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Métodos de inteligência computacional com otimização evolucionária para a estimativa de propriedades mecânicas do concreto de agregado leveAndrade, Jonata Jefferson 27 September 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-09-27 / No concreto de agregado leve, a resistência à compressão e o módulo de elasticidade são as propriedades mecânicas mais importantes e consequentemente as mais comumente analisadas. A relação entre os componentes do concreto de agregado leve e suas propriedades mecânicas é altamente não linear, e o estabelecimento de um modelo de previsão abrangente de tais características é usualmente problemático. Existem trabalhos que buscam encontrar essa relação de formas empíricas. Há também trabalhos que buscam aplicar técnicas de inteligência computacional para prever essas propriedades a partir dos componentes do concreto. Prever com precisão as propriedades mecânicas do concreto de agregado leve é um problema crítico em projetos de engenharia que utilizam esse material. O objetivo desta dissertação é avaliar o desempenho de diferentes métodos de inteligência computacional para prever a módulo de elasticidade e a resistência à compressão aos 28 dias de concretos de agregados leves em função do fator água/cimento, volume de agregado leve, quantidade de cimento e densidade do agregado leve. Para a escolha da melhor configuração de cada método, foi definida uma metodologia utilizando o algoritmo de otimização PSO (Particle Swarm Optmization). Por fim, é verificada a capacidade de generalização dos métodos através do processo de validação cruzada de modo a encontrar o método que apresenta o melhor desempenho na aproximação das duas propriedades mecânicas. / In lightweight aggregate concrete, the compressive strength, the elastic modulus and specific weight are the most important properties and consequently the most commonly analyzed. The relationship between lightweight aggregate concrete components and their mechanical properties is highly nonlinear, and establishing a comprehensive predictive model of such characteristics is usually problematic. There are works that seek to find this relation of empirical forms. There are also works that seek to apply computational intelligence techniques to predict these properties from the concrete components. Accurately predicting the mechanical properties of lightweight aggregate concrete is a critical problem in engineering projects that use this material. The objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the performance of different computational intelligence methods to predict the elastic modulus and the compressive strength at 28 days of lightweight aggregates concrete as a function of water/cement factor, lightweight aggregate volume, cement quantity and density of the lightweight aggregate. In order to choose the best configuration of each method, a methodology was defined using the Particle Swarm Optmization (PSO) algorithm. Finally, the generalization of the methods through the cross validation process is verified in order to find the method that presents the best performance in the approximation of the two mechanical properties.
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Hochleistungsleichtbeton unter mehraxialer Druckbeanspruchung / High Performance Lightweight Aggregate Concrete under Multiaxial CompressionScheerer, Silke 07 May 2010 (has links) (PDF)
In dieser Arbeit wird das Tragverhalten von Leichtbeton unter mehraxialer Druckbeanspruchung behandelt. Zu diesem Zweck wurden zahlreiche Versuche mit verschiedenen Hochleistungsleichtbetonen in einer Triaxial-Prüfmaschine durchgeführt. Als Leichtzuschlag wurde Blähton verwendet. Die hergestellten Betone können in Festigkeitsklassen zwischen LC 35/38 und LC 80/88 eingeordnet werden. Bei den Hauptversuchen wurden vor allem die Bruchbilder, die Bruchfestigkeiten und die Prüfkörperverformungen registriert und analysiert. Im Rahmen der Auswertung der Versuche werden die Einflüsse von Matrix und Art des Leichtzuschlages auf die Bruchwerte und auf das Ver-formungsverhalten der Leichtbetone herausgearbeitet. Parallelen und Unterschiede zu bekannten Forschungsergebnissen an Leichtbetonen und zu Beton mit Normalzuschlägen werden aufgezeigt. Für die mathematische Beschreibung der Bruchwerte werden Näherungsfunktionen für zweiaxiale und für dreiaxiale Druckspannungskombinationen vorgeschlagen. / In this research the behaviour of lightweight concrete under multiaxial compression was investigated. Therefore more than 500 single tests were performed in a triaxial testing machine. The high performance lightweight aggregate concretes can be classified in Strength classes between LC 35/38 and LC 80/88. The main focuses in the evaluation of the experiments were the crack pattern, the fracture strength and the deformations. Especially the influences of type of matrix and type of lightweight aggregate on the fracture values and on the deformation behaviour of lightweight were identified. Parallels and differences to known research on lightweight concretes and concrete with normal aggregates were identified. For the mathematical description of the ultimate loads approximations were proposed for biaxial and triaxial compressive stress combinations.
