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Issues de ressources renouvelables, les huiles végétales (mélanges de triacylglycérols) sont des matières premières aux multiples applications dans divers secteurs, tels que l’industrie alimentaire, les lubrifiants, les solvants, les cosmétiques, la pharmacie, parmi autres. Pour faciliter le développement de produits utilisant de telles matières premières, le travail de thèse s’intéresse à la modélisation de l'équilibre de phases pour mélanges de triacylglycérols et la conception d’un logiciel prédictif de leurs propriétés. Les modèles employés sont totalement prédictifs et tiennent compte des polymorphes. La phase liquide et le polymorphe a sont supposés idéaux à l’inverse des polymorphes b et b’ dont les coefficients d’activités sont calculés à l’aide du modèle de Margules où les coefficients d’interactions binaires sont prédits à partir de la similarité des chaines d’acide gras sur le squelette glycérol. L'optimisation directe de l'énergie libre de Gibbs permet de calculer la quantité de solide dans les graisses ; propriété fondamentale corrélée à de nombreuses fonctionnalités de produits basés sur des huiles végétales. Le calcul de l'équilibre solide - liquide à plusieurs températures permet de simuler des courbes de fusion et des courbes de calorimétrie différentielle à balayage. L’influence sur ces courbes de modifications dans la structure moléculaire et de la composition des mélanges est étudier pour plusieurs systèmes et comparés avec des données expérimentales: triacylglycérols purs, mélanges binaires et ternaires de triacylglycérols, huiles végétales naturelles et mélanges d'huiles végétales impliquant des centaines de triacylglycérols. Des réactions d'interestérification chimique, largement utilisées pour modifier la composition et propriétés d'huiles et graisses, sont simulées et comparés avec des données expérimentales. Le bon accord avec les données expérimentales permet de valider l'outil informatique et son caractère prédictif permet d’envisager son utilisation pour des mélanges, températures et compositions encore non évaluées de façon à orienter les efforts expérimentaux vers les mélanges les plus prometteurs. / The search for sustainable development is an incentive for renewable resources usage in chemical industry. Vegetable oils (triacylglycerol-based mixtures) are raw-materials that match this criterion and they are currently and potentially used in a wide range of sectors, such as: food industry, lubricants, solvents, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, among others. Aiming to aid product design using such raw-materials, this work deals with phase equilibrium modeling and the development of a computational tool for properties prediction. The models used are totally predictive and they deal with the existence of solid polymorphism. The liquid state and the crystals are treated as ideal phases. The activity coefficients of phases ’ and (notideal) are estimated using Margules model, for which the binary molecular interaction parameters are calculated in a predictive manner by means of correlations with the similarity degree between fatty acids chains in the glycerol. By direct optimization of Gibbs Free Energy, the Solid Fat Content is computed, a fundamental property for vegetable oils–based products functionality. The results of phase equilibrium in different temperatures allow simulating melting curves and Differential Scanning Calorimetry curves, allowing a computational evaluation of how molecular structure and composition changes affect desired properties. The calculated results were applied and compared with experimental data in a wide range of systems: pure systems, binary and ternary triacylglycerol mixtures, natural vegetable oils and mixture of vegetable oils (hundreds of components). Chemical interesterification reaction, widely applied to change fats and oils composition and properties, were also simulated and the results compared with experimental data in different compositions and temperatures. The good agreement between computational results and experimental data enables the computational tool validation and its predictive nature makes it suitable for the study of mixtures in temperatures and compositions not yet evaluated. Consequently, the experimental efforts (cost and time) can be concentrated on the most promised molecules/mixtures. / A busca pelo desenvolvimento sustentável é um incentivo para o uso de recursos renováveis na indústria química. Óleos vegetais (misturas de triacilgliceróis) são matérias-primas que atendem a este critério e apresentam aplicações atuais e potenciais em diversos setores, tais como indústria de alimentos, lubrificantes, solventes, cosméticos, farmacêutica, dentre outros. Com o objetivo de auxiliar no desenvolvimento de produtos utilizando tais matérias-primas, o presente trabalho trata da modelagem do equilíbrio de fases em misturas de triacilgliceróis e do desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta computacional preditiva de propriedades. Os modelos usados são totalmente preditivos e consideram a existência de polimorfismo na fase sólida. O estado líquido e o polimorfo são considerados ideais. Os coeficientes de atividade das fases e (não-ideais) são estimados através do modelo de Margules, no qual os coeficientes de interação molecular binária são calculados de forma preditiva através de correlações com o grau de similaridade entre as cadeias de ácidos graxos no glicerol. Através da otimização direta da Energia Livre de Gibbs, é calculado o Conteúdo de Gordura Sólida, uma propriedade fundamental para funcionalidade de produtos baseados em óleos vegetais. Através do cálculo do equilíbrio de fases em diversas temperaturas são simuladas curvas de fusão e curvas de Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial, permitindo uma avaliação computacional do efeito que alterações na estrutura molecular e composição apresentam nas propriedades de interesse. Os resultados calculados foram aplicados e comparados com dados experimentais em diversos sistemas: triacilgliceróis puros, misturas binárias e ternárias de triacilgliceróis, óleos vegetais naturais e misturas de diversos óleos vegetais (centenas de triacilgliceróis). Reações de interesterificação química, amplamente utilizadas para alterar a composição e propriedades de óleos e gorduras, foram igualmente simuladas e os resultados comparados com dados experimentais em diversas composições e temperaturas. A boa concordância entre os dados simulados e experimentais permite validar a ferramenta computacional e seu caráter preditivo a torna útil no estudo de misturas em temperaturas e composições ainda não avaliadas, de forma que os esforços experimentais (custo e tempo) possam ser direcionados às misturas mais promissoras.

Este trabalho insere-se no ramo da modelagem de sistemas termodinâmicos complexos, e diz respeito fundamentalmente ao processo de extração de metais (em forma iônica) por solventes, auxiliando a busca de soluções para a otimização do processo. O modelo inicialmente proposto para o comportamento do equilíbrio líquido-líquido do processo de extração de íons metálicos (foram estudados os íons: Co2+, Ni2+, Mg2+ e Mn2+) mostrou um bom ajuste aos dados experimentais. Na primeira etapa, investigou-se a dependência da taxa de extração dos íons em relação ao pH de equilíbrio. Outras variáveis como: temperatura, concentração do agente extratante e razão volumétrica (O/A) foram mantidas constantes e, foram utilizadas soluções monocomponentes e taxas de carregamento do extratante inferiores a 2%. O estudo baseou-se no mecanismo de reação da extração desses íons, e, através do ajuste dos parâmetros principais dessas equações foi possível gerar um modelo para predizer a taxa de extração (E%) para cada um dos metais estudados. Este primeiro modelo, foi utilizado então, para a obtenção de um segundo modelo que leva em consideração soluções multicomponente de íons concorrentes e taxas de carregamento do extratante próximas a 45%. Parâmetros estes mais coerentes com operações comerciais de separação e produção de níquel e cobalto. O trabalho apresentado mostrou ser possível a utilização de modelos matemáticos que levem estes fatores em consideração, aproximando-se consideravelmente dos valores experimentais, e deste modo permite simulações assertivas de diferentes cenários de processo como: matérias primas, qualidade do produto final e consumo de insumos. / This work is a study on the modeling of the solvent extraction process of metal ions, aiming at finding solutions for process optimization. A model for the liquid - liquid equilibrium accounting for the mass balance in the extraction process of metal ions (Co2+, Ni2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+) showed an excellent fit to the experimental data . In the first step, the dependence of the rate of extraction of ions as a function of solution pH was investigated. Other variables such as temperature, concentration of extractant agent (phosphinic acid) and volumetric ratio (organic and aqueous phases) were held constant. Single-component solutions and low loading of extractant were considered. The study was based on the reaction mechanism of extraction of these ions, and by fitting the main parameters of these equations was possible to generate a model for predicting the extraction rate for each of the metals studied. This initial model was then used to obtain a second model which takes into account multicomponent solutions of competing ions and extractant loading rates close to 45%. These parameters are more consistent with commercial operations. The present work showed that using phenomenological models to account for these factors is possible. The model was validated with experimental values. Thus, this work allows for more accurate simulations of different process scenarios concerning raw materials, final product quality and consumption of inputs.

