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當照顧已成往事:中年未婚女性畢業照顧者之生活調適 / When time goes by:A study on life adjustment of middle-aged single female former caregivers.楊祝惠, Yang, Chu Hui Unknown Date (has links)
本研究目的係為探索中年未婚女性畢業照顧者之生活經驗,以瞭解其生活調適情形與對未來生活的規劃,促使社會工作者對畢業照顧者有更深層的認識,並作為未來擬定處遇計畫及支持性福利措施或方案的參考。本研究採用質性研究中的深度訪談法,以立意取樣選取8位符合研究條件(照顧失能家人之時間至少需達1年以上;且被照顧者已逝世,照顧者脫離照顧身份時間已達6個月以上)之受訪者。主要研究結果分述如下:
一、成為「畢業照顧者」的心情包含:卸下重擔的輕鬆感、感傷自己孤獨一人、慢慢釋放的壓力等三種類型,因應受訪者的照顧年資、畢業年限、被照顧者的自我意識是否清楚,以及自身適應能力等差異,呈現出迥然不同的情緒反應。
二、中年未婚女性畢業照顧者之生活重心移轉情形,依「程度」劃分出:頓失生活重心、摸索生活重心、重拾生活重心等三類,並將「場域」劃分為:職場工作、志工、社交與休閒娛樂等。呈現出畢業照顧者的生活重心由「逝者」漸轉移至「生者」,進而開始重視自身需求的情形。現階段遇到的挑戰包含:(1)不易重返職場;(2)孤獨與寂寞;(3)處理內心解不開的結。
三、對於老年生活的規劃,研究結果指出:(1)理想居住型態有二,以與單身未婚的朋友共居為主,進住養老院為輔;(2)為降低個人在晚年生活的風險,體認保健、保險與儲蓄的重要性。(3)作好面對死亡的準備,包括預立遺囑、遺產分配、接受安寧療護的意願釐清,以及身後歸屬與處理方式等。本研究彙集了受訪者分享「當照顧已成往事」的心得,有感於畢業照顧者淬鍊過後的人生智慧益發顯得寶貴,本研究歸納出:重拾原有的夢想和興趣、把握當下與志工生活,以及注重生命品質等三項重點作分享。
根據研究結果進一步討論發現:(1)中年未婚女性畢業照顧者面臨喪親時的調適方式與一般人相去不遠,相異之處在於照顧工作帶給她們身體、心靈、社交活動上的影響,導致畢業照顧者容易出現「筋骨酸痛」、「失落又解脫的矛盾心情」與「不易重返職場」等特殊需求,進而需要「職能治療與復健」、「專業心理諮商」以及「提供友善政策以支持重返職場」等專業服務或福利政策;(2)畢業照顧者因提前接觸老年與臨終生活,彷彿替自己預習了老年生活與死亡的課程,這種經驗將有助於自身面對老年生活的態度與適應;(3)中年單身者擔憂未來失去生活自理能力後的照顧問題,我們必須正視此一中高齡單身族群的照顧議題,文末並依結果分析提出對社工實務、政策與未來研究之建議。 / The purpose of this study was to explore the life experience that former caregivers which were unmarried middle-aged female, to understand the life adjusting and future planning, and to promote social workers to get deeper understanding for the former caregivers in order to help draft the action plans and supporting welfare measures or projects. This research employed qualitative methods. The researcher conducted semi-structural interview with eight former caregivers individually, and collected in-depth data. 8 interviewees who conform to research conditions (time of taking care of disabled family members is at least more than 1 year; if care receiver passed away, the time that caregiver loses care-giving status has been more than 6 months) are selected by purposive sampling. The study findings after data analyzed are listed below:
First, the feelings of became former caregivers were three types: The relaxation of unloading the heavy responsibility, loneliness and strain was slow down. Research results demonstrate totally different emotional responses according to differences, including interviewee’s care-giving seniority, years of graduation, whether care receiver’s self awareness is clear or not, and self adaption ability.
Second, As for middle-aged single female former caregiver’s life center shift condition, it can be divided according to “level”: three kinds including losing life center, exploring life center, and regaining life center. In addition, it can also be divided according to “field”: workplace, volunteer, social and leisure entertainment. The conditions that former caregiver’s life center gradually shifts from “dead” to “living”, and begins to attach importance to self requirements are demonstrated. The challenges in current stage include:(1)Not easy to go back to workplace,(2)solitude and loneliness, and(3)dealing with the untied knot in heart.
Third, Concerning the planning of old age life, research results indicate that:(1) There are two ideal living styles, which is mainly living together with single friend supplemented with living in House for the Aged,(2)in order to reduce individual risk in old age life, and realize the importance of health care, insurance, and saving.(3) Prepare for facing death, including living will, estate distribution, clarification of willingness to accept hospice care, after-death ownership and disposal method. This study summarizes interviewees’ experiences of sharing “when care giving has become bygones”. Realizing that former caregiver’s life wisdom is valuable, it is summarized in this study: Sharing the three points including regaining the original dream and interest, seizing the moment and volunteer life, and focusing on life quality.