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Hochleistungsleichtbeton unter mehraxialer Druckbeanspruchung: Eine experimentelle AnalyseScheerer, Silke 27 November 2009 (has links)
In dieser Arbeit wird das Tragverhalten von Leichtbeton unter mehraxialer Druckbeanspruchung behandelt. Zu diesem Zweck wurden zahlreiche Versuche mit verschiedenen Hochleistungsleichtbetonen in einer Triaxial-Prüfmaschine durchgeführt. Als Leichtzuschlag wurde Blähton verwendet. Die hergestellten Betone können in Festigkeitsklassen zwischen LC 35/38 und LC 80/88 eingeordnet werden. Bei den Hauptversuchen wurden vor allem die Bruchbilder, die Bruchfestigkeiten und die Prüfkörperverformungen registriert und analysiert. Im Rahmen der Auswertung der Versuche werden die Einflüsse von Matrix und Art des Leichtzuschlages auf die Bruchwerte und auf das Ver-formungsverhalten der Leichtbetone herausgearbeitet. Parallelen und Unterschiede zu bekannten Forschungsergebnissen an Leichtbetonen und zu Beton mit Normalzuschlägen werden aufgezeigt. Für die mathematische Beschreibung der Bruchwerte werden Näherungsfunktionen für zweiaxiale und für dreiaxiale Druckspannungskombinationen vorgeschlagen. / In this research the behaviour of lightweight concrete under multiaxial compression was investigated. Therefore more than 500 single tests were performed in a triaxial testing machine. The high performance lightweight aggregate concretes can be classified in Strength classes between LC 35/38 and LC 80/88. The main focuses in the evaluation of the experiments were the crack pattern, the fracture strength and the deformations. Especially the influences of type of matrix and type of lightweight aggregate on the fracture values and on the deformation behaviour of lightweight were identified. Parallels and differences to known research on lightweight concretes and concrete with normal aggregates were identified. For the mathematical description of the ultimate loads approximations were proposed for biaxial and triaxial compressive stress combinations.
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Béton de structure à propriétés d'isolation thermique améliorées : approche expérimentale et modélisation numérique / Structural concrete with improved heat-insulation properties : experimental approach and numerical modelingNguyen, Le Hung 23 October 2013 (has links)
Dans un bâtiment, les déperditions thermiques proviennent de diverses parties opaques (mur, toit et plancher) qui peuvent contenir du béton. Il est donc intéressant d'envisager des formulations de béton de structure avec des propriétés d'isolation thermique améliorées. L'utilisation de granulats légers, qui possèdent de bonnes propriétés thermiques grâce à leur structure poreuse, peut être une solution pour améliorer la capacité d'isolation des éléments en béton. Cette technique d'isolation répartie peut permettre d'éviter des dispositifs constructifs lourds tout en répondant aux exigences de la RT 2012. La présente étude a pour objectif d'optimiser le couple performance mécanique - capacité isolante des bétons de granulats légers. Elle repose sur une double approche expérimentale et numérique.Les bétons de granulats légers ciblés ont une masse volumique inférieure à 1500 kg/m3 et une résistance en compression supérieure à 25 MPa. L'influence de la nature des granulats légers, du taux de substitution du sable alluvionnaire par du sable léger, du rapport E/C et de l'ajout de fumée de silice sur les performances mécaniques et thermiques des bétons est étudiée afin de proposer des formulations adéquates pour une large gamme d'usage structurel. Le module d'Young, la résistance en compression, la conductivité thermique et la diffusivité sont mesurées sur 25 formulations de bétons de granulats légers. Le comportement thermique de ces différents bétons en fonction de facteurs climatiques, comme la température et le degré d'humidité est aussi examiné afin d'optimiser leurs propriétés d'isolation thermique. L'ensemble des résultats expérimentaux permet une meilleure compréhension de la relation entre la formulation des bétons de granulats légers et leur rapport performance mécanique / pouvoir isolant. En s'appuyant sur certaines mesures expérimentales, des modélisations numériques reposant sur des techniques d'homogénéisation permettent d'identifier des propriétés thermiques (conductivité thermique, chaleur spécifique) et mécaniques (module d'Young, résistance à la rupture) des granulats légers (gravillons et sables) difficilement mesurables expérimentalement. Connaissant les propriétés thermiques et mécaniques des différents constituants, des modélisations prédictives des comportements macroscopiques