Le développement de spécifications formelles correctes pour des systèmes et logiciels commence par l’analyse et la compréhension des besoins du client. Entre ces besoins décrits en langage naturel et leur spécification définie dans un langage formel précis, un écart existe et rend la tâche de développement de plus en plus difficile à accomplir. Nous sommes face à deux mondes distincts. Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif d’expliciter et d’établir des interactions entre ces deux mondes et de les faire évoluer en même temps. Par interaction, nous désignons les liens, les échanges et les activités se déroulant entre les différents documents. Parmi ces activités, nous présentons la validation comme un processus rigoureux qui démarre dès l’analyse des besoins et continue tout au long de l’élaboration de leur spécification formelle. Au fur et à mesure du développement, des choix sont effectués et les retours des outils de vérification et de validation permettent de détecter des lacunes aussi bien dans les besoins que dans la spécification. L’évolution des deux mondes est décrite via l’introduction d’un nouveau besoin dans un système existant et à travers l’application de patrons de développement. Ces patrons gèrent à la fois les besoins et la spécification formelle associée ; ils sont élaborés à partir de la description de la forme des besoins. Ils facilitent la tâche de développement et aident à éviter les risques d’oublis. Quel que soit le choix, des questions se posent tout au long du développement et permettent de déceler des lacunes, oublis ou ambiguïtés dans l’existant. / The development of correct formal specifications for systems and software begins with the analysis and understanding of client requirements. Between these requirements described in natural language and their specification defined in a specific formal language, a gap exists and makes the task of development more and more difficult to accomplish. We are facing two different worlds. This thesis aims to clarify and establish interactions between these two worlds and to evolve them together. By interaction, we mean all the links, exchanges and activities taking place between the different documents. Among these activities, we present the validation as a rigorous process that starts from the requirements analysis and continues throughout the development of their formal specification. As development progresses, choices are made and feedbacks from verification and validation tools can detect shortcomings in requirements as well as in the specification. The evolution of the two worlds is described via the introduction of a new requirement into an existing system and through the application of development patterns. These patterns manage both the requirements and their associated formal specifications ; they are elaborated from the description of the form of the requirements in the client document. They facilitate the task of development and help to avoid the risk of oversights. Whatever the choice, the proposed approach is guided by questions accompanying the evolution of the whole system and makes it possible to detect imperfections, omissions or ambiguities in the existing.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T11:21:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ADRIANO LAZARO MACHADO DE SANTANA.pdf: 26984069 bytes, checksum: d3a92dfcac388cee74326e7d1c40bef8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-24 / It is an experience of the school in College Basketball Hugo Ramos de Carvalho (1982-1999), and this paper seeks to show how was the formation of teams in a public school in the city of Goiânia-Go. The subject, and historicizing their experience between girls and boys basketball, was chosen by the identification with the experience of the facts and issues. Developed this descriptive research, addressing issues experienced with qualitative methods, using documentary sources, iconographic and testimonials from participants. Throughout history, giving meaning and contribute to the sport is a social phenomenon, is fundamental in the process of sociability from the experiences. It was a search for identity made by observations made in each student behaviors. Thus, the aim of the contribution of pedagogy to transform the theme of sports training school with regard to meanings, motricidades and bonding with practical and theoretical content involved in team basketball. Through teaching strategies facilitated a community school in the acquisition of a culture body through physical education and sport. We hope thus constitute a field of research required for studies on sports training and also compose a collection of imagery of a school community. / Trata-se de uma experiência do basquete escolar no Colégio Hugo de Carvalho Ramos (1982- 1999), e este trabalho procura mostrar como se deu a formação de equipes em uma escola pública na cidade de Goiânia-Go. O tema, sua historicização e experiência entre garotas e rapazes do basquetebol, foi escolhido pela identificação com o vivenciar dos fatos e problemas. Desenvolveu-se esta pesquisa descritiva, abordando questões experimentadas com métodos qualitativos, utilizando fontes documentais, iconográficas e com depoimentos dos participantes. Através da história, dar significação e contribuir como o esporte constitui um fenômeno social, sendo fundamental no processo da sociabilidade a partir das vivências. Foi uma busca por identificação feita através de observações a cada aluno realizadas em comportamentos. Assim, objetivou-se a contribuição da pedagogia para transformar a temática do treinamento desportivo escolar no que diz respeito a significações, motricidades e laços afetivos com conteúdos prático-teórico envolvidos na formação de equipes de basquete. Através de estratégias pedagógicas facilitaram uma comunidade escolar na aquisição de uma cultura corporal pela educação física e esporte. Esperamos assim, constituir um campo de investigação necessário para estudos sobre a formação esportiva e também compor um acervo imagético de uma comunidade escolar.

