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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

Role of the regulation of cell lipid composition and membrane structure in the antitumor effect of 2-hydroxyoleic acid

Laura Martin, Maria 26 October 2011 (has links)
El ácido 2-hidroxioleico (2OHOA) es un fármaco antitumoral diseñado para regular la estructura y composición de los lípidos de membrana y la función de importantes proteínas de membrana. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue estudiar cómo el 2OHOA modula la composición lipídica y la estructura de membrana en las células tumorales. Se observó que el 2OHOA indujo profundas alteraciones en el contenido de fosfolípidos, aumentando el contenido de esfingomielina y disminuyendo el contenido de fosfatidiletanolamina y fosfatidilcolina. Este efecto fue específico contra las células cancerosas, ya que el tratamiento no afectó la composición lipídica de las células no tumorales MRC-5 de fibroblastos humanos. El aumento de SM se debió a una activación rápida y específica de las SM sintasas. Como consecuencia de la activación sostenida de la SMS, todo el metabolismo de los esfingolípidos se vio afectado. Finalmente, se evaluó el impacto de todos estos cambios sobre las propiedades biofísicas de membrana mediante espectroscopia de fluorescencia / 2-Hydroxyoleic acid (2OHOA) is a potent antitumor drug that was designed to regulate membrane lipid composition and structure and the function of important membrane proteins. The main goal of this work was to study how 2OHOA modulates the membrane lipid composition and structure of tumor cells. 2OHOA induced dramatic alterations in phospholipid content, increasing sphingomyelin mass, and decreasing phosphatidyl-ethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. This effect was specific against cancer cells as it did not affect non-tumor MRC-5 cells. The increased SM mass was due to a rapid and highly specific activation of SM synthases. As a consequence of the sustained activation of SMS, the whole sphingolipid metabolism was affected. Then, the impact of all these changes on membrane biophysical properties was evaluated by fluorescence spectroscopy
82

Characterization of Molecular Glycerophospholipids by Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Ekroos, Kim 10 November 2003 (has links) (PDF)
The physical properties of glycerophospholipids (GPLs) are not only determined by the head group (HG), but also by their fatty acid (FA) chains, which affect their distribution and function within membranes in the cell. Understanding the microheterogenity of lipid membranes on a molecular level requires qualitative and quantitative characterization of individual lipids and identification of their FA moieties. The aim of my study was to introduce the new technology of multiple precursor ion scanning (MPIS) on a QSTAR Pulsar time-of-flight mass spectrometer (QqTOF) to analyze lipids. Detailed information on fatty acid composition of individual GPL molecules could be obtained in parallel with conventional profiling of lipid classes, and this could be done by direct analysis of total lipid extracts. This method was termed Fatty Acid Scanning (FAS) and Head Group Scanning HGS, respectively. In this way the molecular GPL composition of total lipid extracts could be charted in a single analysis accurately and rapidly at a low picomole concentration level. Furthermore, combining FAS and HGS together with ion trap MS3 analysis allowed complete charting of the molecular composition of PCs, including quantification of their positional isomers, thus providing a detailed and comprehensive characterization of molecular composition of the pool of PCs. Development of the Lipid Profiler software allowed full automation and rapid processing of complex data, including identification and quantification of molecular GPLs. This approach was evaluated by preliminary applications. First, the molecular composition of PCs of total lipid extracts of MDCK cells and of human red blood cells (RBC) could accurately be charted. Significant presence of positional isomers was observed increasing the total number of individual PC species close to one hundred. Secondly, the molecular PC and SM species distribution in detergent resistant membranes (DRMs) prepared by Triton X-100 DRMs were analyzed and were found to be enriched in distinct GPLs. The distribution in PCs and SMs of Triton X-100 DRMs of RBC were compared with those of the DRMs of MDCK cells. Finally, combining the use of a 96 well plate and a robotic system demonstrated that these analyses can be automated and analyzed with high throughput. This system we termed Shotgun Lipidomics. Taken together, this mass spectrometric methodology provides rapid and detailed insight into the distribution of the molecular GPLs of membranes and membrane sub-fractions.
83