des bétons légers sont développées à partir de schémas d'homogénéisation pour des matériaux multi-phases polydisperses. Les outils développés sont comparés et validés par confrontation aux mesures expérimentales pour les différentes familles de bétons de granulats légers étudiés. Ils permettront par la suite d'alléger les coûts et délais des campagnes expérimentales de mise au point des formulations. La modélisation, sur une année, des transferts thermiques à travers une enveloppe de bâtiment en béton de granulats légers permet de quantifier l'amélioration des performances thermiques des bétons de granulats légers par rapport à un béton classique. / In a building, heat is lost through a variety of surfaces (wall, roof and floor) that may contain concrete. It is therefore useful to consider alternative concrete structures with improved thermal insulation properties. The use of lightweight aggregates, which have good thermal properties due to their porous structure, can present a solution for improving the insulation capacity of the concrete elements. This embedded insulation technique allows lighter construction systems while satisfying the requirements of the RT 2012. This study aims to optimize the mechanical performance/insulating capacity coupling of lightweight aggregate concrete. It is based on a double approach of experimental and numerical analysis.The targeted lightweight aggregate concretes have a density lower than 1500 kg/m3 and a compressive strength higher than 25 MPa. The influence of the lightweight aggregate nature, the rate of substitution of alluvial sand by lightweight sand, W/C ratio and the addition of silica fume on the mechanical and thermal performances of concrete is studied. This allows to identify formulations suitable for a wide range of structural applications. Young's modulus, compressive strength, thermal conductivity and diffusivity are measured on 25 formulations of lightweight aggregate concrete. The thermal behavior of these concretes, including sensible and latent heat transfer, is also examined in order to optimize their thermal insulation properties. The experimental results provide a better understanding of the relationship between the formulation of lightweight aggregate concrete and the mechanical performance to insulating capacity ratio. Based on some experimental measurements, numerical modeling is carried out in order to identify the thermal properties (thermal conductivity, specific heat) and mechanical properties (Young's modulus, fracture strength) of lightweight aggregates (gravel and sand) which are difficult to measure experimentally. Homogenization methods for two phase materials are used for this purpose. By knowing the thermal and mechanical properties of different components, the predictive modeling of the macroscopic behavior of lightweight concrete can be developed from homogenization schemes for multi-phase polydisperse materials. The analytical methods developed are validated by comparison with experimental measurements for the different families of lightweight aggregate concrete studied. They will eventually alleviate the costs and delays of the experimental analysis. The heat transfer over a year through the building envelope made of lightweight concrete is modeled in order to quantify the improvement in thermal performance of lightweight aggregate concrete compared to normal concrete.
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Komparativna analiza osnovnih svojstava konstrukcijskih betona spravljenih sa različitim vrstama lakih agregata / A comparative analysis of the basic properties of structural concrete made with different types of lightweight aggregatesLukić Ivan 09 April 2015 (has links)
<p>U disertaciji su prikazani rezultati sopstvenog eksperimentalnog istraživanja na osnovu kojih je izvršena komparativna analiza uticaja različitih vrsta lakih agregata i vrste i količine cementa na osnovna fizičko-mehanička svojstva lakoagregatnih betona. Takođe, analizirana je i mogućnost zamene dela cementa mineralnim dodacima u cilju smanjenja negativnih uticaja proizvodnje betona na životnu sredinu. Rezultati su pokazali da je primenom svih analiziranih vrsta agregata moguće dobiti konstrukcijski lakoagregatni beton, čak i sa manjim količinama cementa, odnosno sa zamenom dela cementa mineralnim dodacima, kao i da je moguće uspostaviti pouzdane korelacione veze između pojedinih svojstava betona i primenjenih komponentnih materijala.</p> / <p>In dissertation are presented results of own experimental research of a<br />comparative analysis of the impact of different types of lightweight<br />aggregates and the type and quantity of cement on basic physical and<br />mechanical properties of structural lightweight concrete. Also, the possibility<br />of replacing part of cement with mineral admixtures is analyzed in order to<br />reduce the negative impact of concrete production on the environment. The<br />results showed that it is possible to obtain structural lightweight aggregate<br />concrete with all types of lightweight aggregates and even with lower<br />quantities of cement or with a replacement of part of a cement with mineral<br />admixtures. Also, it is possible to establish a reliable correlation between<br />certain properties of concrete and used component materials.</p>
