Elevated level of lipogenic enzymes and overall lipogenesis have been reported in a wide variety of cancers and blocking the lipogenic pathway by chemical inhibitors or RNA interference causes tumor cell death by apoptosis which provides a strong rationale for targeting lipogenic pathway for the treatment and prevention of cancer however the exact role of lipogenesis as a cause, facilitator or consequence is not yet clearly understood. Therefore in this dissertation research, we set up to determine the mechanism of tumor cell death by inhibiting lipogenesis and to determine the role of increased lipogenesis in the breast cancer progression. In the first part of this study, we investigated the status of fatty acid synthase (FAS) gene which is regarded as the key lipogenic gene in fatty acid biosynthetic pathway and is responsible for the synthesis of lipid molecules by facilitating the condensation reaction between acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA in the presence of NADPH. We observed that normal breast epithelial cells MCF10A cells have very low level of FAS expression whereas breast cancer cell lines MCF7, MDA MB231 and MDA MB231 LM have significant overexpression. Next, we observed the similar trend of FAS overexpression in breast cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) isolated from the MCF7, MDA MB231 and MDA MB231 LM cell lines using cell surface markers (CD24-/CD44+/ESA+). These cells were previously transplanted into the mammary fat pad of nude mice and the results of our limiting dilution analysis indicate that CSCs had a significantly higher ability of forming breast cancer in the injected animals which explains our rationale to use CSCs in our research. In order to exploit this lipogenic pathway for the treatment and chemoprevention of breast cancer, we then examined the effects of resveratrol on breast cancer cells. Resveratrol is a natural polyphenolic compound and has been shown to exhibit cardio-protective as well as anti-neoplastic effects on various types of cancers. However, the exact mechanism of its anti-tumor effect is not clearly defined. We observed that resveratrol significantly reduced the cell viability by inducing apoptosis in parental cells as well as in CSCs. Resveratrol also inhibited mammosphere formation which is an inherent property of CSCs. This inhibitory effect of resveratrol is accompanied by a significant reduction in lipid synthesis which is caused by the down-regulation of the FAS gene followed by up-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes, DAPK2 and BNIP3. The activation of apoptotic pathway in the cancer stem-like cells was suppressed by FAS overexpression suggesting that resveratrol-induced apoptosis is indeed through the modulation of FAS-mediated cell survival signaling. Importantly, resveratrol was able to significantly suppress the growth of CSC in an animal model of human breast cancer xenograft without showing apparental toxicity. Taken together, our results indicate that resveratrol is capable of inducing apoptosis in the CSCs through suppression of lipogenesis by modulating FAS expression, which highlights a novel mechanism of anti-tumor effect of resveratrol. Taken together, our results indicate that resveratrol is capable of inducing apoptosis in the cancer stem-like cells through suppression of lipogenesis by modulating FAS expression, which highlights a novel mechanism of anti-tumor effect of resveratrol. In the second part of research, we tried to determine the role of elevated level of lipogenesis in normal to ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) progression. For this, we first analyzed the expression profile of various lipogenic genes using an expression microarray and found that CSCs from DCIS.com showed significantly higher level of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and FAS than the normal non-tumorigenic stem-like cells obtained from MCF10A. The result was also confirmed by qRT-PCR and Western blot as well as in clinical specimens of DCIS by immunohistochemistry. In the next step, we detected that SREBP1, the master regulator of lipogenic genes, is also upregulated in DCIS and further identified that SREBP1 regulates the co-ordinate expression of ACLY, ACC and FAS ultimately resulting in the elevation of lipogenesis. In order to determine the role of SREBP1 overexpression in normal to DCIS transition, we overexpressed the SREBP1 in MCF10A cells which induced a significant increase in the downstream key lipogenic genes ACLY, ACC1 and FAS which resulted in the clear upregulation of total lipid content in the cells. Furthermore, we found that this elevation of lipogenesis in MCF10A-SREBP1 stem-like cells confers proliferative advantage as well as a significant increase in mammosphere forming ability and anchorage independent growth (3D culture). Thus, our results showed a possibility that increased lipogenesis in normal stem-like cells may be responsible for providing oncogenic transformation properties which can be confirmed at least in our in vitro model. We then examined the effects of resveratrol on CSCs sorted from DCIS.com. We found that resveratrol decreased the cell viability and increased apoptosis by reducing the total lipid content by inhibiting the expression of SREBP1 and downstream lipogenic genes. Resveratrol also hindered the stemness of the DCIS CSCs by inhibiting its mammosphere forming ability. When DCIS CSCs were transplanted into mammary fat pad of nude mice which were on resveratrol treatment, we observed that resveratrol significantly suppressed the formation of DCIS by downregulating lipogenic genes and by upregulating pro-apoptotic genes, DAPK2 and BNIP3. Collectively, our results indicate that lipogenic genes SREBP1 co-ordinately regulates the overexpression of ACLY, ACC1 and FAS in DCIS CSCs at an early stage of breast tumorigenesis and thus confer proliferative and survival advantages. Anti-growth effect of resveratrol on DCIS CSCs also provides us with a strong rationale to use this agent for chemo-prevention against DCIS.