Neste trabalho foi estudada a reação de transesterificação em fase líquida entre etanoato de 2-etoxietila (CAS 111-15-9) e 2-butoxietanol (CAS 111-76-2), catalisada com óxido de nióbio, para obtenção do etanoato de 2-butoxietila (CAS 112-07-2). Aplicando-se a técnica de planejamento de experimentos (Design of Experiments, DOE), foram avaliados os efeitos de temperatura, catálise, agitação e composição inicial no resultado de conversão do reagente limitante. Foi identificada a forte influência da razão molar inicial de reagentes na velocidade de reação, além das influências também significativas da temperatura e % de catalisador. O melhor resultado de conversão foi de 76,1 % do reagente limitante, obtido para a temperatura de 130°C, 20 % de catalisador e razão molar de 6 mols de etanoato de 2-etoxietila para 1 mol de 2-butoxietanol, ao final de 5 horas de reação. O modelo cinético pseudo-homogêneo de segunda ordem foi utilizado para descrever a velocidade da reação no intervalo de reação de 110 a 130°C. As constantes cinéticas e de equilíbrio foram calculadas a partir das concentrações molares e atividades dos componentes da mistura reacional. As velocidades de reação no intervalo de temperatura estudado são mais baixas em relação às outras reações de transesterificação. As constantes de equilíbrio de reação obtidas para o intervalo de temperatura estudado são próximas do valor unitário, estando de acordo com o que a literatura relata para reações reversíveis de 2° ordem. O modelo pseudohomogêneo ajustou-se bem aos resultados de conversão. O catalisador (óxido de nióbio) apresentou alta seletividade. Para o cálculo das atividades utilizadas na obtenção da constante cinética de reação, foram realizados ensaios de equilíbrio líquido-vapor para estimativa dos parâmetros do modelo de atividade NRTL (Nonrandom, two-liquid). Os resultados dos ensaios de equilíbrio líquido-vapor mostraram pequenos desvios de idealidade para as seis misturas binárias estudadas. O modelo de atividade e seus parâmetros estimados mostraram bom ajuste dos resultados experimentais. / In this work, the transesterification reaction in liquid phase between 2-etoxyethyl acetate (CAS 111-15-9) and 2-butoxyethanol (CAS 111-76-2) to obtain the 2- butoxyethyl acetate (CAS 112-07-2) catalyzed by niobium oxide was studied. The effects of temperature, catalysis, agitation and initial composition on the result of conversion for limiting reagent were evaluated applying the technique of Design of Experiments (DOE). The strong influence of the initial molar ratio of reactants and also significant influences of temperature and % catalyst in reaction rate were indentified. The best result of conversion of limiting reagent was 76.1%, obtained for the 130°C, 20% catalyst and the molar ratio of 6 moles of 2-etoxyethyl acetate to 1 mol of 2-butoxyethanol, at the end 5 hours of reaction. The second order pseudohomogeneous kinetic model was used to describe the reaction rate in the range 110- 130°C. The kinetic and equilibrium constants were calculated from the molar concentrations and activities of the mixtures components. The reaction rates in the temperature range studied are lower when compared to other transesterification reactions. The reaction equilibrium constants obtained for the temperature range studied are close to the unit value, which is consistent with literature reports for the reversible reactions of 2nd order. The pseudo-homogeneous model fitted well the results of conversion. The catalyst (niobium oxide) showed high selectivity. Vaporliquid equilibrium assays were performed to estimate parameters of the NRTL (nonrandom, two-liquid) activity model for the calculation of components activities used to obtain the kinetic constant of reaction. The kinetic models proposed showed a good fit of the experimental data. The results of vapor-liquid equilibrium assays showed small deviations from ideality for the six binary mixtures evaluated. The activity model and its estimated parameters showed good fit of the experimental results.