Optimisation of BACE1 inhibition of tripartite structures by modification of membrane anchors, spacers and pharmacophores – development of potential agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Linning, Philipp, Haussmann, Ute, Beyer, Isaak, Weidlich, Sebastian, Schieb, Heinke, Wiltfang, Jens, Klafki, Hans-Wolfgang, Knölker, Hans-Joachim 08 April 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Systematic variation of membrane anchor, spacer and pharmacophore building blocks leads to an optimisation of the inhibitory effect of tripartite structures towards BACE1-induced cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.
84

Optimisation of BACE1 inhibition of tripartite structures by modification of membrane anchors, spacers and pharmacophores – development of potential agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Linning, Philipp, Haussmann, Ute, Beyer, Isaak, Weidlich, Sebastian, Schieb, Heinke, Wiltfang, Jens, Klafki, Hans-Wolfgang, Knölker, Hans-Joachim January 2012 (has links)
Systematic variation of membrane anchor, spacer and pharmacophore building blocks leads to an optimisation of the inhibitory effect of tripartite structures towards BACE1-induced cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.
85

Characterization of Molecular Glycerophospholipids by Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Ekroos, Kim 12 December 2003 (has links)
The physical properties of glycerophospholipids (GPLs) are not only determined by the head group (HG), but also by their fatty acid (FA) chains, which affect their distribution and function within membranes in the cell. Understanding the microheterogenity of lipid membranes on a molecular level requires qualitative and quantitative characterization of individual lipids and identification of their FA moieties. The aim of my study was to introduce the new technology of multiple precursor ion scanning (MPIS) on a QSTAR Pulsar time-of-flight mass spectrometer (QqTOF) to analyze lipids. Detailed information on fatty acid composition of individual GPL molecules could be obtained in parallel with conventional profiling of lipid classes, and this could be done by direct analysis of total lipid extracts. This method was termed Fatty Acid Scanning (FAS) and Head Group Scanning HGS, respectively. In this way the molecular GPL composition of total lipid extracts could be charted in a single analysis accurately and rapidly at a low picomole concentration level. Furthermore, combining FAS and HGS together with ion trap MS3 analysis allowed complete charting of the molecular composition of PCs, including quantification of their positional isomers, thus providing a detailed and comprehensive characterization of molecular composition of the pool of PCs. Development of the Lipid Profiler software allowed full automation and rapid processing of complex data, including identification and quantification of molecular GPLs. This approach was evaluated by preliminary applications. First, the molecular composition of PCs of total lipid extracts of MDCK cells and of human red blood cells (RBC) could accurately be charted. Significant presence of positional isomers was observed increasing the total number of individual PC species close to one hundred. Secondly, the molecular PC and SM species distribution in detergent resistant membranes (DRMs) prepared by Triton X-100 DRMs were analyzed and were found to be enriched in distinct GPLs. The distribution in PCs and SMs of Triton X-100 DRMs of RBC were compared with those of the DRMs of MDCK cells. Finally, combining the use of a 96 well plate and a robotic system demonstrated that these analyses can be automated and analyzed with high throughput. This system we termed Shotgun Lipidomics. Taken together, this mass spectrometric methodology provides rapid and detailed insight into the distribution of the molecular GPLs of membranes and membrane sub-fractions.
86