Based on the findings of this research, the researcher finds three points:(1)middle-aged single female former caregiver’s adjustment method when facing bereavement is quite similar to general people. The difference is the effect of care giving work on their body, mind, and social activity, which easily induces former caregiver’s special requirements including “aching muscles”, “ambivalence of loss and relief”, and “not easy to go back to workplace”, and then professional service or welfare policy including “occupational therapy and rehabilitation”, “professional psychological counseling” and “providing friendly policy to support going back to workplace” are required.(2)Former caregivers contacts old age and death life earlier, so it is just like to preview the lesson of old age life and death for themselves. This kind of experience will be helpful for the attitude and adjustment of facing old age life.(3)Middle-aged single people worry about the care giving problem when they lose life providing ability in the future, and we must face the care giving issue of this elderly single group. The outcome could be the suggestions for the social work practice, social policy and future research.
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女兒照顧者角色形成與照顧經驗之初探 / A Study on the Formation of Caring Role and the Caring Experience of Daughters涂翡珊 Unknown Date (has links)
有鑑於女兒在中國親屬關係中照顧角色的邊陲化,以及生育率降低、父母經濟力大增、養兒防老的觀念改變,許多家庭可能沒有生兒子,經濟上也不需要依賴子女,老人需要的是情感的支持,未來老人照顧由女兒來提供照顧的可能性增加。爲了察看女兒在中國傳統的情境脈絡之下,成為照顧者的原因、對照顧角色的主觀認知與經驗感受、照顧關係與照顧處境等,本研究的研究目的包括:(一)瞭解女兒照顧老年父母的情形。(二)探索女兒成為主要照顧者的原因。(三)了解女兒照顧者的照顧經驗,並探討照顧提供對照顧關係的影響。(四)分析照顧工作對女兒照顧者所帶來的壓力與負荷,以及其採取的因應策略與獲得的社會支持等。(五)期望藉著對女兒照顧者的瞭解,為我國女性照顧的議題開創不同的視野,不僅讓這群無聲的女兒角色得以受到重視,更期待透過政策建議之提出,以保障家庭照顧者的權益並增進照顧者福利。
本研究採用質化研究的深度訪談法,並以導引式訪談來進行,計訪問8位女兒照顧者。研究發現:(一)女兒照顧老年父母的情形:實際的照顧任務與情感性的照顧工作。(二)女兒成為主要照顧者的原因:包括「家庭情感因素」、「社會規範下照顧的道德觀」、「嫁出去的女兒就不能照顧娘家父母親嗎?」、「地理上的接近性?」、「工作時間的彈性與個人在勞動市場經濟價值的衡量」等五項。(三)女兒照顧者的照顧經驗:包括角色逆轉下的衝擊、照顧責任與個人成就間的抉擇、照顧背後的壓力與辛酸、照顧過程中所發生的衝突、照顧過程中所經驗到的正向回饋、照顧後的省思,以及照顧提供對照顧關係的影響等。(四)照顧工作對女兒照顧者所帶來的壓力與負荷:包括身體健康、精神心理、經濟財務、社會參與,以及家庭關係等五方面。(五)女兒照顧者面對照顧負荷所採取的因應策略:分擔照顧責任、調整自己對照顧的認知、改善照顧方法。(六)女兒照顧者所獲得的社會支持:包括非正式資源所提供的支持與正式資源的運用。
最後,本研究就相關議題提出討論,並依據研究結果提出建議以及本研究的限制。
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少年家庭照顧者之生命故事吳宇娟, Wu,Sophia Unknown Date (has links)
本文主旨在於由少年家庭照顧者的觀點,詮釋自身之照顧歷程。透過敘事研究法深入少年家庭照顧者的內心世界,探討少年家庭照顧者角色形成因素、照顧歷程之主觀感受與經驗詮釋、承擔照顧責任對少年發展的影響、因應壓力方式以及社會福利層面及個人之需求,並根據研究結果提出對國內家庭照顧者服務及少年福利服務之建議。
本研究共訪談四位有效受訪者,經過整理分析研究結果發現,少年家庭照顧者角色形成的因素,包含「文化規範」、「交換的報答回饋」、「情感性因素」、「潛在照顧者的缺乏」及「家庭系統分工考量」五個層面。
少年照顧者的感受可歸納為以下幾點:1.少年失去了童年與少年時期應享有的福利;2.成年家屬花費許多時間和精力在失能家屬身上,忽略了家中其他成員;或因轉而對少年照顧者產生過份的期待;3.永無止盡的工作常令少年家庭照顧者感到疲累不堪;4.失能家屬往往會有突發狀況發生,照顧者必須隨時隨地陪伴在失能家屬左右,沒有自己的時間與空間;5.少年家庭缺乏足夠的經濟支持,除了負擔家務照料失能家屬外,少年仍必須工作賺取薪資。
照顧角色對少年發展的助益包括:少年照顧者會建立出一套個人對生活、責任、情感的架構,將負面情境視為對生命的正向考驗,且較其他同儕更為實際與成熟的思考態度與挫折容忍適應程度,且因未來的規劃而產生自我督促的力量。另外少年照顧者較具同情心與利他主義,對於自身存在的價值有高度的評價,亦更具有關懷弱勢者與體恤他人的能力。
對少年發展的限制方面,少年家庭照顧者不易保有自我的自主性及獨立性。受訪者產生心理分離的矛盾與衝突,既渴望保有自我獨立性,卻又無法放下家人的負擔。而日以繼夜的制式化生活,可能有礙個體發展自我獨特的心理社會價值觀。另外,角色逆轉導致少年照顧者承受角色衝突,出現焦慮、怨恨的情緒。
照顧責任對少年家庭照顧者生活的影響包括:家庭凝聚力與成員間親密感增進;唸書時間與照顧時間互相擠壓而無法兼顧學業與照顧;照顧工作影響少年參與社交活動的時間;對未來的考量安排必須符合現實生活的所需。
少年照顧者感到一般壓力情境包括:遭遇到生活事件改變或接踵而來的事件;人際關係的壓力以及課業成績的壓力;因照顧責任所衍生的壓力則包括受照顧者的不合作與責備、父母不合理的期望、家庭經濟壓力,擔心未來沒有人照顧失能家屬,社會他人的異樣眼光、及外人與社會道德期待也都是少年照顧者因為照顧者角色所必須額外面對的壓力。少年照顧者因應壓力所採行的策略包括:透過傾訴宣洩情緒、轉移注意力,找其他的事作、暫時離開現場、積極地強調正面意義,或以快速轉換念頭的方式調整負面情緒。最後研究分析少年家庭照顧者所使用的社會資源及其需求,少年家庭照顧者的人際支持網絡十分薄弱,使用的資源有限。絕大多數的社會支持均以經濟層面的協助為主。少年照顧者的需求包括:替代性照顧服務、期待社會以平等的眼光看待失能家屬、充足的資訊和心理輔導以及能夠獨處喘息的時間。