Les récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG) constituent la plus grande famille de récepteurs membranaires. Ils contrôlent de nombreux processus physiologiques et leurs implications dans de nombreuses pathologies fait de cette famille une cible de près de 30% des médicaments. Cependant nombre d'entre eux sont orphelins et/ou possèdent des fonctions inconnues, constituant ainsi un réservoir important de cibles pharmacologiques.Afin de déterminer quelles peuvent être les applications thérapeutiques des RCPG, il faut être capable d'identifier les tissus dans lesquels ils s'expriment et ont des effets biologiques. Pour cela, nous avons développé une approche de PCR quantitative à haut débit permettant l'étude de l'ensemble des gènes codants les RCPG murin.Nous avons tout d'abord recherché tous les endoRCPG de souris et pour chacune des séquences identifiées un couple d'amorces a été synthétisé.Nous avons ensuite utilisé cette banque d'amorces dans deux modèles de différenciation cellulaire. La culture primaire de neurones granulaires du cervelet et une lignée de préadipocytes.Nous nous sommes appuyés sur l'hypothèse suivante : si l'expression d'un RCPG varie au cours d'un phénomène particulier, c'est qu'il est possiblement impliqué dans la régulation de celui-ci.Nous avons donc dans un premier temps identifié les endoRCPG dont l'expression variait au cours de la différenciation cellulaire. Dans un deuxième temps nous avons testé par des approches pharmacologiques et de biologie cellulaire l'implication de ces récepteurs dans la régulation des divers aspects de la différenciation cellulaire des modèles étudiés. / G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of membrane receptors and control numerous physiological processes. Accordingly, ~45% of drugs used to treat human pathologies target a GPCR. However, a number of GPCRs are orphans and/or involved in unknown functions, which makes GPCRs an attractive reservoir of pharmacological targets.To identify novel therapeutic applications of GPCR ligands, it is necessary to identify organs in which GPCRs are expressed and have biological effects. To that end, we developed a high-throughput, real-time PCR approach to quantify each and every murine GPCR transcripts. We first established a census of all endo-GPCRs, i.e. those GPCRs having an endogenous ligand, encoded in the murine genome. We then designed and validated a primer pair for each identified sequence.We used this primer collection in 2 models of cell differentiation, namely primary cultures of cerebellar granule neuroblasts and the preadipocyte 3T3-L1 cell line. Our basic premise in this approach is that changes in the expression levels of a GPCR in a given biological phenomenon is an indication that this GPCR might be functionally relevant to the biological process under study.We first focused on GPCRs whose expression changed during cellular differentiation, which enabled the identification of candidate GPCRs in this phenomenon. Using pharmacological and genomic tools, we tested the implication of those candidates in various aspects of cell differentiation. In particular, we performed a detailed study of the role of the F2r thrombin receptor and Gprc5a orphan receptor in preadipocyte proliferation.