A família atual tem sofrido grandes transformações resultantes da mutação social, com graves reflexos nos direitos e deveres dos seus membros, porque a forma de sua constituição, outrora baseada no casamento indissolúvel e na prole então chamada legítima, cedeu espaço a inúmeras outras, decorrentes de toda uma sorte de convivências alheias ao casamento e da progressiva equalização de direitos entre homem e mulher e entre todos os filhos. O objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo dos novos vínculos jurídicos considerados como legítimos formadores da família contemporânea, dentro da ótica do afeto como elo essencial para a sobrevivência de tal núcleo. Nesse caminho, passaremos pelo estudo da família, enfocando sua formação e extinção, e da filiação, bem como dos princípios de direito intimamente ligados ao tema, como o da dignidade da pessoa humana, da solidariedade, da afetividade, da igualdade, da liberdade, da convivência familiar e do melhor interesse da criança, como meio para o alcance das conclusões sobre esse tema, em contribuição original à ciência jurídica brasileira. / The current family has suffered big chances as results of the social mutation, with serious consequences on the rights and duties of its members. That has occurred because, in the past, its constitution, which was based in an insoluble marriage and in the children who were then considered legitimate, opened space to countless other families, which were constituted due to an assortment of relationship out of the marriage and out of the progressive equalization of the rights between the couple and among all the children. The aim of this work is to study the new legal links considered as legitimate builder of the contemporary family, under the affection viewpoint as an essential link for its survival. In this way, we are going to study the family, focusing its formation and extinction, and its children as well as the principles of the rights deeply connected to the theme, as the dignity of the human being, the solidarity, the affectivity, the equality, the liberty, the family relationship, and the best interest of the child, as a means to achieve the conclusions of this theme, contributing with the Brazilian legal science.

Le concept de subjectivation a guidé l’avancée de cette thèse, pour saisir les remaniements des processus de la construction subjective chez l’enfant, pris dans les discours dominants de notre postmodernité. La création d’un espace psychique différencié inhérent aux processus de subjectivation, pose d’emblée le lien à l’Autre et aux autres, au sein de l’institution, familiale et sociale, dans laquelle évolue l’enfant. Les incidences sur le déroulement de la construction subjective ont été explorées à partir du champ de l’école, dans la triangulation père–mère-enfant et sa répétition parents–enfant–école. Une approche historique de l’institution scolaire a permis de dégager cinq basculements cliniques, témoignant de l’évolution des places assignées aux différents acteurs de l’école et aux idéaux respectifs, entraînant des retombées sur les enjeux subjectifs et intersubjectifs.C’est en suivant l’articulation filiation/affiliation, développée à partir des enjeux de nominations et d’identifications que le rapport au père va se poser. Il s’agira d’interroger la fonction du père imaginaire, empêchée par l’ombre portée de l’Autre maternel. Cet empêchement, adossé aux discours dominants de l’immédiateté effaçant la différence générationnelle, semble s’ériger comme un point de butée sur lequel achoppe le déploiement imaginaire de la fonction phallique au temps de l’enfance. L’empêchement de cet "à venir" porté par la promesse oedipienne, semble mettre en exergue le rapport fraternel, l’autre semblable du temps du complexe d’intrusion. L’Autre social est appelé en suppléance de plus en plus tôt dans le parcours de la subjectivation au temps de l’enfance, parcours qui ne peut se penser sans l’Autre, pour aller de l’UN à l’autre. / The concept of subjectivization guided the progress of this thesis, to understand the reorganizations in the processes of the subjective self-construction of the child, caught in the dominant discourses of our postmodern time.The creation of a differentiated psychic space inherent to the processes of subjectivization, poses at the outset the link to the Other and the link to the others within the family and social institution in which the child evolves. The impact on the subjective construction processes was explored from the angle of the school, according to the father-mother-child triangulation and its repetition in the school-parents-child triangulation. An historical approach of the academic institution has enabled to extricate five clinical changeovers, showing an evolution in the places assigned to the different school partners and the respective idealized roles, affecting the subjective and intersubjective issues.The relationship with the father will arise from the filiation / affiliation