因應研究結果,研究者提出政策及實務上之建議,首要保障少年照顧者身為
少年的人權,提供符合少年照顧者需求之福利服務,並結合所有相關單位共同合作滿足少年照顧者的獨特需求。 / The purposes of this qualitative research include: (1)Analyze the factors of young carer’s becoming. (2) Understand young carer’s feelings about care experience. (3) Understand what kind of influences when teenagers must care for disabled family members. (5) Analyze young carer’s pressures and how they coping with. (6) Accord to research findings to propose welfare organizations and government some suggestions.
Four young carer have interviewed. The research discovered the factors of young carer’s becoming are including culture standard , exchanging to pay back, emotions with family members, lacked potential carer and family system factors.
Young carer’s feeling about care experiences are including they lost their childhoods, their parents have excessive hopes to young carer, too many works made young carer feel tired, and they have no time to play with their friends or to do other things.
The influences about teenager care for disabled family members are including the positive and the negative sides. The positive side is young carer have more eympathy and maturation than other same generations. The negative sides are they lost decision-making powers and institutionalized life style will let them feel depressed.
Young carer’s pressures are including teenager’s and carer’s pressures. The way that they cope with the pressures are leading off feelings, transfering attention, doing other things, impermanent leaving or to find front meanings.
Finally this research discovered young carer with weak support . They need rest time, enough information, and psychology counseling etc.
According to research discoveres, researcher propose three suggestions about policy and welfare organzations.
◆ To ensure young carer’s human rights , remember they still are teenagers.
◆ Providing welfare services which fitting in with young carer.
◆ Connecting with all related units to satisfy young carer’s individual needs.
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婦女擔負老人照顧與就業責任處境之初探 / A preliminary study on the situation of women who care for the elderly and work in the meantime陳郁芬, Chen, Yuh-Fen Unknown Date (has links)
在老人人口數增加、失能老人人口數俱增、及婦女勞動參與率上昇的人口趨勢下,女性花費在照顧老人的時間將逐漸超過照顧子女的時間;在此同時,就業也將占據婦女生命中的絕大部份,未來將有許多中年婦女必須同時擔負就業與老人照顧的責任。為深入瞭解這群婦女的獨特感受,本研究的目的包括:(1)瞭解職業婦女照顧家中老年親屬的情形及其經驗。(2)探討婦女兼顧「就業與老人照顧」之經驗感受。(3)探索職業婦女為兼顧「就業」和「老人照顧」所採取之因應策略。(4)分析職業婦女歷經不同處境及採取相異因應策略之原因。(5)根據研究結果提出政策上的建議。
本研究採用質化研究的深入訪談法,計訪問12位從事全職工作的女性老人照顧者。研究發現:(1)職業婦女為老年親屬所提供的社會支持包括:日常生活活動的協助、提醒和監督老人執行日常生活活動、生病時的照顧、照顧管理、陪伴及情緒支持等項目。(2)老人照顧對職業婦女之意義:以文化規範及情感因素佔關鍵性的地位。(3)就業對職業婦女的意義:包括物質報酬、心理報酬、及生活寄託。(4)婦女兼顧「老人照顧」與「就業」責任時面臨錯綜複雜的感受。(5)職業婦女處理「老人照顧」與「就業」衝突之因應策略:可分為「調整照顧責任」、及「調整就業行為」兩類。(6)職業婦女的角色衝突及所採取之五種因應策略。
根據上述結論,本研究針對政策意識型態、企業界及政府提出建議。
目 錄
第一章 研究動機與目的 1
第二章 文獻探討 5
第一節 就業者照顧老年親屬的情形 5
第二節 婦女兼顧「老人照顧」和「就業」之經驗感受 10
第三節 職業婦女兼顧「老人照顧」和「就業」所採取的工作調整行為 13
第四節 從角色理論來看職業婦女兼顧「老人照顧」和「就業」的處境 15
第五節 從交換理論分析職業婦女採取不同工作調整行為之因素 19
第三章 研究設計 22
第一節 研究方法 22
第二節 資料蒐集與分析 23
第三節 研究對象與研究者的角色 24
第四節 樣本的相關資料 26
第四章 分析結果 32
第一節 職業婦女所提供的社會支持 32
第二節 老人照顧對職業婦女的意義 38
第三節 就業對職業婦女的意義 47
第四節 婦女兼顧「老人照顧」與「就業」責任之經驗感受 54
第五節 職業婦女處理「老人照顧」與「就業」衝突之因應策略 75
第六節 職業婦女的角色衝突及所採取之因應策略 94
第五章 結論與建議 107