Le développement du tissu adipeux blanc est finement régulé par des facteurs pro- et anti- adipogéniques. Au cours de l’obésité, son expansion conduit à de nombreuses complications métaboliques. A ce jour, peu de données sont disponibles sur les facteurs qui contrôlent négativement son développement. Dans ce contexte, le laboratoire a dirigé ses recherches sur le rôle de l’aldose réductase murine Akr1b7 dans ce tissu. Akr1b7 est exprimée dans la fraction stromale vasculaire du tissu adipeux blanc et possède un effet anti-adipogénique sur les préadipocytes en culture. La réalisation et l’analyse de souris invalidées pour le gène Akr1b7 nous a permis de démontrer que la perte de Akr1b7 entraîne une expansion de la masse adipeuse par une hypertrophie et une hyperplasie des adipocytes associées à une insulino-résistance. Les souris Akr1b7-/- ne sont pas hyperphagiques mais présentent un métabolisme basal réduit. Akr1b7 qui possède une activité prostaglandine synthase, régule le développement excessif du tissu adipeux par deux mécanismes dépendant de la PGF2α à savoir, l’inhibition de l’adipogenèse et de la lipogenèse. D’autre part, nous avons développé un modèle de souris transgéniques sur-exprimant l’aldose réductase humaine AKR1B1 dans le tissu adipeux. Contre toute attente et à l’inverse de Akr1b7, ce modèle montre un effet pro-adipogénique deAKR1B1. Ces données in vivo révèlent des activités inédites et opposées entre différentes isoformes d’aldose réductase et ouvrent de nouvelles pistes pour appréhender les mécanismes contrôlant l’homéostasie adipeuse et ses dérèglements. / White adipose tissue development is tightly regulated by pro-and anti-adipogenic factors. In obesity, its increased development leads to many metabolic complications. To date, little is known about the factors that control negatively its growth. In this context, the laboratory has focused researches on the murine aldose reductase Akr1b7 role in white adipose tissue. Akr1b7 is expressed in stromal vascular fraction of white adipose tissue and exhibits an anti-adipogenic action on a preadipocyte cell line. Generation and study of Akr1b7-/- knockout mice allows us to demonstrate that lack of Akr1b7 leads to adipose tissue expansion due to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of adipose cells associated to insulin resistance. Akr1b7-/- mice are not hyperphagic but show reduced basal metabolic rate. This phenotype confirms Akr1b7 involvement in adipose tissue physiology. Akr1b7 regulates development of adipose tissue by a PGF2α-dependent inhibition of both adipogenesis and lipogenesis. On the other hand, we have developed a transgenic murine model over-expressing the human aldose reductase AKR1B1 in adipose tissue. Against all odds and contrary to Akr1b7, this model shows a pro-adipogenic effect of AKR1B1. These in vivo data reveal new and opposed activities of different aldose reductase isoforms and open new avenues to understand the mecanisms regulating fat homeostasis and its disturbances.