L’étude des propriétés physico-chimiques des matières grasses constitue une demande mondiale croissante liée à l’augmentation constante de leur utilisation comme source d'énergie et pour l'alimentation. Une bonne connaissance de leurs propriétés thermophysiques et de leur comportement de phases est nécessaire pour la production, l'utilisation efficace de ces matières grasses et le développement des processus d'extraction au niveau du raffinage et du stockage. Des données d'équilibre solide-liquide peuvent être utilisées pour améliorer les procédés existants, et également pour le développement des nouveaux procédés de séparation. Ainsi, le point d'éclair est une propriété importante qui doit être observée pendant le stockage, le transport et la production de composés inflammables, tels que le biodiesel. Ce travail vise à étudier l'équilibre solide-liquide de mélanges binaires constitués d'alcools gras, d’acides gras et d’esters éthyliques. Il porte aussi sur l'évaluation du point d’éclair de mélanges d'esters éthyliques, constituants majoritaires du biodiesel, et de l'éthanol, présent à des niveaux résiduels dans le biodiesel. Les points d’éclair des esters éthyliques mais également des mélanges binaires d'esters éthyliques et d’éthanol, ont été déterminés expérimentalement. Un modèle empirique de prédiction des points d’éclair des biodiesels en fonction de leur composition et de leur teneur en éthanol a été proposé. Les diagrammes de phases solide-liquide des mélanges binaires d'alcool gras + alcool gras ou d’alcools gras + acide gras ont été déterminés expérimentalement par analyse calorimétrique différentielle (DSC). Cette étude permet de caractériser les réactions eutectique, péritectique et métatectique, en utilisant une vitesse de chauffe linéaire ou une méthode de Stepscan DSC. Des mesures de diffraction rayons X et de microscopie optique de contrôle de la température ont été appliquées pour compléter la compréhension des diagrammes de phases. L'effet de la pression sur l'équilibre solide-liquide a aussi été mesuré pour les mélanges binaires d’esters éthyliques ou d'alcools gras en utilisant un microscope optique couplé à une cellule à haute pression qui permet d’augmenter la pression jusqu'à 80 MPa sur une large gamme de température. Les modèles thermodynamiques Margules 2 et 3-suffix et NRTL ont été utilisés pour décrire la ligne du liquidus des systèmes présentant un point péritectique, alors qu’un modèle thermodynamique prédictif a permis de modéliser l'ESL en fonction de la pression. Dans les deux cas, on a observé un ajustement satisfaisant par rapport aux données expérimentales. / The study on the physicochemical properties of fatty materials has acquired a growing importance, mainly due to the incentive of their use in energy and nutrition. The efficient production and use of fatty compounds requires a good knowledge of their properties and phase behavior that are necessary for development of processes, especially in production steps such as extraction and refining, but also during storage of the final products. Solid-liquid equilibrium data can be used to improve or propose new separation processes. Also the flash point is an important property that must be considered during storage, transportation and production of flammable compounds, such as biodiesel. This work aimed to study the solid-liquid equilibrium of binary mixtures consisting of fatty alcohols, fatty esters or fatty acids, and to evaluate the flash point of mixtures of ethyl esters, the major constituents of biodiesels, and ethanol, also present in biodiesel in residual levels. Flash points of ethyl esters, and also of the binary mixtures of ethyl esters with ethanol were determined experimentally. An empirical model for predicting the flash point of biodiesels as a function of composition and ethanol content was proposed. The solid-liquid phase diagrams of binary mixtures of fatty alcohol + fatty alcohol or fatty alcohols + fatty acid were determined experimentally by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), using a linear heating rate, or by a stepscan DSC method, with the aim of investigating the occurrence of the eutectic, peritectic and metatectic reactions. X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy with temperature control techniques were applied to complement the understanding of the phase diagrams. The effect of pressure on the solid-liquid equilibrium was investigated for the binary mixtures of ethyl esters or fatty alcohols using an optical microscope coupled to a high pressure cell which allows the pressure increase up to 80 MPa. Margules 2 and 3-suffix and NRTL thermodynamic models were used for describing the liquidus line of the systems that presented peritectic point, and a predictive thermodynamic model was used to model the ESL function of pressure, which in both cases, gave a satisfactory fit compared to the experimental data.