Le rôle du CD40 homodimère dans la réponse immunitaire

Jundi, Malek 06 1900 (has links)
Le CD40 est une glycoprotéine transmembranaire de type I, appartenant à la famille des TNFRs, exprimée à la surface des cellules immunitaires, hématopoïétiques, vasculaires, épithéliales, et d’autres types de cellules, y compris les cellules tumorales. Le CD40 ne possédant pas de domaine kinase, pour induire un signal il interagit directement ou indirectement avec des protéines adaptatrices telles que les TRAFs et les JAKs. L’interaction du CD40 avec son principal ligand, le CD154, joue un rôle primordial dans la régulation de la réponse immunitaire et le maintien de l’homéostasie. L’activation du CD40 à la surface des cellules B augmente leur capacité de présentation d’antigène, en plus d’induire la prolifération, la commutation isotypique et l’apoptose. Les patients souffrant de mutations au niveau du gène codant pour le CD40 ou de son ligand sont immunosupprimés et sensibles à des infections opportunistes. Des études ont montré que le CD40 comme d’autres membres de la famille des TNFRs est capable de former des homodimères. Plus récemment, on a montré que la formation du CD40 homodimère est le résultat de son engagement sur les cellules B. En plus, cette homodimérisation du CD40 est importante pour la phosphorylation de l’Akt. L’interaction CD40/CD154 peut avoir un rôle direct dans l’immunothérapie par l’induction de l’apoptose de certaines cellules cancéreuses ou un rôle indirect en activant les cellules présentatrices d’antigènes (CPA) afin d'augmenter l’efficacité de l’activation des cellules T cytotoxiques. Nos résultats montrent que l’induction de la mort cellulaire par le CD40 requiert la perméabilisation du lysosome, la libération de la cathepsine B, la présence de ROS et une interaction avec le TRAF6, cette mort cellulaire programmée est plus importante en présence de la forme monomérique du CD40, muté au niveau de la cystéine 238. Par ailleurs, l’homodimérisation du CD40 requerrait sa translocation vers les radeaux lipidiques et nécessiterait la présence des ROS. Cette homodimérisation du CD40 semble être importante pour l’activation des cellules B par le biais de l’induction de l’expression du CD23, CD69 et CD80. De plus, nos résultats montrent pour la première fois une implication du CD40 homodimère dans l’induction du CD23 par le biais du TLR4. Nos résultats soulignent l’importance du CD40 homodimère dans certaines voies de signalisation. Ainsi, ils mettent en évidence le rôle de la Cys-238 dans la coopération entre des récepteurs de la réponse immunitaire innée et adaptative. Toutes ces données permettraient une meilleure compréhension de certaines voies de signalisation impliquées dans plusieurs maladies auto-immunes et faisant objet de plusieurs essais thérapeutiques. / CD40 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the TNFRs family, which is expressed on the surface of immune, hematopoietic cells, vascular, epithelial, and other cell types, including a wide range of tumour cells. CD40 does not have a kinase domain. Thus, to induce a signal, CD40 interacts directly or indirectly with adapter proteins such as TRAFs and Jaks. The interaction of CD40 with its main ligand, CD154, plays an important role in regulating the immune response and homeostasis. The activation of CD40 on the surface of B cells increases its ability to promote antigen presentation, in addition to inducing proliferation, isotype switching, and apoptosis. Patients affected by mutations in the gene encoding the CD40 or its ligand are immunosuppressed and susceptible to opportunistic infections. Studies have shown that CD40, as other members of the family of TNFRs is capable of forming homodimers. More recently, it was shown that the formation of the CD40 homodimer is the result of the engagement of CD40 on B cells by CD154. In addition, the homodimerization of CD40 is important for the phosphorylation of Akt. The CD40/CD154 interaction can have a direct role in immunotherapy by inducing apoptosis of some cancer cells or an indirect role in activating antigen-presenting cells (APCs), thereby increasing the effectiveness of activation of cytotoxic T cells. Our results show that the induction of cell death by CD40 requires permeabilization of the lysosome, the release of cathepsin B, the presence of ROS and interaction with TRAF6, this programmed cell death is greater in the presence of the monomeric form of CD40, due to a mutation at the level of the cysteine 238. Moreover, the homodimerization of CD40 requires its translocation to lipid rafts and the presence of ROS. This homodimerization is necessary for the CD40 B-cell activation via the induction of expression of CD23, CD69 and CD80. In addition, our results show for the first time the involvement of the CD40 homodimer in the induction of CD23 expression via TLR4. Our results emphasize the importance of CD40 homodimer in signaling pathways and highlight the role of Cys-238 in the cooperation between receptors of the innate and adaptive immune response. All together our results will allow a better understanding of CD40 signaling pathways involved in several autoimmune diseases, which give a rise to a better therapeutic trial design.
87

