Un des enjeux majeurs de la thérapie contre le cancer est le développement d’immunothérapies innovantes ciblées et efficaces sur le long terme. Dans ce but, nous avons tiré profit de la versatilité des liposomes pour concevoir une plateforme vaccinale modulable associant i) un épitope peptidique CD4 universel capable de stimuler les lymphocytes T CD4+, ii) un épitope peptidique CD8 dérivé de la tumeur, induisant la différenciation des lymphocytes T CD8+ en lymphocytes T cytotoxiques et iii) un ou des agonistes des récepteurs Toll-like ou NOD-like qui agissent comme des adjuvants en activant les cellules dendritiques. Après plusieurs étapes de criblage, trois vaccins ont été développés, spécifiques d’un modèle orthotopique de cancer du poumon (TC-1) et différant uniquement par leur adjuvant. Une étude comparative dans un modèle murin a été réalisée. Ces travaux ont permis de comparer leur limite temporelle d’efficacité, de mettre en évidence leur mécanismes immunitaires respectifs et de démontrer la supériorité thérapeutique des liposomes contenant un agoniste du TLR4 (MPLA). Ces travaux ont montré l’intérêt d’une plateforme liposomique modulable pour la conception de vaccins personnalisés. / Currently, a challenging goal in the area of cancer treatment is the development of innovative targeted antitumoral immunotherapies with a long-term efficiency. In this context, we took advantage of liposomal nanoparticles properties for the conception of a tunable vaccine platform allowing the strategical conception of vaccines containing: i) a CD4 epitope peptide able to stimulate CD4+ T helper cells ii) a tumor CD8 epitope peptide, which induces the differentiation of CD8+ T cells in cytotoxic T cells and iii) Toll or Nod-Like receptor agonist(s), which act as adjuvant for the activation of dendritic cell. After several screening steps, three vaccines, specific tardeting an orthotopic lung tumor model (TC-1) and differing only by their adjuvant composition, were successfully developed. Subsequently, a comparative study of their efficacy time limit and their immunologic mode of action was performed. This study showed the therapeutic supremacy of liposomal vaccines containing a TLR4 agonist (MPLA). In this work, we demonstrated the value of a customizable liposomal platform for the conception of personalized vaccines and we highlighted the necessity of immune monitoring for a better understanding of vaccines impact and the prediction of their efficacy.

The growth of vertebrates is primarily regulated by the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor (GH-IGF) system, but not in isolation. The central question of this dissertation was how do other hormones peripheral to the GH-IGF system interact with the system, including feedbacks by GH and IGF themselves on various tissues in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)? The representative hormones selected were thyroxine, cortisol, and the sex steroids testosterone and estrogen, along with GH and IGF. These hormones were chosen because they are known to affect overall growth and development during specific life events, but exactly what target genes and what mechanisms are involved are only at the early stages of being delineated in fish. Liver and gill tissues were selected as representative tissues to assess the in vitro effects on growth-related genes of the GH-IGF system. A total of more than thirty experiments were conducted, including time- and concentration-response, inhibitory studies, hormone combination studies, and radio-receptor binding assays. Hormones were applied to whole tissue cultures and real-time quantitative-PCR was used to measure hormonal effects on GHR, IGF, and IGFR1 genes. Microsomal preparations were treated with selected hormones and radio-labeled GH or IGF. A gamma counter was used to measure receptor-ligand activity. GH and IGF were found to possess autocrine and/or paracrine actions in self-regulating target growth genes. Thyroxine had no direct effects on targeted growth genes but may interact with other molecules or hormones to elicit its effects on growth and development. Cortisol directly influenced target growth genes in a tissue-specific and isoform-specific manner. Finally, sex steroids differentially regulated the growth genes: estradiol inhibited growth genes while testosterone directly stimulated growth genes. These findings contribute to understanding how hormones peripheral to the GH-IGF system interact with the growth system. / National Science Foundation grant IOS 0920116 to Dr. Mark Sheridan