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2018-03-16T13:45:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA17MA219.pdf: 853811 bytes, checksum: 5ed849be56df67865d9463e92b006618 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-16T13:45:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA17MA219.pdf: 853811 bytes, checksum: 5ed849be56df67865d9463e92b006618 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / Capes / The search for optimization of production systems with animals leads to besides the animal fator, and show us that the micro components are the ones which sustain the production factores. On this way the nutrigenomic animal gains more importance and prominent in the search forresourse efficiency. Thereby the aim of this work was to analyse the effects of peroxisome proliferator activated gamma receptors (PPARγ) in the transcription of lipogenic genes and its response to conjugated linoleic acid (mixture of isomers trans-10, cis12 and cis-9, trans-11) through a specific chemical agonist (TZD, thiazolinedione). 1) Control: growing medium, 400μl; 2) TZD: 40ml (10μMol/Lt); 3) CLA (50% of CLA trans10, cis-12 and 50% of CLA cis-9, trans-11): 30ml (315μMol/Lt) and 4) TZD+CLA: 40ml TZD (10μMol/Lt) + 30ml (315μMol/Lt). It was extracted the RNA, synthesized the complementary DNA (cDNA), and carried out the polimerase chain reaction in Real Time (PCR – Real Time), measured the genetic expression of isoform PIII of acetyl-CoA-carboxylase alpha (ACCα), fatty acid synthase (FASN), peroxisome proliferator activated gamma receptors (PPARγ), sterol regulatory elemento-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), cleavage activation protein of SREBP1 (SCAP), stearoyl-CoA-desaturase (SCD), insulin induced gene 1(INSIG1), insulin induced gene 2(INSIG2). Compared to control, the treatment TZD increased the genes expression being SREBP1(1010%), INSIG1 (789%), INSIG2 (849%), FASN (7831%), ACCα (8753%), SCD (6272%) and PPARγ (620%). Compared to the TZD+CLA treatment, the TZD treatment increased the expression of the genes SREBP1 (237%), ACCα (1729%), INSIG1 (7142%) and PPARγ (2480%). Compared to CLA treatment, TZD increased the expression of FASN (275%), SCAP (916%), SCD (206%) and INSIG2 (1700%). It was concluded that the use of chemical agonist TZD in explants of the mammary gland of ewes, grown in vitro has acted to induce a greater expression of PPARγ and CLA reduces the genes expression FASN, ACCα, SCD and SCAP. In the TZD+CLA treatment, the TZD does not exceed the capacity of reducing CLA gene expression for the PPARγ, FASN, SCD, SCAP, INSIG1 and INSIG2 / A busca pela otimização dos sistemas produtivos com animais conduz para além do fator animal, e nos mostram que os componentes “micro” são que sustentam os fatores de produção. Deste modo a nutrigenômica animal ganha cada vez mais importância e destaque na busca pela eficiência de recursos. Com isso, o presente trabalho visou analisar o efeito dos receptores ativados por proliferadores de peroxissomo gama (PPARγ) na transcrição de genes lipogênicos e sua resposta ao ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA, com os isômeros trans-10, cis-12 e cis-9, trans-11), através de um agonista químico específico (TZD, thiazolinediona). No experimento foram realizados cultivos de explantes de glândula mamária de ovelhas lactantes, submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos: 1) Controle: meio de cultivo, 400μl; 2) TZD: 40mL (10 μMol/Lt); 3) CLA: (50% de trans-10, cis-12 e 50% de cis-9, trans-11): 30mL (315 μMol/Lt) e; 4) TZD + CLA: 40mL TZD (10 μMol/Lt) + 30mL (315 μMol/Lt). Foi extraído o RNA, sintetizado o DNA complementar (cDNA) e realizado a reação da cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (PCR Real Time) e medida a expressão gênica da isoforma PIII da acetil-CoA-carboxilase alfa (ACCα), ácido graxo sintase (FASN), receptores ativados por proliferadores de peroxissomo gama (PPARγ), proteína de ligação ao elemento de resposta a esterol 1 (SREBP1), proteína de ativação de clivagem da SREBP1 (SCAP), estearoil-CoA-dessaturase (SCD), gene-1 induzido pela insulina (INSIG1), gene-2 induzido pela insulina (INSIG2). Comparado ao Controle, o TZD aumentou a expressão dos genes, sendo SREBP1 (1.010%), INSIG1 (789%), INSIG2 (849%), FASN (7831%), ACCα (8753%), SCD (6272%) e PPARγ (620%). Comparado ao tratamento TZD+CLA o TZD, aumentou a expressão dos genes SREBP1 (237%), ACCα (1729%), INSIG1 (7142%) e PPARγ (2480%). Em comparação ao tratamento CLA, o TZD aumentou a expressão da FASN (275%), SCAP (916%), SCD (206%) e INSIG2 (1700%). Conclui-se que o uso do agonista químico TZD em explantes da glândula mamária de ovelhas lactantes aumenta a expressão do PPARγ e o CLA reduz a expressão gênica da FASN, ACCα, SCD e SCAP. No tratamento TZD+CLA, o TZD não supera a capacidade de redução da expressão gênica do CLA para os genes PPARγ, FASN, SCD, SCAP, INSIG1 e INSIG2

