Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2003. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 129 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-108).

This study is targeted on the high grade elementary school students in Kaohsiung City¡Aand aims to look into the relation of parenting styles¡Aattachment relationship¡Aand life adjustment . Based on the discussion on relevant literatures,the theory,framework,and research tools adoptted in the research are thus developted.In this research, 1160 elementary school students are targeted to fill in this questionnaires and 1058 effetcive questionnaires are acquired.The research tools consist of ¡§Parenting Styles Scale¡¨, ¡§Attachment Relationship Scale¡¨, and ¡§Life Adjustment Scale¡¨.The effective samplings are analyzed by t-test, One-way ANOVA, Pearson Product¡Ðmoment Correlation and ,Multiple Regression. The conclusions are as follows: 1. The whole performance of the elementary school students¡¦ parenting styles is good.Among the sectional scores,the dimension of demands is the highest. 2. The whole performance of the elementary school students¡¦ attachment relationship is good.Among the sectional scores, the dimension of alienation is the highest. 3. The whole performance of the elementary school students¡¦ life adjustment is good.Among the sectional scores, the dimension of family¡¦s adjustment is the highest. 4. The students of the fifth grade¡Atwo parents family¡Amiddle SES have a higher sense of the awareness of the parenting styles . 5. The girls,the fifth grade¡Amiddle SES have a higher sense of the awareness of the attachment relationship . 6. The girls,the fifth grade¡Ahigh and middle SES have a higher sense of the awareness of the life adjustment . 7. The clearer the students¡¦ parenting styles will be,the better attachment relationship will be. 8. The clearer the students¡¦ parenting styles will be,the better life adjustment will be. 9. The clearer the students¡¦ attachment relationship will be,the better life adjustment will be. 10. Students¡¦ backgrounds, parenting styles and attachment relationship have predicative efficacy for students¡¦ life adjustment. ¡§Mother¡¦s trust ¡¨can predict students¡¦ life adjustment best.

This is a study to determine a sound method of pre-service education for teachers of life adjustment schools. For many years some of the leading educations have seen the need to revise the public schools to improve the quality of living in a democratic society. With the assumption that this change is necessary in order to quip the individuals with the tools for making adjustments to existing and impending life situations, a new type of teacher may be required. For the improvement of teachers and leaders, the schools, colleges, and departments of education must assume major responsibilities, for through them will come practically all of the teachers and administrators who will have a part in determining the course of education.