Mainstream leadership studies are concerned mostly about western values. To fill the gap between Western and Eastern perspectives on leadership, this study examines female leadership from a Daoist perspective. Daoism is a valuable and rich philosophical system from China and has a history of more than 2,500 years. Key concepts from Daoism (e.g., harmony, Wei Wu-Wei, Yin-Yang, water-like leadership, and its high regard for females and mothers) were used as alternative and resourceful theoretical foundations for this study. This study was a between-subject 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design (leader candidate’s gender: male vs. female; leadership style: agentic vs. Daoist; and participants’ gender: male vs. female). Four vignettes were created and assigned as stimulus materials to each of the four conditions in the study (agentic male, agentic female, Daoist male, and Daoist female). Participants (N=383) were asked to read one leader candidate vignette and evaluate this candidate on seven aspects (positivity, likeableness, effectiveness, follower empowerment, follower autonomy cultivation, democracy, and leader emergence). Data were collected from MTurk and analyzed using MANOVA. The results indicated a significant main effect for leadership style and a significant two-way interaction effect for leadership style and leader gender. These findings demonstrate that Daoist leadership style was more preferable than agentic leadership style on positivity, likeableness, effectiveness, empowerment, follower autonomy cultivation, democracy, and leader emergence. Additionally, the Daoist female leader candidate was perceived more positively, likeable, empowering, and democratic, than agentic male leader candidate.

Using silkworms as the potential host to spin spider silk-like fibers is an area of intense research world-wide. The conventional methods used to create transgenic silkworms hosting spider silk-like gene limits the incorporation of spider silk-like protein and do not improve the mechanical performance of the composite silkworm/spider silk fibers. In this dissertation, synthetic spider ampullate genes were incorporated into the precise site of the fibroin heavy chain or light chain using the latest genome editing technology CRISPR/cas9 guided non-homologous end joining as opposed to conventional random integration using transposon-based piggyBac system. These protocols, with extensive applicability to other silkworm researches, improved the content of spider silk-like protein in the transgenic silkworm/spider silk fibers, increases genetic stability in offspring, and improves the mechanical performance of the transgenic fibers compared to traditional methods. In addition, an enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) was successfully incorporated into the fibroin light chain of silkworms using CRISPR/C as 9 initiated homologous recombination. The transgenic silkworm/spider fibers emitted strong green fluorescence under excitation. These results demonstrate that the we successfully developed a protocol to make silkworm as a host to spin spider silk-like fibers.

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Das duktale Adenokarzinom des Pankreas stellt weiterhin trotz aller medizinischen Entwicklungen eine Herausforderung in der Diagnostik und Therapie bei einer nahezu identischen Inzidenz und Mortalität dar. Auch die Genese der Erkrankung ist bis zum heutigen Tag nicht geklärt. Als eine mögliche Ursache wird das inflammatorische Mikromilieu diskutiert, bzgl. dessen Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung ebenfalls noch Unklarheiten bestehen. Als möglicher Trigger hierfür kommen die endosomalen Toll like-Rezeptoren 7 und 8 in Frage, die sowohl in ihrer Immunfunktion virale RNA-Bestandteile, so genannte pathogen-associated molecular patterns, als auch damage-associated molecular patterns, d.h. RNA-Fragmente von geschädigten oder sterbenden Zellen erkennen können. Durch ihre Stimulation kommt es zu einer Immunantwort. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die Auswirkung der Stimulation von TLR 7 und TLR 8 exprimierenden PANC-1-Zellen bzgl. des Wachstumsverhaltens und der Chemosensibilität auf 5-FU untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass mit einem spezifischen TLR7 und TLR8-Agonisten (R848) das Wachstum signifikant im Vergleich zu unbehandelten Zellen gesteigert werden konnte. Das dieser Effekt abhängig von der Expression von TLR7 und TLR8 war, konnte dadurch bewiesen werden, dass PANC-1 Zellen ohne die Expression von TLR7 oder TLR8 sowie mittels siRNA-Knockdown für TLR7 oder TLR8 behandelte TLR7- oder TLR8-exprimierende PANC1-Zellen kein gesteigertes Wachstum zeigten. Die Chemosensibilität auf 5-FU in einer LD50-Dosierung war bei den stimulierten Zellen im Vergleich zu den unstimulierten Zellen signifikant reduziert. Auf molekularer Ebene war ein Trend hinsichtlich eines Anstiegs Apoptose-inhibierender, Wachstums-fördernder und Inflammation-aufrechterhaltender Faktoren (IL-6, NF-kB, COX-2) zu erkennen. Zusammenfassend konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Stimulation von Toll like-Rezeptoren 7 und 8 exprimierenden Pankreaskarzinomzellen mit einem weiteren Tumorwachstum sowie einer reduzierten Chemosensibilität sowie daraus resultierenden schlechten Therapieansprechen vergesellschaftet sein können. / Ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas continues to present a challenge in diagnosis and therapy with an almost identical incidence and mortality despite all medical developments. The genesis of the disease has also not been clarified to this day. The inflammatory microenvironment is discussed as a possible cause, but there are still uncertainties regarding its development and maintenance. A possible trigger for this are the endosomal toll-like receptors 7 and 8, which in their immune function recognize viral RNA components, so-called pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and damage-associated molecular patterns, ie RNA fragments of damaged or dying cells. Their stimulation creates an immune response. Within the scope of this work, the effect of the stimulation of TLR 7 and TLR 8 expressing PANC-1 cells with regard to growth behavior and chemosensitivity to 5-FU was investigated. That this effect was dependent on the expression of TLR7 and TLR8 could be proven by the fact that PANC-1 cells without the expression of TLR7 or TLR8 as well as TLR7- or TLR8-expressing PANC-1 cells by means of siRNA knockdown for TLR7 or TLR8 did not showed increased growth. The chemosensitivity to 5-FU in an LD50 dose was significantly reduced in the stimulated PANC-1 cells compared to the unstimulated cells. At the molecular level, there was a trend towards an increase in apoptosis-inhibiting, growth-promoting and inflammation-maintaining factors (IL-6, NF-kB, COX-2). In summary, it could be shown that the stimulation of toll-like receptors 7 and 8 expressing pancreatic carcinoma cells can be associated with further tumor growth and reduced chemosensitivity and the resulting poor therapeutic response.

Storage mite Acarus siro is one of the most distributed stored product mites in the world. It infests various products (grains, dried fruits, meat products, animal feed etc.) and causes allergic reactions in humans. For these reasons, it is important to find an effective strategy to suppress or even better to eliminate the mite from the storing facilities. Historically, there have been reported cases of the mite being resistant to several pesticides. In this thesis, four populations of Acarus siro were exposed to pesticides in different concentrations - first in the form of solutions and next as a diet additive. The populations showed divergent sensitivity to four selected pesticides (pirimiphos-methyl, chlorpyriphos-methyl, deltamethrin and deltamethrin in combination with piperonyl butoxide). The biggest differences were recorded in response to solutions of pirimiphos-methyl. This pesticide was then added to standard rearing diet in five concentrations. The mite populations were exposed to this died for 3 weeks. Control and pesticide-treated diet microbiome analyses revealed that 0.0125 µg×g-1 concentration causes hormoligosis in 6L and 6Tu strains. The same concentration was responsible for microbiome change in 6Z strain. Exposure to 1,25 µg×g-1 concentration caused microbial shifts in 6Z and...

