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The diverse discussions around the Minimum Living Wage have been very controversial and constant over the past decades due to the economic, social and political context inwhich  Peru  was  immersed.  However, these discussions have reduced its recurrence overthe past years as a result of various factors, such as the development of labor rights andimprovement of the economic situation.However, it is extremely relevant to understand the importance of the role of the Minimum Living Wage and the implications it may have over the workers. That is why in the present exposition there will be a presentation  of the opposing positions regarding the impact–positive or negative– of the existence of a Minimum Living Wage on workers. / Las discusiones alrededor de la Remuneración Mínima Vital han sido muy polémicas yconstantes en las décadas pasadas debido alcontexto económico, social y político en el queel Perú se encontraba inmerso. Sin embargo, esas discusiones son cada vez menos recurrentes en la actualidad como resultado de la interacción de diversos factores, tales como eldesarrollo de los derechos laborales y la mejora de la situación económica.No obstante, es sumamente relevante entender la importancia del rol que tiene la Remuneración Mínima Vital y las implicancias de su fijación para los trabajadores. Es por ello que, en la presente exposición, se presentarán posiciones encontradas respecto al impacto –positivo o negativo– que la determinación de un salario mínimo puede tener en los trabajadores.

The living wage movement swept American cities in the mid-1990s, bringing new attention to working poverty and challenging the economic development ethos of urban regimes. This case study of the living wage in Philadelphia merges regime theory and social movement theory to explain the outcomes of two very different campaigns in 1997-1999 and 2005. Documents were examined and interviews were conducted with a variety of actors in social movement organizations, a union, and from within the regime. Socioeconomic conditions created fertile ground for economic justice advocates and constrained the actions of the regime, but did not determine the outcome of the campaign. A social movement analysis explains, in part, why the coalition lacked capacity to challenge the regime in the earlier campaign, although a similar level of mobilization was adequate in other cities with Democratic regimes. Regime theory provides insights into why the governing coalition mounted opposition in 1998, yet allowed an ostensibly similar bill to pass in 2005. By 2005 social movement organizations were operating on a different geographic scale, and had adopted new strategies that allowed them to use a weak living wage bill (and to be used in turn by a regime politician) as a means to an end, which was to impact working poverty statewide. There has been inadequate enforcement of a policy passed from within city council, without involvement of direct stakeholders. / Urban Studies