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Influência da alta temperatura nas propriedades mecânicas do concreto leve de alto desempenho (CLAD) / Influence of the high temperature in the mechanical properties of the high performance lightweight aggregate concreteTorres, Alexandre Justino 12 September 2002 (has links)
O concreto leve de alto desempenho (CLAD), com argila expandida nacional, é um material alternativo para as concentrações brasileiras, considerando as características climáticas do país e baixo custo do material. Mas atualmente, existe pouca informação disponível sobre a produção e aplicação deste concreto com agregados leves, adições e aditivos nacionais. O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar o comportamento estrutural, por intermédio de ensaios mecânicos (resistência à compressão, resistência à tração por compressão diametral e módulo de deformação) do CLAD, sob ação de altas temperaturas. Para tanto, realiza-se uma análise comparativa da resistência mecânica do concreto em estudo, constituído por agregados leves de argila expandida, com o concreto convencional CAD (concreto de alto desempenho), composto por agregados de brita basáltica, determinando-se assim as respectivas resistências mecânicas, após terem sido expostos a temperaturas externas de até 800 graus centígrados. Através da análise dos resultados obtidos experimentalmente, pode-se comprovar a viabilidade do CLAD, produzido com argila expandida, comparativamente ao CAD, sob à ação de altas temperaturas. / The high performance lightweight aggregate concrete (HPLC), with national expanded clay, is an alternative material for the Brazilian constructions, considering the climatic characteristics of the country and low cost of the material. But now, little available information exists about the production and application of this concrete with lightweight aggregate, additions and addictive national. The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the structural behavior, by mechanical tests (compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and deformation modulus) of HPLC, under action of high temperatures. For so much, it takes place a comparative analysis of the mechanical resistance of the concrete in study, constituted by lightweight aggregate of expanded clay, with the conventional concrete HPC (high performance concrete), composed by crushed basalt coarse aggregate, determining the respective mechanical strength, after they have been exposed to external temperatures of up to 800°C. Through the analysis of the results obtained experimentally, it can be proven the viability of HPLC, produced with expanded clay, comparatively to HPC, under to the action of high temperatures.
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Αξιοποίηση στερεών λιγνιτικών παραπροϊόντων στην παραγωγή ελαφροαδρανών και ελαφροσκυροδέματοςΑναγνωστόπουλος, Ιάσονας 28 April 2009 (has links)
Μεγάλο τμήμα της παραγόμενης ενέργειας στην Ελλάδα προέρχεται από την
καύση λιγνίτη στην Βόρεια (Δυτική Μακεδονία) και Νότια (Πελοπόννησος) Ελλάδα.
Η καύση του λιγνίτη έχει ως αποτέλεσμα την παραγωγή μεγάλων ποσοτήτων
στερεών παραπροϊόντων, όπως η ιπτάμενη τέφρα (ΙΤ) και η τέφρα πυθμένα (ΤΠ), των
οποίων η συνολική παραγωγή ανέρχεται σήμερα σε 14Mt ετησίως. Η ποσότητα των
παραπροϊόντων αυτών αναμένεται να αυξηθεί τα επόμενα χρόνια εξ’ αιτίας της
συνεχώς χαμηλότερης ποιότητας λιγνίτη που χρησιμοποιείται (χαμηλότερη
θερμογόνος δύναμη). Ένα τμήμα της παραγόμενης ΙΤ (10-12%) στην Ελλάδα
αξιοποιείται ως πρώτη ύλη στη παραγωγή τσιμέντου, ενώ η ΤΠ δεν απορροφάται
μέχρι σήμερα από καμία εφαρμογή, κυρίως λόγω του υψηλού ποσοστού άνθρακα που
περιέχει.
Το αντικείμενο της παρούσας διατριβής είναι η αξιοποίηση, πρωτίστως, της
ΤΠ και, μετέπειτα, της ΙΤ ως πρώτες ύλες στην παραγωγή τεχνητών ελαφροαδρανών
για χρήση τους στην παραγωγή ελαφροσκυροδέματος. Για την παραγωγή των
τεχνητών ελαφροαδρανών εφαρμόστηκε η διεργασία της πυροσυσσωμάτωσης σε
σχάρα (grate sintering) έπειτα από σφαιροποίηση μιγμάτων των δύο τεφρών.