第一節 結論 107
第二節 相關議題的探討 110
第三節 建議 115
第四節 研究限制及對未來研究之建議 119
參考書目 121
附錄一 訪談導引 129
附錄二 受訪者資料 132
附錄三 受照顧老人資料 133
表 目 錄
表3-1 樣本基本資料 28
表3-2 老人日常生活活動(ADLs)能力失能情形 29
表3-3 老人工具性日常生活活動(IADLs)能力失能情形 30
表3-4 照顧者提供老人照顧工作的協助項目 31
表3-5 老人的失能情形和照顧者提供的協助項目數 31
表4-1 受訪者的「老人照顧」及「就業」角色 97
圖 目 錄
表4-1 Kopelman et al.的工作--家庭衝突模型 94
表4-2 Higgins et al.的工作--家庭衝突模型 94 / The results of a qualitative study on the lives of 12 women who work full-time and care for the elderly are presented. Respondents provide assistance for the elderly, and they have to remind the elderly to carry out the activities of daily living. Also, women play as a carer, care manager, and emotion supporter. The meaning for women to wok is the material reward, the psychological reward, and life goals. When women care for the elderly and work in the meantime, complex feeling will come to their mind. They have to adjust their work or care responsibility when they feel conflict between work and elder care. Policy and practice implications are also discussed.
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阿滋海默症患者家庭動力之研究-以一個早發性阿滋海默症患者家庭為例戴佑真 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在瞭解家庭面臨親人罹患阿滋海默症的家庭動力,以及此家庭動力對於家人的影響。研究者採質性訪談的方式,以半結構式訪談大綱,深度訪談一個阿滋海默症患者的家庭,並輔以Olson環繞模式來瞭解家庭各次系統的凝聚力、適應性及溝通。茲將研究結論摘錄如下:
一、家庭面臨親人罹患阿滋海默症的家庭動力
(一)患者與配偶間的夫妻關係受到最大的衝擊:兩人情緒趨向疏離、患者配偶的角色變得領導與控制、夫妻關係轉為母子關係型態、難以雙向溝通、彼此衝突增加且溝通品質下降。
(二)父子關係也受到疾病的影響:父子間難以情緒交流與互動,父親無法提供穩定的領導,反而是孩子變得親職化以照顧父親,角色界限模糊不清。此外,父子關係也受到孩子進入青少年發展階段的影響而更趨向分離。
(三)母子關係因父親罹病而更加親密:母子間彼此相互依賴、情感也更加親密、母親由於外出工作時間增加,提供給孩子更多自主管理的彈性。
(四)未成年子女的手足關係未受父親罹病的影響。
二、阿滋海默症患者家庭動力對於家人的影響
(一)患者原生家庭的動力影響配偶如何面對先生罹病的認知、情緒與行為三個層面。
(二)夫妻關係中無效的溝通加劇配偶照顧者對疾病的適應困擾。
(三)父母子三角關係:夫妻間角色功能不平衡,影響孩子對父親的觀點,也拉攏了母子關係,孩子變得較為親職化。
除上述研究結論外,訪談中還發現當子代面對上一代的奉養責任時,願不願意擔負照顧責任常與原生家庭動力有關。若內心不願照顧卻擔負照顧責任者,會面臨內在衝突與矛盾、呈現較多的抗拒、影響疾病適應。
本研究根據上述的研究結論提出討論,並提出具體建議,以供臨床醫療工作者、心理諮商工作者、衛生福利政策制訂及未來研究的參考。
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男性家庭照顧者之研究 / Research on Male Home-caregivers for the Elderly陳奎如 Unknown Date (has links)
我國面臨高齡化社會的趨勢,為因應老人照顧需求快速增加,家庭作為老人照顧支持體系的一環,有關老人家庭照顧者的議題得到來自各種專業領域的重視。檢視國內外既有文獻的討論,對於家庭照顧者的照顧經驗及困境,已累積有豐富的研究成果,然而,相關研究成果基本上著重於日益增加的照顧需求如何影響女性照顧者的生活。有鑑於前人研究發現,兩性在照顧工作方面的投入與影響確有差異,因此,為求對我國家庭照顧者有更全面性及完整性的思考,確有需要對從事家庭照顧的男性加以瞭解。本研究立基於國內既有研究成果及國外相關研究的啟發,透過性別關注的角度切入家庭照顧議題,以我國佔三至四成的男性照顧者為對象,瞭解我國男性家庭照顧者的獨特照顧經驗。本研究目的包括:(一)探討男性家庭照顧者形成的歷程;(二)男性照顧者對照顧工作的經驗感受及其影響;(三)男性家庭照顧者的應付策略及社會支持;(四)提出具性別敏感的政策參考。
本研究採用質性研究方法,深入訪談十二位正在從事家庭照顧工作的男性。重要研究發現為:(一)男性家庭照顧者形成的歷程,依序決定於「勞動就業狀況」、「性別角色規範」以及「親屬關係」。(二)男性家庭照顧者的經驗感受,在情緒認知、表達方式及角色自主性方面,存在男性氣概與照顧者被期待特質之間的矛盾拉扯,同時面臨就業及照顧工作的衝突。(三)男性家庭照顧者的應付策略,傾向以工具性問題解決模式,運用個人經濟資源的優勢,解決照顧工作的困境,其方法包括:創新照顧方法、調整自己的想法、及分攤照顧責任。最後,本研究分別從「保障老人權益減少依賴」、「提供性別適切的照顧者福利支持措施」、「解構照顧工作之性別分化」三個方面提出政策建議。 / As a response to the increasing demand of elder care in the modern aging society, the issue of home care for the elder has attracted more attention in several academic fields. In the literature, there have been some research findings about the experiences and challenges of home caregivers. However, these discussions primarily focused on the impact of caring works on the female caregivers. According to the previous research, there exists significant difference between male and female caregivers in their ways of input and impact from caring work. There is a need to study the topics of male caregivers in order to have a thorough understanding of home caregivers.