The thesis focuses on the evaluation of changes in the provision of social benefits for the unemployed, which occurred in the past few years. Specifically, it is mainly changes in the provision of unemployment which have occurred since 2009, and changes in the provision of benefits in material need, effective from 2007. Act No. 111/2006 Coll. providing for the payment of benefits in material joined together with Act No. 110/2006 Coll. the Subsistence Minimum in force from 1.1.2007. Their main task was to motivate the unemployed to actively search for work, and contrary to penalize those who are not interested in finding a job and prefer living on welfare benefits and reduce unemployment. The thesis aims to analyze the impact of these changes on the development of unemployment in the district of Kladno and development spending on social benefits.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-05-23T13:12:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Arivane do Carmo Colombo_.pdf: 5318843 bytes, checksum: 57abcd449db218aac9952c1f76fda21c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-23T13:12:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arivane do Carmo Colombo_.pdf: 5318843 bytes, checksum: 57abcd449db218aac9952c1f76fda21c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-15 / Caixa Econômica Federal / O presente estudo tem como tema a questão da dificuldade de universalização do acesso aos programas de renda mínima e de que forma tais empecilhos impedem o Brasil de concretizar os princípios constitucionais preconizados na Constituição Federal de 1988. Para tanto, a pesquisa utilizou-se do método hipotético-dedutivo, o qual visa a solucionar um problema por meio da formulação de hipóteses, que são continuamente testadas ao longo do estudo. Nesse sentido, o problema trazido questiona se os programas de renda mínima praticados no Brasil atendem aos objetivos traçados na Magna Carta, especialmente a erradicação da pobreza. A partir disso, elaborou-se a hipótese central da pesquisa, no sentido de que o acesso universal à renda mínima contribui para o alcance dos objetivos fundamentais constitucionais da erradicação da pobreza e da pobreza extrema, a fim de concretizar o Princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana. Para isso, buscou-se estudar a formação do Estado e sua evolução até o modelo atual, indicando seus sucessos e fracassos. Por meio desta análise foi possível verificar a evolução das preocupações e questões sociais, tendo especial destaque a consolidação dos direitos fundamentais sociais, principalmente pelo Princípio Fundamental da Dignidade da Pessoa Humana, na busca pela redução da pobreza e das desigualdades. Quanto aos Direitos Sociais, foram inseridos no universo jurídico durante o século XX e, a partir daí, as Constituições passaram a normatizá-los. Isto fez com que o Estado mudasse sua "postura abstencionista" para o "enfoque prestacional", surgindo os direitos individuais chamados de primeira geração, como liberdade de expressão, manifestação do pensamento, devido processo legal. Há também os direitos individuais de segunda geração, como os direitos econômicos, sociais e culturais, gerando a concretização dos Direitos Fundamentais Sociais. Atrelado ao desenvolvimento do Estado, encontra-se o surgimento do fenômeno da pobreza. Contudo, a medição da pobreza com foco na renda tem se mostrado de difícil aplicação em virtude das especificidades de cada país. Dentro deste contexto, identificou-se as distinções existentes entre os conceitos de Renda Mínima e Renda Básica sendo, a primeira, característica dos países industrializados que estabeleceram determinada renda a ser transferida mediante o cumprimento de certos compromissos relacionados à saúde e educação. Já o conceito de Renda Básica é completamente incondicional e destina-se a todas as pessoas individualmente, sem qualquer critério de seleção. O Brasil criou um terceiro conceito: a Transferência de Renda Condicionada. Esta opção levou em consideração o fato de o Brasil ainda ser um país em fase de desenvolvimento, além de ser a melhor forma de atender a necessidade de reduzir pela metade os números de indigência e pobreza existentes em 1990, conforme consta dos Objetivos do Milênio, estabelecidos pela Organização das Nações Unidas. A estruturação do Plano Brasil sem Miséria aglutinou as diversas políticas sociais implementadas no País a partir de 2003, entre as quais está o Programa Bolsa Família, o qual é considerado o maior e mais bem focalizado programa de transferência de renda do mundo. E, por fim, analisam-se os dificultadores que impedem o acesso universal à renda mínima, bem com apresenta-se proposta de soluções, entendidas como factíveis para enfrentamento da miséria e da pobreza de forma a concretizar o Princípio da Dignidade Humana. / The present study addresses the difficulty for the universalization of access to living income programs and how the obstacles presented keep Brazil from realizing the constitutional principles preconized in the 1988 Federal Constitution. Therefore, the research uses the hypothetical-deductive method which aims to solve a problem by formulating hypotheses which are constantly tested throughout the study. Taking that into consideration the research questions whether the living income programs in Brazil fulfill the purposes described in the Constitution, especially that of extreme poverty eradication. The core hypothesis was elaborated upon it keeping in mind that the universal access to the living income contributes to reach the fundamental constitutional goals of poverty and extreme poverty eradication in order to realize the principle of human dignity. The research performs a study on the formation of the State, going through its evolution up to the current model, drawing attention to its success and failures. Such analysis allowed the verification of the evolution of social concerns and of social issues emphasizing the consolidation of fundamental social rights, mainly through the Fundamental Principle of Human Dignity, in search for the reduction of poverty and inequalities. Regarding social rights, they were inserted in the legal universe throughout the twentieth century and since then the Constitutions started to regulate them. This caused the State to change from its abstentionist stance into a service approach, bringing about the first-generation individual rights such as freedom of speech, due process of law. Along with those there are the second-generation individual rights such as the economical, social and cultural rights realizing the fulfillment of the Fundamental Social Rights. The phenomenon of poverty emerges linked to the development of the State. However, due to specificities of each country it turns to be a difficult task to measure poverty by focusing on income. In that context distinctions between the concepts of both living wage and basic income were verified. The former is related to the industrialized countries which established a certain income to be transferred through the accomplishment of certain issues related to health and education. On the other hand the latest turns to be totally unconditional and is destined to each person individually considered, and free of whatsoever criterion of selection. Brazil has created a third concept which is the Conditioned Income Transfer, an option that took Brazil into consideration as still being a developing country. Besides, that model is learned to be the best way to meet the need of reducing by half the rates of misery and poverty from 1990, as stated in the Millennium Development Goals established by the United Nations - UN. The structuring of the Brazil Without Extreme Poverty Scheme agglutinated several social policies implemented in Brazil since 2003, among which is Bolsa Família Program which is considered the largest and most well-targeted program for income transfer in the world. Finally, this study analyzes the barriers to universal access to the living wage and aims to propose some achievable solutions to face extreme poverty and poverty therefore realizing the Human Dignity Principle.