Πραγματοποιήθηκε διερεύνηση των φυσικοχημικών χαρακτηριστικών των
λιγνιτικών τεφρών (Κεφάλαιο 2) με σκοπό τον προσδιορισμό και την κατανόηση των
χαρακτηριστικών τους, τα οποία αναμένεται να έχουν σημαντική επίδραση στην
εφαρμογή της διεργασίας και στην ποιότητα του παραγόμενου προϊόντος. Επιπλέον,
γίνεται αναλυτική αναφορά στα βασικά χαρακτηριστικά των διεργασιών
σφαιροποίησης και πυροσυσσωμάτωσης (Κεφάλαιο 3).
Για την εφαρμογή της επιλεγμένης διεργασίας παραγωγής τεχνητών
ελαφροαδρανών πραγματοποιήθηκε σχεδιασμός μιγμάτων με διαφορετικές αναλογίες
ΤΠ και ΙΤ (Κεφάλαιο 4). Ο περιεχόμενος άνθρακας της ΤΠ αποτελεί το καύσιμο της
διεργασίας πυροσυσσωμάτωσης, ενώ η υψηλή περιεχόμενη υγρασία της ΤΠ
αξιοποιείται ως το κύριο συνδετικό υλικό κατά την διάρκεια σφαιροποίησης για τον
σχηματισμό σφαιριδίων. Οι διαφορετικές αναλογίες ΤΠ και ΙΤ αντιστοιχούν σε
διαφορετικό ποσοστό στερεού καυσίμου στο μίγμα (προκύπτει από τις διαφορετικές
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αναλογίες), μία παράμετρος η οποία έχει επίδραση στην ολοκλήρωση της
πυροσυσσωμάτωσης και στην ποιότητα του παραγόμενου (ελαφροαδρανούς)
προϊόντος.
Η πυροσυσσωμάτωση ολοκληρώθηκε με επιτυχία με ελάχιστο ποσοστό
στερεού καυσίμου (περιεχόμενο άνθρακα ΤΠ) 6.5%κβ (Κεφάλαιο 5).
Πραγματοποιήθηκε φυσικοχημικός χαρακτηρισμός όλων των προϊόντων της
πυροσυσσωμάτωσης των μιγμάτων λιγνιτικών τεφρών της Μεγαλόπολης, και
διαπιστώθηκε ότι το ποσοστό περιεχόμενου άνθρακα της ΤΠ είναι μια πολύ
σημαντική παράμετρος για την παραγωγή ελαφροαδρανών υλικών. Ο σχηματισμός
πορώδους δομής στο εσωτερικό των πυροσυσσωματωμένων πελλετών, στην οποία
οφείλεται και το χαμηλό βάρος των παραγόμενων αδρανών, προκαλείται από την
ταυτόχρονη εξέλιξη δύο διεργασιών: α) την παραγωγή αερίων σε υψηλές
θερμοκρασίες και β) τον σχηματισμό ρευστής φάσης στην εξωτερική επιφάνεια της
πελλέτας στο ίδιο χρονικό διάστημα (Κεφάλαιο 6). Οι αντοχές των
πυροσυσσωματωμένων πελλετών οφείλονται σε αντιδράσεις και στον σχηματισμό
νέων φάσεων είτε στερεών μέσω διάχυσης είτε ρευστών που προέρχονται από
επιτήξεις στα όρια των κόκκων.
Στην συνέχεια τα παραγόμενα ελαφροαδρανή χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για την
παραγωγή δοκιμίων θερμομονωτικού και δομικού ελαφροσκυροδέματος και
πραγματοποιήθηκε έλεγχος των θερμικών και μηχανικών τους ιδιοτήτων, αντίστοιχα
(Κεφάλαιο 7). Τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν ότι τα τεχνητά ελαφροαδρανή μπορούν να
χρησιμοποιηθούν για την παραγωγή θερμομονωτικού και δομικού
ελαφροσκυροδέματος.
