasensynthese eingesetzt. Beide Synthesewege führen zu definierten Partikelgrößen und interessanten Morphologien und ermöglichen eine Einflussnahme auf die Produkte. Im Falle der Synthese der Mangannitridnanopartikel mithilfe der Harnstoff-Glas-Route führt diese zu Nanopartikeln mit Kern-Hülle-Struktur, deren Einsatz als Konversionsmaterial erstmalig vorgestellt wird. Mit dem Ziel einer leichteren Anwendung von Nanopartikeln wird eine einfache Beschichtung von Oberflächen mit Nanopartikeln mithilfe der Rotationsbeschichtung beschrieben. Es entstand ein Gemisch aus MnN0,43/MnO-Nanopartikeln, eingebettet in einem Kohlenstofffilm, dessen Untersuchung als Konversionsmaterial hohe spezifische Kapazitäten (811 mAh/g) zeigt, die die von dem konventionellen Anodenmaterial Graphit (372 mAh/g) übersteigt. Neben der Synthese des Anodenmaterials wurde ebenfalls die des Kathodenmaterials Li2MnSiO4-Nanopartikeln mithilfe der Harnstoff-Glas-Route vorgestellt. Mithilfe der Synthese von Zirkoniumoxinitridnanopartikeln Zr2ON2 kann eine einfache Einflussnahme auf das gewünschte Produkt durch die Variation derReaktionsbedingungen, wie Harnstoffmenge oder Reaktionstemperatur, bei der Harnstoff-Glas-Route demonstriert werden. Der Zusatz von kleinsten Mengen an Ammoniumchlorid vermeidet, dass sich Kohlenstoff im Endprodukt bildet und führt so zu gelben Zr2ON2-Nanopartikeln mit einer Größe d = 8 nm, die Halbleitereigen-schaften besitzen. Die Synthese von Aluminiumnitridnanopartikeln führt zu kristallinen Nanopartikeln, die in eine amorphe Matrix eingebettet sind. Die Solvothermalsynthese von Mangancarbonatnanopartikel lässt neue Morphologien in Form von Nanostäbchen entstehen, die zu schuppenartigen sphärischen Überstrukturen agglomeriert sind. / The development of new methods toward alternative clean energy production and efficient energy storage is a hot topic nowadays. In this context nanoscience has an important role to find suitable ways of increasing the efficiency of storage and production of energy of already known materials and new materials. However, until now the most well-known syntheses of MnN0,43 and Zr2ON2 nanoparticles lead to undefined particles. A simple, cheap and safe synthesis would offer the possibility of broader applications and scalability. We herein present the so-called urea-glass route which is used as a sol-gel process. This synthetic route leads to well-defined particle sizes, novel particle morphologies and allows the tailoring of the desired products. In the case of the synthesis of manganese nitride nanoparticles (MnN0,43), nanoparticles with a core-shell structure are obtained, their use as conversion materials in batteries is first introduced. On the other hand, the formation of zirconium oxynitride nanoparticles (Zr2ON2) can be easily influenced by varying the reaction conditions such as the amount of urea or the reaction temperature. The addition of small amounts of salt prevents the formation of carbon in the final product, leading to yellow Zr2ON2 nanoparticles with a size of d = 8 nm which show semiconductor behavior.

Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der Synthese, den Li+-Transporteigenschaften und der Thermodynamik von Olivin-Typ LiFePO4. Es werden verschiedene Solvothermalsynthesen untersucht. Neben der Einstellung von Partikelgröße und Partikelmorphologie steht die Analyse der Hydrothermalsynthese aus Li3PO4 und Vivianit durch in situ Messung der elektrolytischen Leitfähigkeit im Vordergrund. Die Untersuchung des Li+-Transportes geschieht auf Basis von Redoxreaktionen. Die formalkinetische Auswertung von Lithiierungs- und Delithiierungsreaktionen und eine Nukleationsanalyse wird durch ein Modell zur Auswirkung von antisite-Defekten auf die Kapazität des Elektrodenmaterials ergänzt. Die Ramanspektroskopie wird in Verbindung mit Lösungsenthalpien zur Identifizierung reaktiver Spezies herangezogen. Schwerpunkt der thermodynamischen Charakterisierung ist die experimentelle Ermittlung der Wärmekapazität. Diese wurde unter Berücksichtigung einer magnetischen Phasenumwandlung im Bereich von 2 K bis 773 K ermittelt. Die Daten erlauben die Berechnung wichtiger thermodynamischer Funktionen.