In 2006, there were changes in the social security system through the adoption of Act No. 110/2006 Coll., about subsistence level and living wage, Act No. 111/2006 Coll., On assistance in material need and Act No. 435/2004 Coll. on employment. The aim of the newly adopted laws was greater motivation of unemployed persons to find employment as soon as possible and thus to reduce the number of long-term unemployed individuals. At the same time the advantage of individuals who actively solve their situation compared to those who are passive recipients of benefits. With the adoption of these laws was to strengthen the incentive function of the social system, the transition from passive to active solidarity, impaired access to social benefits and avoiding the misuse of social benefits.

Den ekonomiska globaliseringen och ökade världshandeln har lett till att multinationella företag till viss del fått ta sig an den roll som stater tidigare har haft och många företag har börjat använda sig av corporate social responsibility (CSR) som ett verktyg för detta. Frågan är om utvecklingen har gjort att andra aktörer, såsom fackföreningar, som tidigare varit en självklar aktör på den politiska arenan och en given del av den svenska företagssfären, nu kommit i skymundan. Det leder vidare till frågan om vad fackföreningar i så fall har för roll idag. Det föreligger ett gap i forskningen vad gäller fackföreningarnas roll i CSR-diskursen samt levnadslöner i utvecklingsvärlden, som kan ses som en del av CSR-konceptet. Ambitionen är att denna kvalitativa flerfallsstudie ska kunna bidra till den kunskapsbrist som tycks finnas gällande svenska fackföreningar och deras syn och roll vad gäller CSR och specifikt levnadslöner. Resultatet av studien visar att svenska fackföreningar överlag är skeptiska till CSR och att ett införande av levnadslöner är komplext. Vidare visar resultatet att det som står i vägen för levnadslöner är en svag stat och en ovilja bland företag och länder att införa konceptet. Studien avslutas med en diskussion om fackförbundens framtida roll som intressent till företagen samt vilka implikationer som föreligger i ett potentiellt införande av levnadslöner. / Economic globalization and increased world trade have resulted in multinational corporations (MNCs) having to take on the role that states previously possessed and as a response many companies have started to use Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a means to manage the task. The question is whether this development has put other players in the global arena aside, such as labor unions, which historically have been a given stakeholder group in the political arena as well as in the field of Swedish business. This further leads to the question of what the role of labor unions is today. There is a gap in the research regarding the role of labor unions in the CSR-discourse as well as living wages in the developing world, which can be seen as a part of the CSR-concept. Based on a qualitative study of how Swedish unions perceive CSR and in particular living wages, we aim to fill this gap. The result of the study shows that unions are skeptical towards CSR and that an implementation of living wages is complex. In addition, part of the obstacles that stands in the way of an implementation of living wages is a weak state and an unwillingness among corporations and countries to adopt the concept. The study concludes with a discussion about the future role of labor unions as a stakeholder of corporations as well as the implications that exist in a potential adoption of living wages.

The main objective of this thesis is to compare the standard of living in the Czech Republic and France in regards to state-provided assistance to achieve this level of living standard. The work is focused mainly on familial social policy of both countries, and therefore the examined group of citizens is mainly families with dependent children. The work is divided into two parts. The first part is establishing the legislative framework for state social benefits and definitions of important terms. The second part describes in detail the various Czech and French benefits, as well as examples of the economic situation of selected families and their entitlement to state benefits. The conclusion is devoted to the comparison of these findings.

Poverty is one of the most oppressive topics all over the world. It is being fought both in developed and developing countries. As for the Czech Republic, poverty is associated with unemployment, especially with the long-term unemployment. On 1st January 2007, two new acts have come into effect; Act no. 110/2006 about minimum and living wage and Act no. 111/2006 about help in substantial shortage. These acts newly regulate the conditions of social benefits and its income with the objective of lowering the long-term unemployment. They incorporate elements that would sanction those who are unemployed and passive in search of a new job, and on the other hand should give advantage to those seeking actively. The purpose of my work is to examine the impacts and consequences of these two acts, and whether these has been any change in the long-term unemployment rate, positive change in its absolute values or positive change in its structure.

In 2007 came into force amendments to the social security system in the Czech Republic. Agreed amendments aim to strengthen the motivation to enter and remain in the labour market, favouring those who seek to improve their situation through their own effort and unfavouring people living just on welfare benefits. There was thus a redefinition of the social benefits and their construction. And there was a significant reduction in unemployment in 2007. This thesis entitled "Developing long-term unemployment in the years 1998 - 2008" assesses the impact of these changes on the level of unemployment, special attention is paid to long-term unemployment. The work is not overlooked by the economic situation of the Czech Republic in the years 1998 - 2008.