本研究目的係為探索中年未婚女性畢業照顧者之生活經驗，以瞭解其生活調適情形與對未來生活的規劃，促使社會工作者對畢業照顧者有更深層的認識，並作為未來擬定處遇計畫及支持性福利措施或方案的參考。本研究採用質性研究中的深度訪談法，以立意取樣選取8位符合研究條件（照顧失能家人之時間至少需達1年以上；且被照顧者已逝世，照顧者脫離照顧身份時間已達6個月以上）之受訪者。主要研究結果分述如下： 一、成為「畢業照顧者」的心情包含：卸下重擔的輕鬆感、感傷自己孤獨一人、慢慢釋放的壓力等三種類型，因應受訪者的照顧年資、畢業年限、被照顧者的自我意識是否清楚，以及自身適應能力等差異，呈現出迥然不同的情緒反應。 二、中年未婚女性畢業照顧者之生活重心移轉情形，依「程度」劃分出：頓失生活重心、摸索生活重心、重拾生活重心等三類，並將「場域」劃分為：職場工作、志工、社交與休閒娛樂等。呈現出畢業照顧者的生活重心由「逝者」漸轉移至「生者」，進而開始重視自身需求的情形。現階段遇到的挑戰包含：（1）不易重返職場；（2）孤獨與寂寞；（3）處理內心解不開的結。 三、對於老年生活的規劃，研究結果指出：（1）理想居住型態有二，以與單身未婚的朋友共居為主，進住養老院為輔；（2）為降低個人在晚年生活的風險，體認保健、保險與儲蓄的重要性。（3）作好面對死亡的準備，包括預立遺囑、遺產分配、接受安寧療護的意願釐清，以及身後歸屬與處理方式等。本研究彙集了受訪者分享「當照顧已成往事」的心得，有感於畢業照顧者淬鍊過後的人生智慧益發顯得寶貴，本研究歸納出：重拾原有的夢想和興趣、把握當下與志工生活，以及注重生命品質等三項重點作分享。 根據研究結果進一步討論發現：（1）中年未婚女性畢業照顧者面臨喪親時的調適方式與一般人相去不遠，相異之處在於照顧工作帶給她們身體、心靈、社交活動上的影響，導致畢業照顧者容易出現「筋骨酸痛」、「失落又解脫的矛盾心情」與「不易重返職場」等特殊需求，進而需要「職能治療與復健」、「專業心理諮商」以及「提供友善政策以支持重返職場」等專業服務或福利政策；（2）畢業照顧者因提前接觸老年與臨終生活，彷彿替自己預習了老年生活與死亡的課程，這種經驗將有助於自身面對老年生活的態度與適應；（3）中年單身者擔憂未來失去生活自理能力後的照顧問題，我們必須正視此一中高齡單身族群的照顧議題，文末並依結果分析提出對社工實務、政策與未來研究之建議。 / The purpose of this study was to explore the life experience that former caregivers which were unmarried middle-aged female, to understand the life adjusting and future planning, and to promote social workers to get deeper understanding for the former caregivers in order to help draft the action plans and supporting welfare measures or projects. This research employed qualitative methods. The researcher conducted semi-structural interview with eight former caregivers individually, and collected in-depth data. 8 interviewees who conform to research conditions (time of taking care of disabled family members is at least more than 1 year; if care receiver passed away, the time that caregiver loses care-giving status has been more than 6 months) are selected by purposive sampling. The study findings after data analyzed are listed below： First, the feelings of became former caregivers were three types： The relaxation of unloading the heavy responsibility, loneliness and strain was slow down. Research results demonstrate totally different emotional responses according to differences, including interviewee’s care-giving seniority, years of graduation, whether care receiver’s self awareness is clear or not, and self adaption ability. Second, As for middle-aged single female former caregiver’s life center shift condition, it can be divided according to “level”: three kinds including losing life center, exploring life center, and regaining life center. In addition, it can also be divided according to “field”: workplace, volunteer, social and leisure entertainment. The conditions that former caregiver’s life center gradually shifts from “dead” to “living”, and begins to attach importance to self requirements are demonstrated. The challenges in current stage include:（1）Not easy to go back to workplace,（2）solitude and loneliness, and（3）dealing with the untied knot in heart. Third, Concerning the planning of old age life, research results indicate that:（1） There are two ideal living styles, which is mainly living together with single friend supplemented with living in House for the Aged,（2）in order to reduce individual risk in old age life, and realize the importance of health care, insurance, and saving.（3） Prepare for facing death, including living will, estate distribution, clarification of willingness to accept hospice care, after-death ownership and disposal method. This study summarizes interviewees’ experiences of sharing “when care giving has become bygones”. Realizing that former caregiver’s life wisdom is valuable, it is summarized in this study: Sharing the three points including regaining the original dream and interest, seizing the moment and volunteer life, and focusing on life quality. Based on the findings of this research, the researcher finds three points：（1）middle-aged single female former caregiver’s adjustment method when facing bereavement is quite similar to general people. The difference is the effect of care giving work on their body, mind, and social activity, which easily induces former caregiver’s special requirements including “aching muscles”, “ambivalence of loss and relief”, and “not easy to go back to workplace”, and then professional service or welfare policy including “occupational therapy and rehabilitation”, “professional psychological counseling” and “providing friendly policy to support going back to workplace” are required.（2）Former caregivers contacts old age and death life earlier, so it is just like to preview the lesson of old age life and death for themselves. This kind of experience will be helpful for the attitude and adjustment of facing old age life.（3）Middle-aged single people worry about the care giving problem when they lose life providing ability in the future, and we must face the care giving issue of this elderly single group. The outcome could be the suggestions for the social work practice, social policy and future research.