La société fait face à des défis tels que le réchauffement climatique et la diminution des ressources. Ils sont intimement liés à l’énergie et à son stockage, dont les batteries Li-ion sont à ce jour la technologie la plus utilisée. L’amélioration de la densité d’énergie et la sécurité, ainsi que la réduction des éléments toxiques, rares et coûteux sont recherchées. Durant cette étude, les électrodes positives basées sur des matériaux polyanioniques silicates sont considérées pour répondre à ces demandes. Deux composés sont particulièrement étudiés, Li2MnSiO4, dont la capacité spécifique est supérieure à 300mAh.g-1 et LiMnSiO4, de structure olivine, encore jamais répertorié, dont la capacité (174mAh.g-1) et le potentiel (>3.7V) théoriques sont prometteurs.Dans un premier volet, un nanomatériau Li2MnSiO4/C est synthétisé par voie sol-gel. Ses propriétés électrochimiques et structurales sont étudiées. Les différents phénomènes de dégradation observés sont discutés par la suite. Une stratégie de dopage est proposée pour limiter la perte de capacité en cyclage par stabilisation de la structure via le composé Li2-xMn1+xAlxSi1-xO4/C. Enfin l’influence du stockage à l’air de Li2MnSiO4/C est mise en évidence et un mécanisme concernant la formation de Li2CO3 est proposé.En seconde partie, une synthèse de LiMnSiO4/C en plusieurs étapes est proposée à partir de l’olivine MgMnSiO4/C, suivie d’une oxydation chimique et d’une lithiation électrochimique. Chaque étape est caractérisée pour déterminer la structure, l’état d’oxydation et le comportement électrochimique du matériau obtenu.Pour conclure cette étude, les deux matériaux optimisés ont été testés suivant les profils d’applications spatiales (satellites LEO et GEO). La meilleure cyclablité de LiMnSiO4/C est confirmée ainsi que sa légitimité en tant qu’alternative prometteuse au matériau conventionnel Li2MnSiO4/C. / The society is currently facing challenges such as global warming and rarefaction of resources. These issues have a factor in common, energy and more specifically its storage, for which lithium-ion batteries are today the state-of-the-art technology. Researchers and industries are focusing on the increase of energy density and safety and the reduction of toxic, costly and rare elements. In this study, positive electrodes based on silicate polyanionic materials are considered to fulfill these requirements. Two materials are studied, Li2MnSiO4 that exhibits appealing large capacity (>300mAh.g-1) and an unreported LiMnSiO4 with olivine structure that would have medium capacity (174 mAh.g-1) but associated with a high voltage (>3.7V).In a first part, a nanocomposite material Li2MnSiO4/C is synthesized by sol-gel route. Its electrochemical and structural properties are studied. The different degradation phenomena are discussed thereafter. Al-doped and Mn-rich Li2-xMn1+xAlxSi1-xO4/C is also proposed to lower the structural collapse during cycling. Finally the impact of its storage in air is assessed and a mechanism is proposed to explain the formation of Li2CO3.In a second part, a multistep synthesis is designed starting from olivine MgMnSiO4/C, followed by chemical oxidation and electrochemical lithiation to obtain LiMnSiO4/C. Each step is characterized to assess the structure, oxidation degree and electrochemical behavior of the final material.Finally, the testing of the two materials for space applications (LEO and GEO satellites profiles) confirms the better cyclability of LiMnSiO4/C and its validity as promising alternative to the conventional unstable Li2MnSiO4 compound

L’objectif du travail décrit dans cette thèse est de développer des batteries Li-ion peu coûteuses, respectueuses de l’environnement, facilement industrialisables et recyclables, tout en utilisant des fibres cellulosiques et un procédé en milieu aqueux. Deux approches ont été adoptées pendant ce travail expérimental. Dans un premier temps, les microfibrilles de cellulose ont été utilisées pour la production d’anodes par un procédé de casting. Puis, une approche papetière a été adoptée. La plupart des travaux expérimentaux se sont focalisés sur l’utilisation de fibres de cellulose pour la production d’électrodes papier (anodes et cathodes) et de séparateurs-papier par procédé de filtration