Introdução: A doxorrubicina (DOX) é um quimioterápico que gera efeitos tóxicos no tecido adiposo (T.A.) e reduz a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Objetivos: Investigar os efeitos metabólicos do tratamento com DOX no T.A. branco e propor terapia adjuvante que atenue efeitos deletérios. Métodos: Procedimento experimental 1: ratos Wistar foram tratados com dose única de DOX (15mg/kg). Cultura de células: 3T3L1 foram incubadas por 24h, 96h e 12 dias com DOX. Procedimento experimental 2: animais C57/BL6 receberam doses fracionadas de DOX associado ao uso de metformina (MET) (300mg/kg, diário) ou não. Conclusão: A DOX gera um alto impacto sobre a homeostasia do T.A. branco tanto no tratamento agudo com dose única, como no tratamento crônico com doses mais baixas. Os processos fisiológicos do tecido adiposo sofreram profundas alterações, o que resultou em menor tamanho do adipócito, maior fibrose, diminuição das vias metabólicas e redução da adiponectina e leptina circulantes, e o tratamento com MET não reverteu esses efeitos, só prevenindo o processo de fibrose do TA. / Introduction: Doxorubicin (DOX) is a chemotherapy that generates toxic effects on adipose tissue (AT) and reduces the quality of life of patients. Objectives: To investigate the metabolic effects of treatment with DOX on AT white and to propose adjuvant therapy to mitigate deleterious effects. Methods: Experimental Procedure 1: Wistar rats were treated with a single dose of doxorubicin (15mg/ kg). Cell Culture: 3T3-L1 were incubated for 24h, 96h and 12 days with doxorubicin. Experimental procedure 2: C57/BL6 mice received fractionated doses of DOX associated with the use of metformin (MET) (300 mg/kg daily) or not. Conclusion: DOX generates a high impact on the homeostasis of white AT in both acute single dose treatment, such as in chronic treatment with lower doses. The physiological processes of AT have undergone major changes, resulting in a smaller of adipocytes, increased fibrosis, reduction in metabolic pathways and decreased circulating adiponectin and leptin, and the treatment with MET did not reverse these effects, only prevent the fibrosis process on AT.

A ausência de nutrientes durante o jejum leva a intensa mobilização de ácidos graxos (AG) do adipócito. A intensidade deste fenômeno deve ser controlada, pois o excesso de AG está associado a condições patológicas. Nestas condições, a lipogênese torna-se útil e a Gliceroneogênese indispensável. Nesta via, o lactato seria um substrato fisiológico e provável. Metodologia. Ratos machos Wistar foram divididos em grupos, Alimentado (Al) e Jejum (J) e os coxins subcutâneo (SC) e visceral retroperitoneal (RP) submetidos aos testes biológicos e moleculares. No Teste de Incorporação de [14C]-Acido Lático em Glicerol e no teste de captação de [14C]-Acido Lático o grupo Al mostrou maior capacidade (Al > J; *p<0.05; [N=8]). Nestes testes, a glicose (1 ou 4 mM) foi fundamental e a presença de insulina (10 nM) ampliou estes resultados em ambos os tecidos. Na expressão do transportador de monocarboxilatos 1 (MCT1) e da enzima fosfoenol piruvato carboxiquinase (PEPCK), não houve diferenças entre Al e J. Concluímos que a alimentação promove aumento da Glicroneogênese a partir do ácido lático e a expressão da PEPCK não exerceu influencia neste processo. No entanto, a glicose e a insulina, mostraram-se como potencializadores da Gliceroneogênese. / The absence of nutrients during fasting leads to intensive mobilization of adipocyte fatty acids (FA). The intensity of this phenomenon should be controlled because excess of the AG is associated with pathological conditions. Under these conditions, the lipogenesis and gliceroneogenesis are useful and indispensable. In this pathway, the lactate and likely would be a physiological substrate. Methodology. Male Wistar rats were divided into groups: (Al) and Fasting (J) and fat pad subcutaneous (SC) and visceral retroperitoneal (RP) subject to biological and molecular assays. The Test of Incorporation of [14C]-Latic Acid into Glycerol and test of uptake lactic-acid, Al group showed greater capacity (Al> J; * p <0.05; [N = 8]). In these tests, glucose (1 or 4 mM) was fundamental and the presence of insulin (10 nM) extended these findings in both tissues. In monocarboxylate transporter 1 expression (MCT1) and the enzyme phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), there was no difference between Al and J. We concluded that feeding promotes increased Glicroneogênese from lactic acid and expression of PEPCK did not exercised influence in this process. However, glucose and insulin appeared as potentiators of Gliceroneogênese.