articulation, developed from the concepts and issues of naming and identification. The function of the imaginary father (paternal imago) will be examined and seems hindered by the shadow cast by the maternal Other. This impediment, leaning on the dominant discourses of immediacy erasing the generation difference, seems to put up a stumbling block on the imaginary phallic function deployment at the time of childhood. The impediment of this "future to come”, carried by the oedipal promise, seems to highlight the fraternal term, built at the time of the intrusion complex.The social Other is called in substitution, always earlier in the process of subjectivization at the time of the childhood. This process cannot be conceived without the Other, in order to find the path the One to the other.

(in English) The thesis looks at interpreter's notes that are taken during consecutive interpreting. The thesis focuses on note-taking of numbers and links, two elements that are generally recommended to write down. The theoretical part briefly summarizes information about the topic and looks at the note-taking handbook by Andrew Gillies (2017). Based on the thesis of Kateřina Matrasová (2012), the empirical part presents two experiments to find out if numbers and links are captured. The experiments were carried out on two groups of students from the Institute of Translation Studies at the Faculty of Arts, Charles University: 9 students from the 3rd year of the BA study programme English for Intercultural Communication and 6 students from the 2nd year of the follow-up MA study programme Interpreting: Czech and English. The analysis of the students' notes in the 1st experiment shows that in total the students noted down correctly 20 out of 25 numbers reaching an 80 per cent success rate. The MA students had better results (an 88 per cent success rate compared to 75 per cent success rate of the BA students). It can be seen that all the students had a system of noting numbers and that this system proved helpful to them. The 2nd experiment indicates that the students are less likely to capture links in...

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographies. / by Erik Karl Antonsson. / Ph.D.

Diferentes sistemas do mundo real podem ser representados por redes. As redes são estruturas nas quais seus vértices (nós) representam entidades e links representam relações entre essas entidades. Além disso, as redes caracterizam-se por ser estruturas dinâmicas, o que implica na rápida aparição e desaparição de entidades e seus relacionamentos. Nesse cenário, um dos problemas importantes a serem enfrentados no contexto das redes, é da predição de links, isto é, prever a ocorrência futura de um link ainda não existente entre dois vértices com base nas informações já existentes. A importância da predição de links deve-se ao fato de ter aplicações na recuperação de informação, identificação de interações espúrias e, ainda, na avaliação de mecanismos de evolução das redes. Para enfrentar o problema da predição de links, a maioria dos métodos utiliza informações da vizinhança topológica das redes para atribuir um valor que represente a probabilidade de conexão futura entre um par de vértices analisados. No entanto, recentemente têm aparecido métodos híbridos, caracterizados por usar outras informações além da vizinhança topológica, sendo as informações das comunidades as normalmente usadas, isso, devido ao fato que, ao serem grupos de vértices densamente ligados entre si e esparsamente ligados com vértices de outros grupos, fornecem informações que podem ser úteis para determinar o comportamento futuro das redes. Assim, neste trabalho são apresentadas duas propostas na linha dos métodos baseados nas informações das comunidades para predição de links. A primeira proposta consiste em um novo índice de similaridade que usa as informações dos vértices pertencentes a mesma comunidade na vizinhança de um par de vértices analisados, bem como as informações dos vértices pertencentes a diferentes comunidades nessa mesma vizinhança. A segunda proposta consiste de um conjunto de índices obtidos a partir da reformulação de algumas propostas já existentes, porém, inserindo neles informações dos vértices pertencentes unicamente à mesma comunidade na vizinhança topológica de um par de vértices analisados. Experimentos realizados em dez redes complexas de diferentes domínios demonstraram que, em geral, os índices propostos obtiveram desempenho superior às abordagens usuais / Different real-world systems can be represented as networks. Networks are structures in which vertices (nodes) represent entities and links represent relationships between these entities. Moreover, networks are dynamic structures, which implies rapid appearance and disappearance of entities and their relationships. In this scenario, the link prediction problem attempts to predict the future existence of a link between a pair of vertices considering existing information. The link prediction importance is due to