This thesis studies the relations between gender difference and caregiving by exploring the unique experience of male caregivers, who take 30% to 40% share of total caregivers in Taiwan. The main purposes of this research include: (i) the formation of male caregivers; (ii) the experience and impact of caring work on the male caregivers; (iii) the coping strategy of male caregivers and their social support; (iv) the accordingly policy suggestions with gender-sense.
This study adopts qualitative research methods by interviewing twelve male caregivers in Taiwan. The major findings can be summarized as (i) The formation of male caregivers depend on the job market condition, the normative gender role, and kinship relations. (ii) There exist conflicts between socially expected characteristics of care providers and male care provider's masculinity in the caregiving process. Examples include the conflicts between recognized and actual ways of emotion expression, between autonomic and constrained (defined) role playing, and between personal career development and home care works. (iii) The male caregivers develop several innovative problem solving strategies, such as using personal economic resources, adjusting predominate thinking, and sharing care responsibilities with others. Finally, this study provides concrete policy implications in three aspects: reducing elders' dependence, increasing governmental support with gender-sense for caregivers, and de-constructing the division of gender on caregiving systems.
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走出生命負荷、發掘成長能量—家庭照顧者參與自助團體經驗之初探 / The experiences of the family caregivers participating in the self-help group馮譯葶, Feng, Yi Ting Unknown Date (has links)
在人類社會中,失能老人大多由家庭來承擔照顧責任,也因此帶給照顧者相當重的負荷。在此脈絡下,家庭照顧者的相關政策與措施逐漸受到大眾的重視,期望藉由各式的措施與服務以減少照顧對生活的不利影響,進而增加照顧者的生活福祉。在心理性的支持服務中,自助團體能夠有效舒緩照顧者的身心壓力,但照顧者自助團體研究甚少,且照顧者自助團體之研究未正視團體成員先前團體參與的經驗,及既有研究忽略照顧者支持團體的延續性效益之探究,是故,本研究目的包括:一、從接觸自助團體的起源—探討照顧者參與支持團體的經驗;二、分析照顧者參與自助團體的經驗;三、以增強權能觀點探究照顧者參與自助團體的經驗;四、從自助團體成員及社工員的角度看自助團體的未來發展;五、依據研究結果,提供建議作為辦理照顧者自助團體的實務工作者及家庭照顧者相關團體之參考。
本研究使用質性取向的研究方法,以「台北縣家庭照顧者關懷協會」作為研究場域,本研究共計訪問八名受訪者,一名社工員及七位照顧者。照顧者皆為女性,年齡介於53-64歲之間。照顧狀況方面,有1位仍持續照顧中,6位已結束照顧工作。照顧者參與自助團體方面,僅有1位非團體幹部。
主要的研究結果如下:
1.照顧者參與支持團體經驗中,透過醫療單位及個人熟識者得知活動訊息。照顧者支持團體前的處境大致可區分心理壓力、生理壓力、缺乏社會支持網絡及不清楚照顧方面的資訊。照顧者實際參與支持團體的條件為能擁有自己可支配的時間,以及有人協助暫代照顧工作。支持團體活動內容包括身心成長類、藝術治療類、活動肢體類、人際學習類,其中團體領導者的角色為教育者、催化者及使能者。領導者與成員的關係會隨著時間而改變,隨著時間的發展,許多不在正式的團體中的互動行為跟關係開始產生,此互動經驗讓成員與領導者在團體之外仍保持密切互動,彼此約定舉辦定期的聚會,逐漸形成自助團體。
2.照顧者參與自助團體之經驗中,北縣家協每個月會安排一次三小時的座談分享會,座談內容偏向靜態主題如舒壓、按摩穴道等。自助團體成員的角色可區分為活動發起者、訊息傳遞者、聯繫者、支持者及追隨者。團體互動歷程包括三個階段:互動初期、關係建立期及關係維持期。成員彼此互動的情形中,共享相似的照顧經驗及用支持的力量陪伴成員走過艱辛路,此外,單身、結束照顧工作的成員與他人互動的頻率較高。
3.以增強權能觀點分析照顧者參與團體的經驗中,在個人面的改變部份,照顧者能夠「減少負面感受」、「改變認知」、「增加知能」、「增加自信」、「支配自己的生活」;在人際面的改變中,照顧者「以同理心與被照顧者互動」、「普同性的照顧經驗」、「利他性的互動」、「知識訊息分享」、「建立同儕友誼關係」及「擴大社會網絡」;在社會面的改變中,照顧者開始從事「志願服務」、「贊助協會」,對「家庭照顧者議題及政策」也有所看法。
4.從自助團體成員與社工員的角度看自助團體的未來發展:從照顧者角度看自助團體,可發現自助團體目前運作狀況為擴大服務據點至偏遠地區,北縣家協與自助團體彼此具有雙向的互動關係。照顧者建議將活動資訊發給每個社區的健康中心,透過增加資訊管道以使訊息更具有可近性。從社工員的角度看自助團體發現,照顧者喜愛輕鬆的聚餐,期待設計自助團體相關教材,並成立自助團體的關懷小組,及補助自助團體的運作經費。 / On an aging society, the disabled elderly usually cared by families that becomes a heavy load of caregivers. In this context, the policies and measures of family caregiver are valued by the general public gradually, and hope to reduce the negative effects, to increase the well-being of caregivers. Self-help groups can effectively reduce the ca-regiver physical and mental pressure, but there are few related studies. In addition, the experience of caregiver involve in previous groups few mentioned in current studies, and caregiver support groups of the continuity of the effectiveness is neglected to explore in existing studies.