Dados recentes apontam para a participação do sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA) em processos metabólicos, devido a sua presença local em tecidos metabolicamente ativos, como o tecido adiposo, e sugerem que tais tecidos também poderiam ser alvos dos bloqueadores do SRA. Por isso, investigamos possíveis efeitos diretos de bloqueadores do SRA no metabolismo celular de adipócitos isolados. Para isso, adipócitos isolados foram tratados com doses não tóxicas de Alisquireno ou Captopril ou Losartan. Após 24 horas, as capacidades lipolíticas, lipogênicas e oxidativas foram. Como resultados, o fármaco Alisquireno, aumentou a relação entre oxidação de glicose e incorporação desse substrato em lipídeos, enquanto o Captopril diminuiu a incorporação de glicose em lipídeos, particularmente na fração glicerol do TAG mediante estímulo com insulina, bem como diminuiu a expressão gênica de receptor de (pró) renina. Como conclusão, os fármacos Captopril e Alisquireno podem modular o metabolismo lipogênico e oxidativo de adipócitos isolados, mas de maneiras diferentes. / Recent data indicate a participation of the renina-angiotensin system (RAS) in metabolic process, due its local presence in tissues, like the adipose tissue, and suggests that these tissues could be targets of RAS blockers. Therefore, we have studied the possible effects of pharmacological RAS blockers in isolated fat cells. Therefore, fat cells were isolated of epididymal fat pad and treated with non toxic doses of Aliskiren or Captopril or Losartan. After 24 hours, the lipolytic, lipogenic and oxidative capacity were tested in their respective spontaneous and stimulated states. Also, gene expression of PPARg and RAS components were verified. The results showed Aliskiren increases the relation between oxidation and lipogenesis from glucose, whereas Captopril decreased glucose lipid incorporation, especially in glicerol fraction of triglyceride when insulin stimulus exist, and the Renin receptor gene expression. As a conclusion, Captopril and Aliskiren can directly modulate lipogenic and oxidative metabolism of isolated fat cells, but in a different way.