the fact of having different applications in areas such as information retrieval, identification of spurious interactions, as well as for understanding mechanisms of network evolution. To address the link prediction problem, many proposals use topological information to assign a value that represents the likelihood of a future connection between a pair of vertices. However, hybrid methods have appeared recently. These methods use additional information such as community information. Communities are groups of vertices densely connected among them and sparsely connected to vertices from other groups, providing useful information to determinate the future behavior of networks. So, this research presents two proposals for link prediction based on communities information. The first proposal consists of a new similarity index that uses information about the communities that the vertices in the neighborhood of a analyzed pair of vertices belong. The second proposal is a set of indices obtained from the reformulation of various existing proposals, however, using only the information from vertices belonging to the same community in the neighborhood of a pair of vertices analyzed. Experiments conducted in ten complex networks of different fields show the proposals outperform traditional approaches

The relationship between politicians and firms has attracted a considerable amount of research, especially in developing countries, where firms' political links are a widespread phenomenon. However, existing literature offers contradicting views about this relationship, espicially regarding the impact of firms' political connections on firms' market-performance. Furthermore, there is limited evidence on the impact of firms' political connections on some of the important corporate decisions, including firms' investment- and dividend-policies. Therefore, this thesis seeks to fill these gaps by offering three empirical essays with Jordan as a case study. The first essay examines the impact of firms' political links on their values by controlling for macroeconomic conditions. Also, in the extended models, by specifying three major events which occurred after 2008, namely, the establishment of the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC), the Global Financial Crisis, and the Arab Uprisings, we investigate the effects of these events on the relationship between firms' political ties and their value. The findings of this essay indicate that politically-connected firms have higher values compared to their non-connected counterparts in Jordan. Moreover, it is found that firms with stronger political-ties have higher values than firms with weaker ties. Furthermore, the positive effect of political connections continues, even after controlling for the macroeconomic conditions, though the latter are considered to be more important than political connections for firm valuation due to their impact on the share price. Interestingly, findings show that the events occurring after 2008 do not seem to have affected the relationship between political connections and firm value since the significant positive impact of political-ties on firm value persists during the post-event period. The second empirical essay studies the role of political connections in mitigating firms' financing-constraints. Moreover, it investigates the effect of the strength of political connections in alleviating these constraints. Finally, it looks at the impact of the above-mentioned three events which occurred after 2008, notwithstanding the new banking Corporate Governance Code issued in 2007. Findings of this essay reveal that firms' political connections are important in mitigating their financing-constraints. Furthermore, the results show that stronger political connections seem to reduce financing-constraints more than weaker connections. Finally, findings show that the impact of firms' political connections has diminished during the post-event period (2008 - 2014). The third essay examines how a firm's political connections can affect its dividend-policy. It also considers the impact of the strength of political connections on dividend-policy. Finally, we extend the empirical analysis by investigating any shift in the relationship between political connections and dividends due to the events of the Global Financial Crisis, the Arab Uprisings, and the adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Results of this essay reveal that a firm's political connections have a significant positive impact on both the propensity to pay dividends and the dividend-payout ratio. Regarding the impact of the strength of political connections on dividends, it is found that firms with weaker political connections pay out more in dividends than firms with stronger connections. In terms of the impact of the events which occurred after 2008 on the relationship between political connections and dividends, the findings show that the impact of these connections on dividends is eliminated.