Η επιτυχής παραγωγή τεχνητών ελαφροαδρανών από μίγματα λιγνιτικών
τεφρών Μεγαλόπολης αποτέλεσε και την βάση για δοκιμές πυροσυσσωμάτωσης των
παραπροϊόντων αυτών με άλλα στερεά βιομηχανικά παραπροϊόντα όπως η ερυθρά
ιλύς (ΕΙ), η οποία παράγεται από την επεξεργασία βωξίτη προς παραγωγή αλουμινίου
(Κεφάλαιο 8). Για την διαπίστωση της συνεργασίας των δύο διαφορετικών
παραπροϊόντων πραγματοποιήθηκε προσθήκη μέχρι και 30%κβ ΕΙ σε μίγματα
λιγνιτικών τεφρών. Πραγματοποιήθηκε φυσικοχημική διερεύνηση των προϊόντων
της πυροσυσσωμάτωσης και χρήση τους στην παραγωγή δοκιμίων σκυροδέματος. Τα
αποτελέσματα δείχνουν ότι η αύξηση της προστιθέμενης ΕΙ στο μίγμα λιγνιτικών
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τεφρών της Μεγαλόπολης επιφέρει αύξηση στο βάρος των παραγόμενων αδρανών,
ενώ μπορούν να χαρακτηριστούν ελαφροαδρανή τα προϊόντα πυροσυσσωμάτωσης
μιγμάτων μέχρι και 20%κβ προσθήκης ΕΙ. Τα αποτελέσματα των μετρήσεων των
μηχανικών αντοχών των δοκιμίων σκυροδέματος δείχνουν ότι η ΕΙ επιφέρει αύξηση
στις αποκτώμενες αντοχές σε ποσοστό προσθήκης μέχρι και 15%κβ.
Η εφαρμογή που προτείνεται σε αυτή την διατριβή για την παραγωγή
τεχνητών ελαφροαδρανών υλικών από τα στερεά λιγνιτικά παραπροϊόντα του ΑΗΣ
Μεγαλόπολης αποτελεί την πρώτη πρόταση για αξιοποίηση της ΤΠ στην Ελλάδα. Η
πυροσυσσωμάτωση μιγμάτων των λιγνιτικών τεφρών μπορεί να οδηγήσει στην
παραγωγή τεχνητών ελαφροαδρανών για χρήση τους στο δομικό και θερμομονωτικό
ελαφροσκυρόδεμα ενώ ο περιεχόμενος άνθρακας της ΤΠ, ο οποίος αξιοποιείται ως το
καύσιμο διεργασίας παραγωγής, αποτελεί σημαντική παράμετρο για την ποιότητα
των τεχνητών ελαφροαδρανών. Επιπλέον, οι λιγνιτικές τέφρες της Μεγαλόπολης
μπορούν να συνεργαστούν με άλλα στερεά βιομηχανικά παραπροϊόντα όπως η ΕΙ για
την παραγωγή τεχνητών ελαφροαδρανών διαφορετικής ποιότητας. Επίσης, η
συγκεκριμένη πρόταση αφορά στην μαζική αξιοποίηση της ΤΠ και πιθανή εφαρμογή
έχει την δυνατότητα να απορροφήσει το μεγαλύτερο τμήμα του παραγόμενου αυτού
παραπροϊόντος. / Large part of energy demand in Greece is covered by lignite combustion in
West Macedonia and Peloponnesus. Lignite combustion results in production of,
approximately, 14Mt/year of solid byproducts, such as fly ash (FA) and bottom ash
(BA). The quantity of these byproducts is going to be increased in future because of
the low quality of available lignite (lower calorific value). Part of FA (10-12%)
produced in Greece is utilized as raw material in cement production while there is no
application of BA, mainly because of its high carbon content.
This study investigates a new method for utilization of BA, primarily, and FA,
afterwards, as raw materials in the production of lightweight aggregates and further
utilization of produced aggregates in lightweight aggregate concrete. A two stage
process, pelletization and sintering, is applied in BA and FA mixtures.
Physical and chemical analyses of Megalopolis lignite ashes are performed
(Chapter 2) in purpose of characterization of process raw materials. Furthermore,
fundamental theory of pelletization and grate sintering is presented (Chapter 3) in
purpose of better understanding of process details.
Mixtures of different BA/FA ratio are prepared for sintering tests (Chapter 4).
Carbon contained in BA is utilized as the fuel of the process, while high water content
of BA is utilized as the primary binding material during pelletization in purpose of
pellets formation. Different BA/FA ratios represent different solid fuel percentages in
sintering mixtures. This is an important parameter, which strongly affects the
completion of the process and the quality of product.