en milieu aqueux pour obtenir des cellules complètes à base de cellulose. Les électrodes obtenues sont homogènes, souples et leurs propriétés électrochimiques comparables à celles d’électrodes de références utilisant un polymère de synthèse comme liant. / This work investigates the production of low cost, low environmental impact, easily up-scalable and recyclable cellulose-based Li-ion batteries. Two main research approaches were explored. At first, microfibrillated cellulose was used for the production of paper-like anodes by means of a water-based casting process.Then, a papermaking approach was adopted and the majority of the experimental work was focused on the use of cellulose fibers for the production of paper-electrodes (i.e. anodes and cathodes) and paper-separators by means of a water-based filtration process.The prepared electrodes are easy to handle and self-standing with good electrochemical characteristics, comparable with that of standard synthetic polymer-bonded electrodes.

Objetivo: Até 10% dos casos de câncer de mama estão associados com uma síndrome genética de predisposição ao câncer. A identificação de possíveis portadores dessas síndromes e o consequente encaminhamento para aconselhamento genético permitem a adoção de estratégias direcionadas de prevenção e rastreamento capazes de diminuir morbidade e mortalidade. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a proporção de pacientes com câncer de mama atendidos no Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (HUSM) que necessitariam ser encaminhados para avaliação genética. Métodos: Pacientes com câncer de mama que iniciaram tratamento oncológico no HUSM durante o ano de 2014 foram considerados elegíveis. Uma entrevista foi conduzida com cada paciente para coleta de dados e exame físico dirigido. O questionário FSH-7 (Family Story Screening 7) e os critérios do NCCN (National Comprehensive Cancer Network) foram utilizados para identificar os pacientes que deveriam ser encaminhados para avaliação genética. Estes pacientes foram então avaliados quanto à indicação de teste genético - de acordo com as recomendações do NCCN para teste genético – e à probabilidade de mutações nos genes BRCA1 e BRCA2 através de modelos de predição de risco (BOADICEA, Penn II, sistema de escore de Manchester e tabelas da Myriad). Resultados: Dentre os 114 participantes do estudo, 65 (57%) preenchiam critérios de encaminhamento para avaliação genética de acordo com as diretrizes do NCCN. O questionário FHS-7 apresentou uma sensibilidade de 90% para identificar estes pacientes, com uma especificidade de 85%. A presença de história pessoal ou familiar de câncer de mama antes dos 50 anos foi o critério mais comum para indicar avaliação genética. Em relação aos testes genéticos, 52 pacientes (45%) deveriam ser testados para mutações nos genes BRCA1 e BRCA2 e 4 pacientes (3,5%) possuíam indicação de teste para mutações em TP53, de acordo com as recomendações do NCCN. Utilizando os modelos de predição de risco, 10,2% a 57,1% dos pacientes apresentavam uma probabilidade ≥ 10% de mutações em BRCA1 ou BRCA2. Conclusão: Este estudo revelou que a maioria dos pacientes com câncer de mama atendidos no HUSM possui indicação de encaminhamento para avaliação genética. A utilização de um questionário simples e rápido poderia identificar 90% destes pacientes. / Objective: Up to 10% of breast cancers are associated with a hereditary cancer syndrome. The identification of possible carriers of these syndromes and the subsequent referral for genetic counselling allow the adoption of tailored screening and prevention strategies capable of reducing morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to assess the proportion of patients with breast cancer treated at the University Hospital of Santa Maria (HUSM) that would need to be referred for genetic evaluation. Methods: Breast cancer patients who began cancer treatment at HUSM during the year 2014 were eligible. An interview was conducted with each patient for data collection and targeted physical examination. The FSH-7 (Family Story Screening 7) questionnaire and the NCCN (National Comprehensive Cancer Network) criteria were used to identify patients who should be referred for genetic evaluation. Then these patients