Predição de Links é uma área de pesquisa importante no contexto de Análise de Redes Sociais tendo em vista que predizer sua evolução é um mecanismo útil para melhorar e propiciar a comunicação entre usuários. Nas redes de coautoria isso pode ser utilizado para recomendação de usuários com interesses de pesquisa comuns. Este trabalho propõe um processo sistemático baseado em métricas não-dicotômicas para avaliação de predição de links em redes de coautoria, sendo considerada a definição de métodos para as seguintes tarefas identificadas: seleção de dados, determinação de novos links e avaliação dos resultados. Para seleção de dados definiu-se um sensor fuzzy baseado em atributos dos nós. O uso de composições fuzzy foi considerado para determinação de novos links _ponderados_ entre dois autores, adotando-se não apenas atributos dos nós, mas também a combinação de atributos de outros links observados. O link ponderado é denominado _qualidade da relação_ e é obtido pelo uso de propriedades estruturais da rede. Para avaliação dos resultados foi proposta a curva ROC fuzzy, que permite explorar os pesos dos links não apenas para ordenação dos exemplos. / Link prediction is an important research line in the Social Network Analysis context, as predicting the evolution of such nets is a useful mechanism to improve and encourage communication among users. In co-authorship networks, it can be used for recommending users with common research interests. This work proposes a systematic process based on non-dichotomic metrics for evaluation of link prediction in co-authorship networks considering the definition of methods for the following tasks: data selection, new link determination and result evaluation. Fuzzy sensor based on node attributes is adopted for data selection. Fuzzy compositions are used to predict new link weights between two authors, adopting not only attributes nodes, but also the combination of attributes of other observed links. The link weight called _relation quality_ is obtained by using structural features of the social network. The fuzzy roc curve is used for results evaluation, allowing us to consider the weights of the links and not only the ordering of examples.

Aquaculture is of growing importance in the global seafood production. The environmental impact of aquaculture will largely depend on the type of environment in which the aquaculture system is placed. Sometimes, due to the abiotic or biotic conditions of the seascape, certain aquaculture systems tend to be placed within or near specific ecosystems, a phenomenon that in this thesis is referred to as aquaculture system - ecosystem links. The exposed ecosystems can be more or less sensitive to the system specific impacts. Some links are known to be widespread and especially hazardous for the subjected ecosystem such as the one between the shrimp aquaculture and the mangrove forest ecosystem. The aim of this thesis was to identify and investigate causes and consequences of other spatial links between aquaculture and ecosystems in the tropical seascape. Two different aquaculture system - ecosystem links were identified by using high resolution satellite maps and coastal habitat maps; the link between sea cage aquaculture and coral reefs, and the one between seaweed farms and seagrass beds. This was followed by interviews with the sea cage- and seaweed farmers to find the drivers behind the farm site selection. Many seaweed farmers actively choose to establish their farms on sea grass beds but sea cage farmers did not consider coral reefs when choosing location for their farms. The investigated environmental consequences of the spatial link between sea cage aquaculture and coral reefs were considerable both on the local coral reef structure, and coral associated bacterial community. Furthermore, coral reef associated fish are used as seedlings and feed on the farms, which likely alter the coral food web and lower the ecosystem resilience. Unregulated use of last resort antibiotics in both fish- and lobster farms were also found to be a wide spread practice within the sea cage aquaculture system, suggesting a high risk for development of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The effects of seaweed farms on seagrass beds were not studied in this thesis but have earlier been shown to be rather substantial within the borders of the farm but less so outside the farm. Further, a nomenclature is presented to facilitate the discussion about production system - ecosystem links, which may also be used to be able to incorporate the landscape level within eco-certifying schemes or environmental risk assessments. Finally - increased awareness of the mechanisms that link specific aquaculture to specific habitats, would improve management practices and increase sustainability of an important and still growing food producing sector - the marine aquaculture. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>