Cold exposure impacts intestinal remodelling and metabolism. Signaling by glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), GLP-2 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are tightly linked to nutrient intake and absorption. However, these peptide hormones' necessity to mediate gut adaptation and metabolic alternations during cold exposure has been incompletely explored. We hypothesize that GLP-1, GIP, and GLP-2 are released in proportion to required energy needs during cold exposure to enable efficient nutrient absorption and gut adaptation and subsequently impact nutrient handling. We evaluated morphological changes in the intestinal in wildtype, Glp1r-/-Glp2r-/- and Glp1r-/-Gipr-/- mice exposed to chronic cold or thermoneutral conditions for four weeks. Food intake and gut hormone secretion were significantly increased in all mice housed at 4-6 ̊C compared to those housed at thermoneutrality. Concomitantly, we observed increased remodeling measured by crypt to villus height (increased villi length) and intestinal circumference (increased circumference) in cold-exposed wildtype and Glp1r-/-Gipr-/- mice housed. In contrast, intestinal morphology in Glp1r-/-Glp2r-/- mice was unchanged in response to cold. Associated with these morphometric changes, we observed significant increases in fasting concentrations of GLP-1. These data suggest that GLP-1 and GLP-2 are key signaling molecules secreted from the gut in response to chronic cold exposure to enable intestinal remodeling.

The Immune system exerts its response against invading pathogens via a cumulative, sequential cooperation of immune cells coordinated by their secreted products. Immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), express toll-like receptors (TLRs) to sense the presence of pathogens through pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The interaction of PAMPs with TLRs elicits a cytosolic signaling cascade that enhances the expression of genes to stimulate inflammation. Interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 2 (IRAK2) is a component of the TLR signaling pathway. IRAK2 transduces the TLR signal via a direct interaction with TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and subsequent enhancement of its ubiquitination. During my PhD thesis, I determined that a 55-amino acid long stretch at the C-terminal end of IRAK2 is important for TLR signaling. Overexpression of C-terminal truncated IRAK2 (IRAK2Δ55) in the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 led to impaired CD40 expression after TLR4 stimulation by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). I observed attenuated competency of IRAK2Δ55 in restoring a full TLR signaling response i.e. IL-6 secretion, NO production and CD40 expression in IRAK2-deficient RAW cells generated via CRISPR-Cas9 approach. Additionally, diminished TLR4 induced activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and extracellular signal related kinase (ERK) was observed with IRAK2Δ55 reconstituted RAW cells as compared to cell reconstituted with wildtype IRAK2. IRAK2Δ55 reconstituted RAW cells also exhibited reduced TLR4-induced cell death and phosphorylation of receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3). Co-immunoprecipitation experiments in HEK 293T cells showed that IRAK2Δ55 was still able to bind to TRAF6 alike IRAK2 but failed to induce ubiquitination of TRAF6. In conclusion, the results suggest that the IRAK2 TRAF6 interaction is not sufficient to sustain full TLR signaling. An C-terminus-dependent unknown molecular mechanism is also involved. Through my PhD work, I also analyzed a B cell lineage-specific HECTD1 knock-out mice. HECTD1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for various substrate proteins, such as heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), adenomatous polyposis coli and phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase type 1 γ. Hsp90 regulates a variety of signaling molecules in NF-κB activation pathways which are essential for an