Le rôle du CD40 homodimère dans la réponse immunitaire

Jundi, Malek 06 1900 (has links)
Le CD40 est une glycoprotéine transmembranaire de type I, appartenant à la famille des TNFRs, exprimée à la surface des cellules immunitaires, hématopoïétiques, vasculaires, épithéliales, et d’autres types de cellules, y compris les cellules tumorales. Le CD40 ne possédant pas de domaine kinase, pour induire un signal il interagit directement ou indirectement avec des protéines adaptatrices telles que les TRAFs et les JAKs. L’interaction du CD40 avec son principal ligand, le CD154, joue un rôle primordial dans la régulation de la réponse immunitaire et le maintien de l’homéostasie. L’activation du CD40 à la surface des cellules B augmente leur capacité de présentation d’antigène, en plus d’induire la prolifération, la commutation isotypique et l’apoptose. Les patients souffrant de mutations au niveau du gène codant pour le CD40 ou de son ligand sont immunosupprimés et sensibles à des infections opportunistes. Des études ont montré que le CD40 comme d’autres membres de la famille des TNFRs est capable de former des homodimères. Plus récemment, on a montré que la formation du CD40 homodimère est le résultat de son engagement sur les cellules B. En plus, cette homodimérisation du CD40 est importante pour la phosphorylation de l’Akt. L’interaction CD40/CD154 peut avoir un rôle direct dans l’immunothérapie par l’induction de l’apoptose de certaines cellules cancéreuses ou un rôle indirect en activant les cellules présentatrices d’antigènes (CPA) afin d'augmenter l’efficacité de l’activation des cellules T cytotoxiques. Nos résultats montrent que l’induction de la mort cellulaire par le CD40 requiert la perméabilisation du lysosome, la libération de la cathepsine B, la présence de ROS et une interaction avec le TRAF6, cette mort cellulaire programmée est plus importante en présence de la forme monomérique du CD40, muté au niveau de la cystéine 238. Par ailleurs, l’homodimérisation du CD40 requerrait sa translocation vers les radeaux lipidiques et nécessiterait la présence des ROS. Cette homodimérisation du CD40 semble être importante pour l’activation des cellules B par le biais de l’induction de l’expression du CD23, CD69 et CD80. De plus, nos résultats montrent pour la première fois une implication du CD40 homodimère dans l’induction du CD23 par le biais du TLR4. Nos résultats soulignent l’importance du CD40 homodimère dans certaines voies de signalisation. Ainsi, ils mettent en évidence le rôle de la Cys-238 dans la coopération entre des récepteurs de la réponse immunitaire innée et adaptative. Toutes ces données permettraient une meilleure compréhension de certaines voies de signalisation impliquées dans plusieurs maladies auto-immunes et faisant objet de plusieurs essais thérapeutiques. / CD40 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the TNFRs family, which is expressed on the surface of immune, hematopoietic cells, vascular, epithelial, and other cell types, including a wide range of tumour cells. CD40 does not have a kinase domain. Thus, to induce a signal, CD40 interacts directly or indirectly with adapter proteins such as TRAFs and Jaks. The interaction of CD40 with its main ligand, CD154, plays an important role in regulating the immune response and homeostasis. The activation of CD40 on the surface of B cells increases its ability to promote antigen presentation, in addition to inducing proliferation, isotype switching, and apoptosis. Patients affected by mutations in the gene encoding the CD40 or its ligand are immunosuppressed and susceptible to opportunistic infections. Studies have shown that CD40, as other members of the family of TNFRs is capable of forming homodimers. More recently, it was shown that the formation of the CD40 homodimer is the result of the engagement of CD40 on B cells by CD154. In addition, the homodimerization of CD40 is important for the phosphorylation of Akt. The CD40/CD154 interaction can have a direct role in immunotherapy by inducing apoptosis of some cancer cells or an indirect role in activating antigen-presenting cells (APCs), thereby increasing the effectiveness of activation of cytotoxic T cells. Our results show that the induction of cell death by CD40 requires permeabilization of the lysosome, the release of cathepsin B, the presence of ROS and interaction with TRAF6, this programmed cell death is greater in the presence of the monomeric form of CD40, due to a mutation at the level of the cysteine 238. Moreover, the homodimerization of CD40 requires its translocation to lipid rafts and the presence of ROS. This homodimerization is necessary for the CD40 B-cell activation via the induction of expression of CD23, CD69 and CD80. In addition, our results show for the first time the involvement of the CD40 homodimer in the induction of CD23 expression via TLR4. Our results emphasize the importance of CD40 homodimer in signaling pathways and highlight the role of Cys-238 in the cooperation between receptors of the innate and adaptive immune response. All together our results will allow a better understanding of CD40 signaling pathways involved in several autoimmune diseases, which give a rise to a better therapeutic trial design.
88