Este trabalho insere-se no ramo da modelagem de sistemas termodinâmicos complexos, e diz respeito fundamentalmente ao processo de extração de metais (em forma iônica) por solventes, auxiliando a busca de soluções para a otimização do processo. O modelo inicialmente proposto para o comportamento do equilíbrio líquido-líquido do processo de extração de íons metálicos (foram estudados os íons: Co2+, Ni2+, Mg2+ e Mn2+) mostrou um bom ajuste aos dados experimentais. Na primeira etapa, investigou-se a dependência da taxa de extração dos íons em relação ao pH de equilíbrio. Outras variáveis como: temperatura, concentração do agente extratante e razão volumétrica (O/A) foram mantidas constantes e, foram utilizadas soluções monocomponentes e taxas de carregamento do extratante inferiores a 2%. O estudo baseou-se no mecanismo de reação da extração desses íons, e, através do ajuste dos parâmetros principais dessas equações foi possível gerar um modelo para predizer a taxa de extração (E%) para cada um dos metais estudados. Este primeiro modelo, foi utilizado então, para a obtenção de um segundo modelo que leva em consideração soluções multicomponente de íons concorrentes e taxas de carregamento do extratante próximas a 45%. Parâmetros estes mais coerentes com operações comerciais de separação e produção de níquel e cobalto. O trabalho apresentado mostrou ser possível a utilização de modelos matemáticos que levem estes fatores em consideração, aproximando-se consideravelmente dos valores experimentais, e deste modo permite simulações assertivas de diferentes cenários de processo como: matérias primas, qualidade do produto final e consumo de insumos. / This work is a study on the modeling of the solvent extraction process of metal ions, aiming at finding solutions for process optimization. A model for the liquid - liquid equilibrium accounting for the mass balance in the extraction process of metal ions (Co2+, Ni2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+) showed an excellent fit to the experimental data . In the first step, the dependence of the rate of extraction of ions as a function of solution pH was investigated. Other variables such as temperature, concentration of extractant agent (phosphinic acid) and volumetric ratio (organic and aqueous phases) were held constant. Single-component solutions and low loading of extractant were considered. The study was based on the reaction mechanism of extraction of these ions, and by fitting the main parameters of these equations was possible to generate a model for predicting the extraction rate for each of the metals studied. This initial model was then used to obtain a second model which takes into account multicomponent solutions of competing ions and extractant loading rates close to 45%. These parameters are more consistent with commercial operations. The present work showed that using phenomenological models to account for these factors is possible. The model was validated with experimental values. Thus, this work allows for more accurate simulations of different process scenarios concerning raw materials, final product quality and consumption of inputs.