were assessed for genetic testing criteria - according to the NCCN recommendations for genetic testing - and the likelihood of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations through risk prediction models (BOADICEA, Penn II, Manchester score system and Myriad tables). Results: Among the 114 study participants, 65 (57%) meet referral criteria for genetic evaluation according to the NCCN guidelines. The FHS-7 questionnaire showed a sensitivity of 90% to identify such patients with a specificity of 85%. The presence of personal or family history of breast cancer before age 50 was the most common criteria to indicate genetic evaluation. With respect to genetic testing, 52 patients (45%) should be tested for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and 4 patients (3.5%) had test indication for TP53 mutations in accordance with the recommendations of the NCCN. Using risk prediction models, 10.2% to 57.1% of patients had a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations probability ≥ 10%. Conclusion: This study showed that most of the patients with breast cancer treated at HUSM have referral indication for genetic evaluation. The use of a fast and simple questionnaire could identify 90% of these patients.

Objetivo: Até 10% dos casos de câncer de mama estão associados com uma síndrome genética de predisposição ao câncer. A identificação de possíveis portadores dessas síndromes e o consequente encaminhamento para aconselhamento genético permitem a adoção de estratégias direcionadas de prevenção e rastreamento capazes de diminuir morbidade e mortalidade. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a proporção de pacientes com câncer de mama atendidos no Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (HUSM) que necessitariam ser encaminhados para avaliação genética. Métodos: Pacientes com câncer de mama que iniciaram tratamento oncológico no HUSM durante o ano de 2014 foram considerados elegíveis. Uma entrevista foi conduzida com cada paciente para coleta de dados e exame físico dirigido. O questionário FSH-7 (Family Story Screening 7) e os critérios do NCCN (National Comprehensive Cancer Network) foram utilizados para identificar os pacientes que deveriam ser encaminhados para avaliação genética. Estes pacientes foram então avaliados quanto à indicação de teste genético - de acordo com as recomendações do NCCN para teste genético – e à probabilidade de mutações nos genes BRCA1 e BRCA2 através de modelos de predição de risco (BOADICEA, Penn II, sistema de escore de Manchester e tabelas da Myriad). Resultados: Dentre os 114 participantes do estudo, 65 (57%) preenchiam critérios de encaminhamento para avaliação genética de acordo com as diretrizes do NCCN. O questionário FHS-7 apresentou uma sensibilidade de 90% para identificar estes pacientes, com uma especificidade de 85%. A presença de história pessoal ou familiar de câncer de mama antes dos 50 anos foi o critério mais comum para indicar avaliação genética. Em relação aos testes genéticos, 52 pacientes (45%) deveriam ser testados para mutações nos genes BRCA1 e BRCA2 e 4 pacientes (3,5%) possuíam indicação de teste para mutações em TP53, de acordo com as recomendações do NCCN. Utilizando os modelos de predição de risco, 10,2% a 57,1% dos pacientes apresentavam uma probabilidade ≥ 10% de mutações em BRCA1 ou BRCA2. Conclusão: Este estudo revelou que a maioria dos pacientes com câncer de mama atendidos no HUSM possui indicação de encaminhamento para avaliação genética. A utilização de um questionário simples e rápido poderia identificar 90% destes pacientes. / Objective: Up to 10% of breast cancers are associated with a hereditary cancer syndrome. The identification of possible carriers of these syndromes and the subsequent referral for genetic counselling allow the adoption of tailored screening and prevention strategies capable of reducing morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to assess the proportion of patients with breast cancer treated at the University Hospital of Santa Maria (HUSM) that would need to be referred for genetic evaluation. Methods: Breast cancer patients who began cancer treatment at HUSM during the year 2014 were eligible. An interview was conducted with each patient for data collection