ABSTRACT Multinational marriages across borders have been tremendously increased for the past few years. The number of foreign brides, excluding those whom from Mainland China, has been standing at around 120,000 at the end of 2004. Among these brides, most of them take the Penghu as their residential area during the past three years. However, the problems of the culture differences for their life adjustment among the cross-border marriages have been turned out. Taiwanese government, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, has introduced the projects for life-guidance and relevant financial support to get rid of their difficulties of life adjustment. Nonetheless, there is a doubt that the fact is that most of the foreign brides are still faced with difficulties in livings. Given such a scenario, this study tries to review the projects to see the extent in which the foreign brides get accustomed to their community, and fulfill their potentials after joining the classes of life guidance. A documentary analysis and the questionnaire interviews are used to empirically examine the current context. After the pilot study, 265 samples of foreign brides in the Penghu country were collected. Among these respondents selected, 130 joined the life guidance class, while 135 did not. Via the aid of the software of Statistics Package of Social Science, The findings are shown as followings. a. The mature foreign brides were more likely to join the class than the junior. Of the brides, Indonesian brides were the major participants compared with those whom from Vietnam. Also, those who have received more school years attended the class more. The more years the brides stepped into marriage, the less possibility they joined the class. This was the same case in the brides who must spend more time to take care of children. b. The brides who attended the class tended to enjoy more satisfaction of livings than those who neglected the class. c. The foreign brides performed various life adjustments with their different ages, status of marriage, and standard of living and finance. d. The class participants revealed significant differences in life adjustments in terms of their attendance of class, attitude to class, and family support. e. The feelings after the class attendants were shown positive, pleasure, supportive, and satisfied. However, transportation and child care might stop their attendance. All the brides were in the hope of taking the class and learning Mandarin and they wished to develop knowledge through the classes under the family support.

The main goals of the present study were to examine the related factors of life adjument among elementary students. The study investigated the elementary students of the 6th grade during the 2006 school year within the Kaohsiung County, including 1041 students. ¡§Perceptual Parenting Style Scale of Elementary Students¡¨, ¡§Percep- tual Marital Relationship Scale of Elementary Students¡¨, ¡§Inventory of Parents Attach- ment¡¨, ¡§Interpersonal Relationship Scale of Elementary Students¡¨, ¡§Self-efficacy Scale of Elementary Students¡¨, ¡§Emotional Intelligence Scale of Elementary Students¡¨, and ¡§Life Adjument Scale of Elementary Students¡¨ were used. The results were ana- lyzed with descriptive statistics, T-test, one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, Cano- nical Correlation, Stepwise Regression Procedure, and Structural Equation Modeling. The conclusion and findings were listed as follows: (1) The current situation of perceptual parenting style, perceptual marital relationship, parents attachment, family atmosphere, interpersonal relationship, self-efficacy, emotional intelligence, and life adjument of elementary students were great. (2) In the interpersonal relationship, self-efficacy, emotional intelligence, and life adjument of elementary students, girls were greater than boys. (3) In the perceptual parenting style, parents attachment, family atmosphere, and self- efficacy of elementary students, students with high socioeconomic status were better than low socioeconomic status. (4) There was a significant difference on the perceptual parenting style, perceptual marital relationship, parents attachment, family atmosphere, interpersonal rela tionship, self-efficacy, emotional intelligence, and life adjument among elemen- tary students of different parenting style. (5) In the perceptual parenting style, perceptual marital relationship, parents attachment, family atmosphere, interpersonal relationship, self-efficacy, emotional intelligence, and life adjument of elementary students, students with high level attachment were superior to low level attachment. (6) There was a interaction relationship in the self-efficacy, emotional intelligence, and life adjument of elementary students for two factors of sex and perceptual paren- ting style. (7) Canonical relationships were found among the family atmosphere, interpersonal relationship, self-efficacy, and emotional intelligence of elementary students. (8) Canonical relationships were found among the family atmosphere, interpersonal relationship, self-efficacy, emotional intelligence, and life adjument of elementary students. (9) The family atmosphere, interpersonal relationship, and self-efficacy of elementary students had an obvious predictability to the emotional intelligence. (10) The family atmosphere, interpersonal relationship, self-efficacy, and emotional intelligence of elementary students had an obvious predictability to the life adjument. (11) Subjects didn¡¦t fit with the model based on the relationships that the perceptual parenting style, perceptual marital relationship, parents attachment, interpersonal relationship, and self-efficacy of elementary students affected emotional intelligence and life adjument, and then emotional intelligence affected life adjustment. Based on the above findings, constructive suggestions were provided for the parents, teachers, and school authorities. Further research was also suggested.