Les performances des modèles thermodynamiques actuels pour les solvants mixtes (en particulier avec alcools) électrolytiques sont limités. L’objectif de ce travail est d’étendre les capacités du modèle eGC-PPC-SAFT à ces systèmes. Ceci est fait en plusieurs étapes. Dans une première étape, le modèle PPC-SAFT existant est amélioré pour l’eau pure et les solvants usuels, par (1) introduisant une dépendance en température du diamètre sphère dure de l'eau et (2) adapter un minimum de paramètres ioniques sur les coefficients d’activité moyens et les densités des systèmes contenant des électrolytes forts ainsi que les sur les équilibres liquide vapeur des solvants mixtes d'électrolytes. Dans une troisième étape, le modèle final est utilisé pour représenter les équilibres liquide-liquide des solvants mixtes électrolytiques en étudiant les coefficients de partition de chacune des espèces dans le système. Pour cela, une stratégie de paramétrage des paramètres binaires ion-solvant a été développée, qui implique l’évaluation de l’impact de chacune des contributions individuelles du modèle ePPC-SAFT sur les coefficients de partition. Étant donné son importance dans le cadre de la modélisation thermodynamique de ces systèmes, une nouvelle règle de mélange pour le constant diélectrique est proposée. Au final, le modèle développé est capable de décrire les coefficients d’activité ainsi que les équilibres VLE et LLE des système électrolytiques avec solvants mixtes. / The capabilities of the current thermodynamic models are limited in dealing with mixed-solvent electrolyte systems, due to the complex interactions within these systems. The objective of this work is to extend eGC-PPC-SAFT model to these systems. This is done in several steps. First, a modification in the temperature dependent water diameter was proposed. Second, a minimum number of ion-water parameters are determined on mean ioninc activity coefficients and densities of strong electrolyte systems, as well as vapour-liquid equilibria (VLE) of mixed solvent electrolytes. In the third step, the model is used to study the liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) of the mixed-solvent electrolyte system. This was done by looking at the partition coefficients of the individual species in the systems. In doing so, a parameterization strategy was developed for ion-solvent binaries that involve assessing the impact of the individual ePPC-SAFT contribution on the partitioning of individual species. A new method for dealing with the condition of electroneutrality in liquid-liquid ionic systems was proposed that involves a direct correction on the fugacity coefficient. In view of the importance of this property, a new mixing rule for the dielectric constant of mixed solvent is proposed to provide the best description of LLE of mixed solvent electrolyte. The final model is capable of describing, the activity coefficient, VLE, and LLE of mixed-solvent electrolyte systems.

Na presente Tese de Doutorado objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade técnica da substituição do solvente hexana, de fonte não renovável e industrialmente utilizado na extração de óleos vegetais, por solventes geralmente reconhecidos como seguros (GRAS), tais como álcoois de cadeia curta, etanol ou isopropanol, com diferentes graus de hidratação. Em adição, uma propriedade específica dos álcoois de cadeia curta foi estudada, miscibilidade parcial entre álcoois e óleo, objetivando-se a recuperação do solvente, etapa posterior ao processo de extração de óleo, denominada de dessolventização. Nesse sentido, torta de amêndoas de baru proveniente da prensagem mecânica industrial foi submetida à extração, com etanol ou isopropanol, absoluto ou azeotrópico, nas temperaturas de 60 a 90 °C, em um único estágio de contato. Os resultados mostraram que a adição de água ao solvente alcoólico impactou negativamente na eficiência de extração de óleo, enquanto o aumento da temperatura favoreceu este processo, sendo que com solvente isopropanol absoluto, a 80 °C, foi possível extrair aproximadamente 91 % do óleo disponível. Em temperaturas acima de 80 °C, os solventes utilizados, com exceção do etanol azeotrópico, apresentaram rendimentos de extração de óleo estatisticamente iguais. A composição em ácidos graxos dos óleos obtidos da extração alcoólica sequencial foi característica de óleo de amêndoas de baru, com predominância dos ácidos graxos insaturados oleico e linoleico e do saturado palmítico (aproximadamente 51, 28 e 7 %, respectivamente), independentemente da condição de processo empregada. Ainda, a extração alcoólica sequencial não influenciou nos teores dos isômeros α- e γ- tocoferol e no teor total de tocoferóis. Em relação