Accordingly, the purposes of this study are as following: first, examine the expe-rience of caregivers involved in the support group; second, consider the experience of caregivers involved in the self-help group; third, explore the experience of caregivers involved in the self-help group --analyze from the perspective of empowerment; fourth, the expectation of the future development of self-help groups of members from the self-help groups and social workers; fifth, according to research findings, provide suggestions for caregivers’ practitioners and relevant groups.
This study employs a qualitative research approach, and data collection is gotten
from " Family Caregivers Association in Taipei County", including semi-structured in-depth interviews with a social worker and seven caregivers, aging from 53 to 64. One caregiver who still cares her family members and one caregiver is not the cadre. The study findings are listed below:
First, caregivers get information through the medical units and individuals who are familiar to them. Caregivers have psychological stress, physical stress, lack of social support networks, and lack of care information. Caregivers can involve support groups because they have their own time, or someone help to take care temporarily. Support group include physical and mental growth activities, art therapy classes, common activities and interpersonal learning classes. The role of support group leader is a educator, catalyst and enabler. The relationship between leaders and members change over time, as time goes on, members and leaders still remain in close interaction, therefore a self-help group formed gradually.
Second, when caregivers involve in the self-help group, the Association arrange a three-hour discussion sharing monthly. The role of self-help group members can be divided into active sponsors, messengers, associates, supporters and followers. Group interaction process consists of three stages: the initial interaction, relationship building and relationship of the maintenance phase. Members interact with each other, sharing similar experiences and support each other .In addition, caregivers who are single, or do not have to care their family members have higher participation rates to involve in self-help group.
Third, explore the experience of caregivers involved in the self-help group --analyze from the perspective of empowerment. Changes in the personal aspect include "reduce the negative feelings", "change the perception", "more knowledge", and “more confident”, “control their own life”. Changes in the interpersonal aspect include " empathy the care receivers "," same experiences in taking care "," altruistic interaction "," knowledge and information sharing "," establish peer friendships and relationship "and" expand the social network ". Changes in the social aspect include "engage in voluntary service "," contribute money to Association ", besides caregivers
have ability to suggest for family caregiver issues and policy.
Fourth, the perspective of self-help group members is self-help groups expand services to remote areas. The Association and self-help groups also have good interaction. Caregivers suggest activities distributed to each community's health information center, make information more accessibility. The perspectives of social workers is design teaching material about self-help group, and set up a support team, and grant funding for self-help.