Third Public Television Service (Channel 3) plays important roles in enhancing sense of community and encouraging involvement in community. The Cable Television Channel Planning and Management Regulations, which was promulgated on December 13 in 2004, indicate clearly that each cable station s third channel is the public channel to practice community people s media access rights. Its major purposes are to protect the freedom of speech, to ensure citizens having channels to express their opinions, and to facilitate the diverse social developments. Recently, the issue of new immigrants has become the main issue discussed in the society. In the past, scholars apply the theories of society science to the research of the issue of new immigrants. The number of study regarding the interaction of cable station¡¦s public channel is much fewer. This paper aims to use the media access rights and theory of life adjustment of new immigrants from the concept of public channel. Taking KuanSheng CATV Co., Ltd. in Pingtung as the example, we aim to explore if cable station¡¦s third public channel can play a more positive role in enhancing the right to access to the media of new immigrants to reduce digital divide, cultural gap, and life adjustment in addition to the social work unit. For the aspect of data analysis, a questionnaire was designed according to the research goals and questions, and further in-depth interview was conducted to cover the insufficient parts of questionnaire. Data were collected via either giving away the text of questionnaire or sending email. A total of 323 questionnaires were administered, leaving 176 valid questionnaires. This research has adopted statistical package software for social science including SPSS13.0 and AMOS 4.0 as the tool for data analysis. The result of research can be described as follows: public channel has brought the positive influence to the adaptability of new immigrants. Among them, programming of public channel and support of government¡¦s policies are not only crucial to public channel¡¦s impacts on the viewing of new immigrants but also the key factors of new immigrants¡¦ adjustment to new life in Taiwan.

The purpose of this study is to find the function of handicrafts in life adjustment education. It should also help in determining sound methods of organizing and teaching handicrafts.

This study aims to highlight the crisis and adjustment process in individuals who suffered myocardial infarction. The research questions focus on the informants’ experiences of the crisis and life adjustment process, and illuminate the coping strategies that the informants describe important. By using a narrative method and applyingthe crisis theory and coping theory as theoretical guidelines, this study endeavors to illuminate individuals' experiences of the disease from their own perspective. The empirical material consists of four life stories gatheredthrough semi-structured interviews. The result indicates general patterns that characterize the course of the diseaseat the same time as individual aspectsof the crisis process are shown, where individual coping strategies have proven necessary through the different phases. The individual aspect on how one cope with crisis seems to depend on personality and life situation. Major life adjustments have proven necessary in the course of the disease. Changes and priorities seem to be revalued through the different phases, along with a greater appreciation for life. Importance of social support is being emphasized; however the most important element appears to be their own, personalefforts and transformation.

Inledning: Av de barn som har separerade föräldrar i Sverige så är det 35 procent som bor växelvis dvs. halva tiden hos respektive förälder. Frågeställningar: Hur har särlevande föräldrar upplevt omställningsprocessen från att ha varit "förälder på heltid" i kärnfamiljen till att vara "förälder på deltid" och träffa barnen varannan vecka samt hur upplever de att relationen till barnen och andra personer förändrats efter omställningen. Metod: Kvalitativ metod har valts och fem särlevande föräldrar som separerat för minst tre år sedan intervjuades utifrån en halvstrukturerad intervjuguide. Resultat: Resultatet visar att en separation är en process vars förlopp startar med olika påfrestningar inom kärnfamiljen och som leder till praktiska, känslomässiga, sociala och relationella förändringar som varierar över tid. Diskussion: Resultatet har undersökts med fokus på i vilken utsträckning det stöds av de tre teorierna; transitions-, kris- och ex-teorin.  Informanternas upplevelser stämmer överens med samtliga teorier i olika delar. Separationsprocessen med växelvis boende innebär en djupgående förändring som pågår parallellt; i den intrapsykiska världen (kris-teorin),  identitets- och rollförändring samt inom den relationella världen mot såväl barnen som andra vuxna (ex-teorin). Transitions-teorin  ger möjlighet till en mer differentierad beskrivning av processen med hjälp av sina sex faktorer. / Introduction: In Sweden, 35% of thechildren whose parents are separated have alternating residence i.e. they livehalf of the time with their mother and father respectively. Questions: Howhave separate parents experienced this process of adjustment from having been a"full-time parent"  in the nuclear family to becoming a"part-time parent" and see the child every fortnight and how do theyexperience that their relation to the children and those around has changedafter the adjustment? Method: A qualitative method has been chosen andfive separate parents living apart for at least 3 years have been interviewedin accordance with a semi-structured interview guide. Results: Theresult reveals that a separation is a process whose course of events startswith various strains within the nuclear family and leads to practical,emotional, social and relational changes that vary over time. Discussion:The result has been analysed focusing on the question to what extent it isbased on the three theories: the Transition theory, the Crisis theory and theEx-theory. The experiences of the informants correspond with all the threetheories in different parts. The separation process with alternating residenceinvolves a profound change going on parallelly; in the intrapsychic world (the Crisistheory), changes relating to identity and role and also witin the relationalworld towards the children as well as to other grown-ups (the Ex-theory). TheTransition theory makes a more differentiated description of the processpossible by means of its six factors.