ao estudo da fração proteica, dos sólidos desengordurados provenientes da extração alcoólica sequencial em três e dois estágios, para as temperaturas 60 e 90 °C, respectivamente, tanto a solubilidade proteica como a estabilidade térmica dos sólidos foram afetadas, sendo o índice de solubilidade de nitrogênio afetado negativamente pela hidratação do solvente alcoólico, temperatura de processo e número de estágios de contato. De uma maneira geral, a extração de óleo com solventes alcoólicos proporcionou a obtenção de um material sólido desengordurado com melhorias na capacidade de absorção de água e de óleo. Adicionalmente, verificou-se que o processo de extração alcoólica exerceu influência negativa na atividade emulsificante e positiva na capacidade de formação e estabilidade de espuma. Ademais, no estudo da recuperação do solvente, dados de equilíbrio de fases determinados para sistemas lipídicos compostos por óleo de torta de amêndoas de baru, obtido da prensagem mecânica industrial, e solventes alcoólicos, na faixa de temperatura de 15 a 60 °C, mostraram que a temperatura exerceu maior influencia na solubilidade mútua dos componentes dos sistemas com solventes absolutos em comparação aos sistemas com solventes azeotrópicos, enquanto a hidratação do solvente levou a diminuição da solubilidade, com consequente redução do coeficiente de partição do óleo. Parâmetros do modelo NRTL ajustados aos dados experimentais apresentaram adequada descrição do comportamento dos sistemas lipídicos, com desvios nas frações mássicas variando de 0,0014 a 0,0086. / The aim of this Ph.D. Thesis was to evaluate the technical feasibility of replacing the solvent hexane, from a non-renewable source and industrially used in the extraction of vegetable oils, by solvents generally recognized as safe (GRAS), such as short chain alcohols, ethanol or isopropanol, with different levels of hydration. In addition, a specific property of the short-chain alcohols, the partial miscibility between alcohols and oil, has been studied aiming at recovering the solvent after the oil extraction process, called desolventization. In this sense, baru almond cake from industrial mechanical pressing was subjected to extraction with ethanol or isopropanol, absolute or azeotropic degress, at temperatures from 60 up to 90 °C, in a single contact stage. Results showed that the addition of water to the alcoholic solvent negatively affected the oil extraction efficiency, while the increase in temperature favored this process. It was possible to extract approximately 91 % of the oil with absolute isopropanol solvent at 80 °C. At temperatures above 80 °C, the solvents, with the exception of azeotropic ethanol, showed no statistical differences regarding extraction yields. The fatty acid composition of oils obtained from sequential alcoholic extraction was characteristic of baru almond oil, with predominance of oleic and linoleic unsaturated fatty acids and palmitic saturated fatty acid (approximately 51, 28 and 7%, respectively), regardless of the condition of used. Also, the sequential alcoholic extraction did not influence the contents of the α- and γ-tocopherol isomers and the total content of tocopherols. In relation to the protein fraction study, of the defatted solids from the sequential alcoholic extraction in three and two stages, for the temperatures of 60 and 90 °C, respectively, the protein solubility and the thermal stability of the solids were affected, being the nitrogen solubility index negatively affected by the hydration of the alcoholic solvent, by the process temperature and by the number of contact stages. In general, the extraction of oil with alcoholic solvents provided a defatted solid material with improvements in water and oil absorption capacities. Additionally, it was verified that the process of alcoholic extraction exerted a negative influence on the emulsifying activity and a positive on the capacity of foam formation and stability. Moreover, in the study of solvent recovery, phase equilibrium data determined for lipid systems composed of baru almond cake oil, obtained from industrial mechanical pressing, and alcoholic solvents, in the temperature range from 15 up to 60 °C, showed that the temperature exhibited the higher influence on the mutual solubility of the components of the system with absolute solvents compared to systems with azeotropic solvents, while the hydration of the solvent led to a decrease in solubility, with consequent reduction of the partition coefficient of the oil. NRTL model parameters adjusted to the experimental data presented an adequate description of the behavior of the lipid systems, with deviations in mass fractions varying from 0.0014 to 0.0086.