Nós investigamos se o ácido palmitoléico modula o metabolismo de glicose e triacilglicerol (TAG) em adipócitos. Assim, células 3T3-L1 tratadas com ácido palmitoleico (16:1n7 , 200 mM) ou palmítico (16:0, 200 mM) por 24h e adipócitos epididimais de camundongos selvagem ou deficientes para PPARa tratados com 16:1n7 o ácido oleico (18:1n9, 300 mg / kg / dia), via gavagem durante 10 dias, foram avaliados. O tratamento com palmitoleico aumenta a captação de glicose e o conteúdo de GLUT4 e pThr172AMPKa. O aumento de GLUT4 foi abolido pela inibição da AMPK. Palmitoleico aumenta a conversão de glicose em lactato e CO2 e diminui a síntese de novo de ácidos graxos. O tratamento de células 3T3-L1 com ácido palmitoleico aumentou a lipólise o mRNA da ATGL e HSL, além do conteúdo proteico da ATGL e pSer660HSL. O aumento na lipólise foi abolido pela inibição de PPARa. Também, o tratamento de camundongos selvagens, mas não os deficientes para PPARa, com palmitoleico aumentou a lipólise e o mRNA da ATGL e HSL em adipócitos. Em resumo, o ácido palmitoleico aumenta a captação de glicose e sua utilização pelos adipócitos, um efeito que está associado com a expressão de GLUT4 e AMPK. Além disso, este ácido aumenta a lipólise e lipases em adipócitos viA PPARa. / We investigated whether palmitoleic acid modulates glucose and triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism in white adipocytes. For this, 3T3-L1 cells treated with palmitoleic (16:1n7, 200 µM) or palmitic acid (16:0, 200 mM) for 24h and epididimal adipocytes from wild type or PPARa deficient mice treated with 16:1n7 or oleic acid (18:1n9, 300 mg/kg/day) by gavage for 10 days were evaluated. Thus, treatment with palmitoleic increases glucose uptake and the content of GLUT4 and pThr172AMPKa. The increase in GLUT4 was prevented by AMPK inhibition. Also, palmitoleic increases glucose conversion into lactate and CO2, and decreases de novo fatty acids synthesis. Furthermore, treatment of 3T3-L1 cells with palmitoleic increased lipolysis, mRNA levels of ATGL and HSL and protein content of ATGL and pSer660-HSL. Such increase in lipolysis can be prevented by PPARa inhibition. Treatment of wild type, but not PPARa deficient mice, with palmitoleic increased adipocytes lipolysis and ATGL and HSL mRNA levels. In conclusion, palmitoleic acid increases glucose uptake and utilization by adipocytes, associated with GLUT4 expression and AMPK activation. Furthermore, palmitoleic acid increases adipocyte lipolysis and lipases via PPARa.

Orientadores: Albina Messias de Almeida Milani Altemani, Fernanda Viviane Mariano / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T17:05:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_HarimTavaresdos_M.pdf: 2437979 bytes, checksum: 15b0ad672ced32a375d9670dcdeb69ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Introdução: Gotas lipídicas (GL) são organelas altamente reguladas envolvidas na ativação e metabolismo celular assim como em processos inflamatórios e neoplásicos. O aumento da lipogênese levando a um aumento no número de GL é um fenótipo comum a numerosos carcinomas humanos e tem sido associado com: diferenciação, proliferação e agressividade tumoral. Objetivo: Avaliarem carcinomas salivares: a) a frequência e quantidade das GLs citoplasmáticas, correlacionando-as com a morfologia tumoral, grau de diferenciação e proliferação celular e b) a expressão de proteínas relacionadas ao processo secretório celular (STAT5a e mamoglobina). Material e métodos:em 79 casos de carcinomas de glândulas salivares foram utilizados os anticorpos Ki-67, adipophilin, STAT 5a e mamoglobina. A quantificação da imunoreatividade ao adipophilin, STAT 5a e mamoglobina foi através de uma escala semi-quantitativa. A intensidade de marcação do STAT 5a e mamoglobina foi subjetivamente avaliada como fraca/moderada ou intensa. A positividade ao Ki-67 foi calculada através da relação entre o número de células positivas e o número total de células tumorais em três áreas selecionadas da amostra. Resultados:os subtipos histopatológicos que apresentaram positividade ao adipophilin em 50% ou mais das células, foram os casos: MASC (100%), CCA (85,64%), CM (83%), CDS (75%) e CSeb (50%). Índice de proliferação maior que 10% das células tumorais foi observado no CSeb (Ki-67 = 29%), seguido do CDS (Ki-67 = 23,11%) e do CM (Ki-67 = 12,15%). Nos casos de CAC com transformação para alto grau a área transformadaapresentou maior proliferação e lipogênese quando comparada à área convencional. Somente os casos de MASC apresentaram imunorreatividade acentuada para STAT5a e mamoglobina. Conclusões: Embora exista correlação entre o acúmulo