Successful completion of sintering process is achieved with minimum solid
fuel content (BA carbon) 6.5wt% in mixture (Chapter 5). Physical and chemical
characterization is performed for products of all different sintering mixtures. The
results show that BA carbon content is an important parameter for the production of
lightweight aggregates. Porous structure formation inside the sintered pellets, which is
responsible for aggregates low weight, is caused by simultaneous development of two
different processes: a) production of gases in high temperatures and, b) liquid (glassy)
phase formation in the outer part of pellets in the same time period (Chapter 6).
ix
Formation of either solid state bonds, through diffusion, and/or glassy phase bonds at
the points of particles mutual contact are responsible for pellet strength.
Lightweight aggregates produced are used in the production of insulating
and structural lightweight aggregate concrete specimens and thermal and mechanical
tests are performed, respectively. According to tests results artificial lightweight
aggregates can be used for insulating and structural purposes.
The successful experimental results from the utilization of lignite solid
byproducts in the production of LWA offered new opportunities for collaboration of
these byproducts with other industrial solid residues, such as red mud (RM) which is
produced during bauxite treatment for aluminum production (Chapter 8). In purpose
of investigation of collaboration of these different byproducts sintering mixtures are
prepared with low RM addition, up to 30wt%, in lignite ashes mixtures. Physical and
chemical characterization is performed for products of all sintering mixtures and they
are used for production of concrete specimens. Results show that increase of RM
addition brings increase in aggregates weight, while aggregates formed by RM
addition up to 20wt% can be considered as lightweight ones. The results of
mechanical strength tests in concrete specimens show that RM addition up to 15wt%
brings increase in aggregates strength.
This is the first proposed method for utilization of lignite BA in Greece in the
production of lightweight aggregates. Sintering of mixtures of lignite ashes results to
the production of lightweight aggregates and the produced aggregates can be used for
insulating and structural lightweight aggregate concrete. BA carbon content, which is
utilized as the fuel of the process, is an important parameter for lightweight aggregate
production and porous structure formation. Furthermore, Megalopolis lignite ashes
can be treated in collaboration with other industrial solid byproducts, such as RM for
the production of lightweight aggregates of different quality. Finally, the proposed
method targets to massive utilization of BA produced in Megalopolis power station.
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Influência da alta temperatura nas propriedades mecânicas do concreto leve de alto desempenho (CLAD) / Influence of the high temperature in the mechanical properties of the high performance lightweight aggregate concreteAlexandre Justino Torres 12 September 2002 (has links)
O concreto leve de alto desempenho (CLAD), com argila expandida nacional, é um material alternativo para as concentrações brasileiras, considerando as características climáticas do país e baixo custo do material. Mas atualmente, existe pouca informação disponível sobre a produção e aplicação deste concreto com agregados leves, adições e aditivos nacionais. O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar o comportamento estrutural, por intermédio de ensaios mecânicos (resistência à compressão, resistência à tração por compressão diametral e módulo de deformação) do CLAD, sob ação de altas temperaturas. Para tanto, realiza-se uma análise comparativa da resistência mecânica do concreto em estudo, constituído por agregados leves de argila expandida, com o concreto convencional CAD (concreto de alto desempenho), composto por agregados de brita basáltica, determinando-se assim as respectivas resistências mecânicas, após terem sido expostos a temperaturas externas de até 800 graus centígrados. Através da análise dos resultados obtidos experimentalmente, pode-se comprovar a viabilidade do CLAD, produzido com argila expandida, comparativamente ao CAD, sob à ação de altas temperaturas. / The high performance lightweight aggregate concrete (HPLC), with national expanded clay, is an alternative material for the Brazilian constructions, considering the climatic characteristics of the country and low cost of the material. But now, little available information exists about the production and application of this concrete with lightweight aggregate, additions and addictive national. The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the structural behavior, by mechanical tests (compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and deformation modulus) of HPLC, under action of high temperatures. For so much, it takes place a comparative analysis of the mechanical resistance of the concrete in study, constituted by lightweight aggregate of expanded clay, with the conventional concrete HPC (high performance concrete), composed by crushed basalt coarse aggregate, determining the respective mechanical strength, after they have been exposed to external temperatures of up to 800°C. Through the analysis of the results obtained experimentally, it can be proven the viability of HPLC, produced with expanded clay, comparatively to HPC, under to the action of high temperatures.
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