and targeted physical examination. The FSH-7 (Family Story Screening 7) questionnaire and the NCCN (National Comprehensive Cancer Network) criteria were used to identify patients who should be referred for genetic evaluation. Then these patients were assessed for genetic testing criteria - according to the NCCN recommendations for genetic testing - and the likelihood of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations through risk prediction models (BOADICEA, Penn II, Manchester score system and Myriad tables). Results: Among the 114 study participants, 65 (57%) meet referral criteria for genetic evaluation according to the NCCN guidelines. The FHS-7 questionnaire showed a sensitivity of 90% to identify such patients with a specificity of 85%. The presence of personal or family history of breast cancer before age 50 was the most common criteria to indicate genetic evaluation. With respect to genetic testing, 52 patients (45%) should be tested for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and 4 patients (3.5%) had test indication for TP53 mutations in accordance with the recommendations of the NCCN. Using risk prediction models, 10.2% to 57.1% of patients had a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations probability ≥ 10%. Conclusion: This study showed that most of the patients with breast cancer treated at HUSM have referral indication for genetic evaluation. The use of a fast and simple questionnaire could identify 90% of these patients.

No presente trabalho, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia sintética para a funcionalização de um monossacarídeo derivado da D-glicose através do Rearranjo de Ferrier, utilizando-se um sal de organotrifluoroborato de potássio como nucleófilo. Em seguida, foi feita a reação de cicloadição azida-acetileno com cobre, através de estratégias simples e eficientes, que seguem a filosofia da click chemistry, permitindo a preparação de uma série de compostos com grande diversidade estrutural, possuindo dois anéis heterocíclicos e diversos substituintes, com promissora atividade biológica. Dando continuidade ao projeto, foi feita a metanólise dos grupamentos acetila, com carbonato de potássio e metanol. Assim, as novas moléculas adquirem maior hidrofilicidade e podem ser enviadas para novos testes biológicos, para fins de comparação com as anteriores. A partir dos compostos desprotegidos, foi feita a mesilação seletiva da hidroxila primária do açúcar e a substituição com selenolato de sódio, com a obtenção de seleno-carboidratos inéditos. Em uma segunda etapa do trabalho, exploramos a reatividade do núcleo triazólico, com a reação de troca Te/Li seguida de captura por eletrófilo. O material de partida foi sintetizado a partir do fenil acetileno. Com o triazol telurado em mãos, partimos para as reações de troca e captura por eletrófilo. Utilizamos diferentes tipos de eletrófilos, como aldeídos, cetonas, iodetos, dentre outros. / We developed a synthetic methodology for the functionalization of a monosaccharide derived from D-glucose, using the Ferrier rearrangement with a potassium organotrifluoroborate salt as the nucleophile. This way, a series of coumpounds with high structural diversity and two heterocyclic rings having different substituents were produced, using the azide-acetylene cycloaddition reaction. Through this simple and efficient methodology, that follows the \"click chemistry\" philosophy, we could synthesize molecules with promising biological activity. Continuing the project, we performed the methanolysis of the acetyl groups, with potassium carbonate and methanol. Thus, the new molecules become more hydrophilic and could be sent to new biological tests, for a comparison with the previous ones. From the deprotected compounds, we were able to mesilate the primary hydroxyl and substitute it with sodium selenolate, obtaining novel selenium-carbohydrates. In a second part of our work, we were able to exploit the triazole reactivity trough the Te/Li exchange reaction followed by the electrophile capture. The starting material was obtained from phenyl acetylene. With the teluratte in our hands, we set out to the exchange reactions, using several types of electrophiles, such as aldehydes, ketones, iodide, among others.