de gotas lipídicas e o índice proliferativo do tumor, em alguns tipos de carcinomas salivares tal depósito está possivelmente relacionado à diferenciação celular (CSeb e MASC) ou alteração metabólica (CCA). O acúmulo de Gl refletindo diferenciação celular se apresenta como gotas maiores em contraste com as microgotas frequentemente detectadas nos carcinomas com alto índice proliferativo. No MASC a forte expressão de STAT5a e mamoglobina sugere que a que o acúmulo de GL possivelmente reflete diferenciação do tipo lactacional.Mais estudos são necessários para entender o papel das gotas lipídicas citoplasmáticas em carcinomas de glândulas salivares. (Apoio FAPESP: 2012/18104-4 e 2012/18086-6) / Abstract: Introduction: Lipid droplets (LD) are highly regulated organelles involved in cell activation and metabolism as well as in inflammatory and neoplastic processes Upregulated lipogenesis leading to an increased number of cytoplasmic LD is a common phenotype to numerous human carcinomas and has been associated with: differentiation, proliferation and aggressiveness of the tumor. Objective: to evaluate in salivary carcinomas: a) the frequency and quantity of cytoplasmics LDs, correlating it with tumoral morphology, differentiation grade e cellular proliferation and b) the expression of proteins associated with cellular secretor process (STAT5a and mammaglobin). Material and Methods:in 79 cases of salivary gland carcinomas, an immunohistochemical study was performed with the antibodies Ki-67, adipophilin, STAT 5a and mammaglobin. The positive neoplastic cells were assessed regarding quantity using a semi-quantitative scale. The intensity of expression for each antibody was subjectively evaluated as weak/ moderate or intense.The positivity for Ki-67 was calculated based on the relation between the number of positive cells and the total number of the tumoral cells in three selected areas. Results: the histopatologic subtypes that presented positivity for adipophilin in 50% or more of cells were: AciCC (85,64%), MASC (100%), MC (83%), SDC (75%), SebC (50%). Proliferation index higher than 10% of tumoral cells was observed in SebC (Ki-67 = 29%), SDC (Ki-67 = 23,11%) and MC (Ki-67 = 12,15%). In ACC with high grade transformation the, the transformed area presented both higher proliferation and lipogenesis when compared to the convencional area. Only the cases of MASC presented accentuated immunoreactivity for STAT5a and mammaglobin. Conclusions: Although in salivary carcinomas there is correlation between the accumulation of lipid droplets and the proliferative index of the tumor, in some types of carcinomas such deposit is possibly related to cellular differentiation (SebC and MASC) or metabolic alteration (AciCC). The accumulation of LD that reflects cellular differentiationpresents features of macro droplets in contrast to micro-droplets frequently detected in carcinomas with high proliferative index. In MASC, the strong expression of STAT5a and mammaglobin suggests that LD accumulation is probably due to lactational-like differentiation. More studies are necessary to understand the role of cytoplasmic lipid droplets in salivary gland carcinomas (Supported by FAPESP: 2012/18104-4and2012/18086-6) / Mestrado / Patologia / Mestre em Estomatopatologia

In subclinical hypothyroidism (SH), high levels of circulating thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) maintain normal thyroid hormone levels, despite mild thyroid failure. SH is associated with cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance, although the underlying pathophysiology is not fully understood. We hypothesized that TSH may inhibit insulin action in adipocytes. To investigate this relationship, we studied primary human differentiated adipocytes. Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were obtained (approved by OHSN-REB) from 16 weight-stable patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery. We stimulated adipocytes differentiated from stromal preadipocytes with 5 mU/ml TSH and/or 100 nM insulin, and assessed acute insulin signaling, lipogenesis and glucose uptake. Immunoblot analysis revealed that TSH suppressed insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation by 45% (n=5; p = 0.01). When adipocytes were pre-incubated with conventional protein kinase C (cPKC) inhibitor Gö6976, TSH inhibition was blocked. Our data indicate that TSH inhibits insulin-stimulated lipogenesis (up to 37%), but depends on BMI. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was enhanced by 36% and also correlated with BMI. This data suggests that TSH can modulate adipocyte insulin signaling.