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女性外籍配偶作為失能老人照顧者之研究--以台南縣東南亞籍女性外籍配偶為例蔡承儒 Unknown Date (has links)
近年來國內藉由跨國婚姻形式來台的東南亞籍女性外籍配偶數量不斷增加,相關議題受到各界廣泛討論;另外,台灣在面臨人口老化的趨勢下,所衍生出的老人照顧課題也同樣受到關切。但是關於跨國婚姻家庭中的失能老人照顧問題卻一直被忽略。因此本研究以質性研究方法,訪談了十位居住在台南縣的東南亞籍女性外籍配偶照顧者,以及兩位家人,探討她們成為家庭中失能老人的照顧者之原因與對照顧工作的認知、從事的照顧工作內容與扮演的照顧角色、照顧過程中的正式與非正式社會支持網絡以及照顧工作對其生活各層面所帶來的影響,藉此勾勒出女性外籍配偶家庭的照顧圖像。研究結果顯示,女性外籍配偶成為家庭照顧者的原因有文化規範、性別角色分工、情感上的推拉力以及雙重的生產力身份等等。其扮演的照顧角色為「直接協助者」、「叮嚀與監督者」、「情緒的支持者」、「協同照顧者」以及「家務工作者」。另外,在照顧過程中的社會網絡上,主要由夫妻關係、子女關係、娘家關係、親屬關係、鄰居關係及朋友關係構成的非正式支持體系來提供工具性與情感性的支持;因為其婚姻構成的因素與對資源的掌握能力不足,缺少正式支持體系的協助。而照顧工作對女性外籍配偶照顧者的生活各層面,包括生理/心理層面、家庭關係與社交層面、經濟/財務層面以及工作層面等等都帶來一定程度的影響。總體而言,女性外籍配偶照顧者不但要面對與本國籍女性照顧者相同的照顧情境與問題,因為其特殊的文化及語言背景,還得學習自我調適與生活適應,所承受的生活壓力與照顧負荷可說是加倍的沈重。
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老幼兼顧之經驗初探:以兼顧失能配偶與年幼孫兒的女性照顧者為例 / A Study on the Experience of Female Caregivers with Dual Care Responsibility for Disabled Spouse and Young Grandchildren楊雅嵐 Unknown Date (has links)
目前老年人生活和健康照顧狀況,主要仍以「妻侍夫」這種照顧形式為主,照顧生病配偶可能是許多婦女在中晚年生活不可避免的生命事件,然而由於我國三代同堂的老人居住安排趨勢、現代父母的經濟考量、生涯規劃、加上婦女勞動率增加、現代家庭功能的變異等,使得幼兒由父母親親自照顧比例下降,由(外)祖母或褓姆代為照顧的比例提高。本研究以同時兼負失能配偶與年幼孫兒雙重照顧責任之女性照顧者為主要研究對象,嘗試探索往往被同質化為相同的「家內照顧工作」間的異質性,本研究的研究目的有:(一)探究雙重責任女性照顧者的形成因素;(二)瞭解雙重照顧責任女性照顧失能老人與年幼孫子的工作項目與任務;(三)探索雙重責任女性照顧者的照顧歷程感受,釐清不同照顧工作感受如何交互作用而影響照顧歷程感受;(四)分析照顧者面對老幼照顧壓力之因應策略;期待藉由本研究的結果,使社會大眾更能關注瞭解這群身負雙重照顧責任女性的角色困境,開拓女性照顧議題的新視野。
本研究使用質性取向的研究方法,以半結構式的深度訪談進行資料蒐集,共訪談了7位居住於大台北地區,身兼失能配偶與年幼孫兒雙重責任的女性照顧者。主要的研究結果如下:(一)女性照顧者成為身兼照顧失能老人與年幼孫子雙重責任的原因,主要有社會文化規範因素,如受到傳統社會文化與性別角色分工規範等制約,使中老年女性更將自我與照顧者角色連結並予以實踐;此外,由社會交換機制來看,由於中老年婦女個人社經資源(職業地位、個人收入、年齡、教育程度等)稀少,與其他家庭成員相比,提供照顧成本最低外;更透過代間的社會交換,以育孫勞務交換自身經濟安全或日後老病所需的照顧協助;在情感性因素部分,主要是照顧者對照顧對象的情感連結與依附情緒,而照顧者與中間代家庭成員的感情也是影響是否承擔照顧責任的因素;(二)老幼照顧的工作任務與特質上,老幼照顧工作項目都需要日常生活活動、工具性之日常生活活動以及安全性看護等協助,然而,失能老人更需要情感性的支持與關懷,幼兒則是特別強調行為規範教育;此外,老幼照顧工作項目則依被照顧者依賴需求與身體狀況變化程度隨之變動;而在老幼照顧之責任認知與任務分工則發現,老人照顧責任歸屬於配偶,幼兒照顧責任則歸屬於中生代父母;(三)雙重責任女性照顧者之照顧歷程感受部分,則先探析老人照顧與幼兒照顧個別的正向回饋與負面感受,之後嘗試釐清雙重照顧情境如何產生交互作用而影響整體照顧歷程與經驗感受,研究發現包含正負感受的相互消抵影響、正向照顧感受的相互渲染,以及雪上加霜的負向情緒累加;而在雙重照顧歷程中之家庭互動與社會支持方面,則發現代間互動不良影響孫兒照顧之歷程感受與提供品質、家庭支持充足降低照顧者負面照顧情緒與實質任務上的負擔、家庭成員的的認可與感謝強化照顧者正向支持,降低負向情緒負荷,以及被照顧者與照顧者間的角色轉換,成為雙重照顧情境中之另類社會支持;最後,研究者並試著歸納角色理論之基本假設與本研究發現;(四)照顧者面對雙重照顧過程之處理策略,則可歸納為照顧方式與流程之規劃與創新、尋求社會他人支持、自我個人情緒心態之調整、犧牲自我能量、滿足照顧需求以及因應策略適宜與否影響照顧者情緒及照顧品質等方面。最後,本研究則就相關議題提出討論並依據研究結果提出建議。
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一樣照顧兩樣情:女性家庭照顧者成為照顧服務員之初探 / The same care tasks, different care experience - A preliminary study on roles between family caregivers and care workers許裕昌, Hsu, Yu Chang Unknown Date (has links)
本研究試圖探究走過家庭照顧歷程決定成為照顧服務員這群女性勞動者,從這群女性勞動者的生命圖象中,分析這兩種角色之差異性,並進一步探討研究對象對於這兩種角色轉換之轉換歷程與因應策略。
本研究使用質性取向的研究方法,以半結構式的深度訪談進行資料蒐集,有效受訪對象共訪談8位曾有家庭照顧經驗之照顧服務員,年齡介於44歲~63歲之間,教育程度則以高中職為主。婚姻狀況單身3名、單親2名、已婚育有子女3名。照顧關係中女兒照顧者與媳婦照顧者各半。家庭照顧期間從1年到16年皆有,照顧服務員工作年資則從2年到13年不等。
本研究首先歸納整理女性成為主要照顧者的原因,並整理當照顧情境改變時家庭照顧者重返勞動市場之考量因素。研究發現,家庭照顧者在成為照顧服務員的過程當中,受服務經驗扮演相當重要的中介角色,受服務經驗是這群中年婦女在求職過程的一個重要催化劑,轉而投入照顧服務工作。接著耙梳照顧服務員在職場的工作困境,研究發現照顧服務員所面臨到的工作困境相當多元,本研究分從個人面、互動面、實務面及制度面四個層面加以說明。
研究最後統整了兩種照顧經驗之比較,研究發現家庭照顧者成為照顧服務員之後,因照顧對象的不同,隸屬於不同的關係中,佔據不同的位置,扮演不同的角色,並依循此角色之責任義務規範行事。兩種照顧經驗的差異展現在照顧角色轉換的經驗感受、照顧基礎的差異以及照顧過程中照顧者的自主性三個面向上。同樣的照顧工作,一是無酬一是有酬,一是親屬關係一是專業服務關係,一是基於責任一是基於契約提供照顧,一是在家庭成員共識認可下照顧,一是依循科層組織規章在契約的規範下照顧,兩者在不同的面向上呈現相當不同的景象。然而,具有家庭照顧經驗的照顧服務員,對日後的照顧工作是有影響的,其關連性主要包括在下列三個部分:照顧的知識技巧、同理以及情感轉移上。其照顧與互動的技巧是可以透過反覆的實作而熟能生巧,照顧技巧的經驗累積可以視為是一種延續。