Le vieillissement membranaire cérébral : conséquences fonctionnelles et protection par les acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3 alimentaires / Membrane brain aging : functional outcomes and protection by dietary omega-3 polyunsatured fatty acids

Colin, Julie 19 June 2015 (has links)
Un des phénomènes sociétaux marquants de ces dernières années est le vieillissement de la population et en conséquence, une hausse considérable du nombre de personnes âgées. Dans ce contexte, la recrudescence des pathologies chroniques liées au vieillissement, dont la maladie d’Alzheimer, est devenue un enjeu majeur de santé publique. L’impact de nombreux facteurs environnementaux modulables, l’aspect chronique et évolutif des mécanismes pathogènes mis en jeu, doivent inciter à développer des interventions préventives permettant de minimiser les risques de développer ces maladies liées au vieillissement. Ce travail nous a permis de mettre en évidence l’importance d’utiliser des modèles d’étude et des modes d’expérimentation adaptés au vieillissement pour espérer en ralentir ou retarder les processus délétères. Nos résultats ont aussi permis d’identifier les membranes comme des éléments essentiels au bon fonctionnement cérébral. L’altération de la composition et de l’architecture des membranes neuronales chez la souris âgée perturbe leurs fonctionnalités et diminue les capacités de réponse neuroprotectrices recherchées notamment lors des thérapies anti-Alzheimer. Nous avons aussi observé des modifications membranaires comparables chez les souris rendues dyslipidémiques par un régime alimentaire excessif en lipides saturés auquel nous avons pu clairement attribuer un rôle pro-vieillissement. Nous avons finalement démontré le potentiel préventif d’une supplémentation alimentaire en acide docosahexaénoïque, l’acide gras polyinsaturé à longue chaîne majoritaire dans le cerveau, et pu conclure en sa capacité de restaurer une réponse neuroprotectrice altérée chez la souris âgée / One of the marked societal phenomena in recent decades is the aging of populations due to continually increasing lifespans and as a result, a considerable surge in the number and proportion of elderly, particularly in Western countries. In this demographic context, the rise of chronic diseases related to aging, including Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia, has become a major public health issue. The impact of modifiable environmental factors, evolution of the pathogenic mechanisms involved, and the lack of curative treatments illustrates the need for the development of interventions to prevent or delay the onset of these aging-related diseases. The present work demonstrates the importance of using age-adapted study models and experimental methods with the goal towards slowing or delaying age-related deleterious processes. Secondly, our results have identified membranes as an essential part for normal brain function. The composition and architectural changes in the neuronal membranes of elderly mice disrupt their functionality and reduce neuroprotective responsiveness such as those sought by anti-Alzheimer’s therapies. We also observed similar pro-aging-type changes in brain membranes of dyslipidemic mice fed a high-fat diet. Thus, disturbances of lipid homeostasis are correlated with an increased risk of developing aging-related cardiovascular and metabolic as well as neurodegenerative diseases. We finally demonstrated the preventive potential of dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid, the most abundant long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in the brain, and observed its ability to restore a neuroprotective response that was impaired in older mice

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