Atualmente, com tecnologias sendo desenvolvidas para que as plantas industriais se tornem cada vez mais eficientes, é necessário a compreensão e o conhecimento com grande precisão das propriedades termodinâmicas dos fluidos e compostos envolvidos em processos como a destilação, extração líquido-líquido, entre outros. Para tal, modelagens termodinâmicas são feitas visando determinar o comportamento de fases e a qualidade de misturas presentes nas etapas dos processos industriais e até mesmo do produto final. Entre os modelos termodinâmicos mais utilizados, a equação de estado de Peng-Robinson com Translação de Volume fornece ótimos resultados para o equilíbrio de fases líquido-vapor de substâncias puras e misturas. Esta equação foi utilizada, em conjunto ao método de Contribuição de Grupos, para realizar a modelagem termodinâmica de vários sistemas binários contendo componentes presentes no biodiesel, a baixas e altas pressões. Além disso, foi feita a análise experimental e o teste de consistência termodinâmica do sistema metanol + palmitato de metila à pressão constante de 1,0 bar. Os pontos experimentais deste sistema considerados termodinamicamente consistentes também foram modelados com a mesma equação de estado. Os resultados mostraram que a equação de Peng-Robinson com Translação de Volume e Contribuição de Grupos fornece baixos erros relativos, podendo ser usada em simulações de processos de produção e purificação de biodiesel. / Nowadays, with technologies being developed for industrial plants to increase their efficiency, it is necessary to understand and to know with good accuracy the thermodynamic properties of the fluids and compounds involved in processes such as distillation, liquid-liquid extraction, and others. To this purpose, thermodynamic modeling for these substances is done aiming to determine the phase behavior of mixtures present in the industrial processes and even in the final product. Among the used thermodynamic models, there is the Volume Translated Peng-Robinson equation of state, which provides good results for the liquid-vapor phase equilibrium of mixtures and pure substances. This equation was used with the Group Contribution method to model thermodynamically several binary systems containing biodiesel components at low and high pressures. In addition, the experimental analysis and the thermodynamic consistency test for the system methanol + methyl palmitate at constant pressure of 1,0 bar was done. The points of this system considered thermodynamically consistent were also modeled with the same equation of state. The results showed that the Volume Translated Peng-Robinson equation with Group Contribution provides low relative errors and can be used in simulations of biodiesel production and purification processes.

The thermodynamic properties of CO2-mixtures are essential for the design and operation of CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) systems. A better understanding of the thermodynamic properties of CO2 mixtures could provide a scientific basis to define a proper guideline of CO2 purity and impure components for the CCS processes according to technical, safety and environmental requirements. However the available accurate experimental data cannot cover the whole operation conditions of CCS processes. In order to overcome the shortage of experimental data, theoretical estimation and modelling are used as a supplemental approach.   In this thesis, the available experimental data on the thermodynamic properties of CO2 mixtures were first collected, and their applicability and gaps for theoretical model verification and calibration were also determined according to the required thermodynamic properties and operation conditions of CCS. Then in order to provide recommendations concerning calculation methods for engineering design of CCS, totally eight equations of state (EOS) were evaluated for the calculations about vapour liquid equilibrium (VLE) and density of CO2-mixtures, including N2, O2, SO2, Ar, H2S and CH4.   With the identified equations of state, the preliminary assessment of impurity impacts was further conducted regarding the thermodynamic properties of CO2-mixtures and different processes involved in CCS system. Results show that the increment of the mole fraction of non-condensable gases would make purification, compression and condensation more difficult. Comparatively N2 can be separated more easily from the CO2-mixtures than O2 and Ar. And a lower CO2 recovery rate is expected for the physical separation of CO2/N2 under the same separation conditions. In addition, the evaluations about the acceptable concentration of non-condensable impurities show that the transport conditions in vessels are more sensitive to the non-condensable impurities and it requires very low concentration of non-condensable impurities in order to avoid two-phase problems.   Meanwhile, the performances of evaporative gas turbine integrated with different CO2 capture technologies were investigated from both technical and economical aspects. It is concluded that the evaporative gas turbine (EvGT) cycle with chemical absorption capture has a smaller penalty on electrical efficiency, while a lower CO2 capture ratio than the EvGT cycle with O2/CO2 recycle combustion capture. Therefore, although EvGT + chemical absorption has a higher annual cost, it has a lower cost of electricity because of its higher efficiency. However considering its lower CO2 capture ratio, EvGT + chemical absorption has a higher cost to avoid 1 ton CO2. In addition the efficiency of EvGT + chemical absorption can be increased by optimizing Water/Air ratio, increasing the operating pressure of stripper and adding a flue gas condenser condensing out the excessive water. / QC 20100819