私領域的家庭照顧者與公領域的照顧服務員間之兩種照顧經驗,在照顧的任務(care for)上其實大致相同,但在照顧者對他人個感受(care about)上卻大相逕庭。因為照顧關係與照顧基礎的不同,親屬關係的家庭照顧承載著較多的感受狀態,家庭照顧者需時時刻刻、盡己所能地回應失能者所有需求,關注受照顧者的福祉,也因此照顧者會感受到較大的照顧壓力。反觀照顧服務員的照顧本質,對於情感的指涉相對較低,關係建立僅是互動的基礎,互動的時間也多在服務的時數範圍內,對受照顧者而言,更多的關注是在照顧任務是否精確完善的被執行。因此,一樣照顧兩樣情,相似的照顧工作,在不同的照顧場域中,照顧技巧的經驗會延續,但照顧歷程的差異感受卻是呈現相當多元的樣貌。 / This research aims to investigate female laborers who decide to become care workers owing to the experience of being family caregivers. It analyzes the difference between the two roles as well as the transformation and strategies that are taken.
With the qualitative approach, the data were collected by semi-structural in-depth interviews.There are 8 valid once-family-caregiver interviewees who are now care workers aged 44 to 66, with the educational background of senior or vocational high schools. Among these interviewees, three are single, 2 are single mothers and 3 are married and have children. Four of whose family roles are daughters, four daughters- in- law. They have 1-16 years of experience of being family caregivers respectively and 2-13 years of being care workers.
The study starts with a generalization of reasons that makes females as main caregivers and factors of their returning to the labor market when care-taking conditions change. It discovers that the experience of having been taken care of plays a crucial role in the transformation—from family caregivers to domestic ones. The experience serves as an important catalyst for these middle-aged women to become care workers. The study, then, scrutinizes the predicament these care workers encounter, followed by an analysis of their mutiple predicament derived from four respectives: personal conditions, interactive relationship with their patients, care-taking practice and public system.
The study wraps up with a comparison-- after becoming care workers, these once-family-caregivers make adjustments according to different relationship and roles. The diversity between the two experience presents upon three dimensions: relationship with patients, different care-taking basis and autonomy of patients. Although both family caregivers and domestic ones are responsible for taking care of patients, the formers are unpaid; doing the job out of familial affection and obligations with the consensus of other family members, while the latters are paid workers, looking after their patients on the basis of profession and contracts under relevant regulations. Each unfolds quite disparate views in front of us. As divergent as they are, the experience of family care-taking has impact on the domestic caregiving work in terms of relevant knowledge and skills, compassion and communication abilities. The accumulation of similar experience can be extended and easily applied.
The mission of 'caring for' patients is generally identical for both private-domain family cargivers and public-domain care workers, nevertheless, the extent of “caring about” patients varies. Family caregivers carry more affection and emotions; they have to do their best all all times to respond every need and well-being of the disables, which generates much stress. Care workers, however, are less affection-expected; their relationship with the patients is contract-based and they serve their patients in work hours. Instead of emotionally dependent, patients focus more on whether and how the tasks are being done. Two different perspectives are revealed which give us more lights on the care-taking work.
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