optimal B cell response. HECTD1-deficient pro-B cells developed normally into mature B cells. However, TLR4 stimulated HECTD1-deficient B cells displayed reduced immunoglobulin (Ig) production in in vitro cultures. In addition, mice with HECTD1-deficient B cells showed a diminished Ig response after nitrophenylacetyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin immunization. Thus, HECTD1 is necessary for efficient Ig secretion. / Auf das Eindringen von Pathogenen in den Körper antwortet das Immunsystem mit einer kumulativen, sequenziellen und wechselseitigen Zusammenarbeit zwischen Immunzellen, ihren Oberflächenrezeptoren sowie den von ihnen sezernierten Mediatoren. Immunzellen, wie Makrophagen und dendritische Zellen (DZ), sind dabei in der Lage mittels Toll-like Rezeptoren (TLRs) das Vorhandensein von Pathogenen über Pathogen-assoziierte molekulare Muster (pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) zu detektieren. Die Bindung von PAMPs an TLRs führt über intrazelluläre Signalkaskaden zu einer verstärkten Expression pro-inflammatorischer Gene und damit zur Initiierung einer Immunreaktion. Die Interleukin 1 Rezeptor-assoziierte Kinase 2 (IRAK2) ist einer Komponente der TLR Signalkaskade. IRAK2 bindet direkt an den TNF-Rezeptor-assozierten Faktor 6 (TRAF6), welcher daraufhin verstärkt ubiquitiniert wird. In meiner Promotionsarbeit habe ich einen 55 Aminosäure langen Abschnitt im C-Terminus von IRAK2 identifiziert, der für die Signalleitung von TLRs essentiell ist. Die Überexpression von mutierten IRAK2, dem dieser C-terminale Bereich fehlt (IRAK2∆55), in der murinen Macrophagen Zelllinie RAW 264.7 führte zu einer verminderten Expression von CD40 nach Stimulation des TLR4 durch Lipopolysaccharid (LPS). Wurden IRAK2-defiziente RAW Zellen mit dem mutierten IRAK2∆55 Gen rekonstituiert, zeigten diese Zellen verglichen mit Zellen, die mit dem wildtypischen Gen rekonstituiert wurden, eine verminderte Aktivierung des nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) und der extracellular signal related kinase (ERK) nach Stimulation des TLR4. Ebenso waren die Expression von CD40, die Sekretion von IL-6 und NO gestört. In IRAK2-defizienten und IRAK2∆55 RAW Zellen war eine Reduktion des durch TLR4 induzierten Zelltodes sowie der TLR4-induzierten Phosphorylierung der Rezeptor-interagierenden Proteinkinase 3 (RIP3) zu beobachten. Ko-Immunpräzipitationsexperimente mit HEK 293T Zellen zeigten, dass IRAK2∆55 genauso wie intaktes IRAK2 zwar in der Lage ist, TRAF6 zu binden, aber nicht dessen Ubiquitinylierung zu induzieren. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass die Interaktion von IRAK2 mit TRAF6 für ein optimales TLR-Signal nicht ausreichend ist und deshalb ein bisher unbekannter Mechanismus an der Signalweiterleitung beteiligt sein muss. Dieser Mechanismus ist vom C-terminalen Ende von IRAK2 abhängig. In einem zweiten Teil meiner Doktorarbeit analysierte ich B-Zellen von Mäusen, in denen HECTD1-spezifisch in der B-Zellentwicklungslinie deletiert wurde. HECTD1 ist eine E3 Ubiquitin-Ligase für zahlreiche Substratproteine, wie bspw. dem Hitzeschock-Protein (heat-shock-protein, HSP90), dem adenomatösen Polyposis coli Protein oder der Phosphatidylinositol Phosphatkinase Typ 1 γ. HSP90 reguliert eine Vielzahl an Signalmolekülen im NF-κB Signalweg, die für eine optimale B-Zell-Antwort wesentlich sind. HECTD1-defiziente pro-B-Zellen entwickelten sich normal zu reifen B-Zellen. Die Stimulation des TLR4 auf HECTD1-defizienten B-Zellen führte in vitro zu einer im Vergleich zu wildtypischen B-Zellen reduzierten Immunglobulin-Sekretion. Eine reduzierte Immunglobulin-Antwort konnte auch in B-Zell-spezifischen hectd1-/- Mäusen beobachtet werden, wenn diese zuvor mit Schlitzschnecken-Hämocyanin (Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin, NP-KLH) immunisiert wurden. Die reduzierte Produktion von Antikörpern durch HECTD1-defiziente B-Zellen zeigt, dass dieses Protein für diese zentrale Aufgabe von B-Zellen notwendig ist.

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