Thesis ((MBA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / The positive role and fundamental contribution of SMMEs on a global and national level is key to economic growth. Various perspectives and opinions exist in terms of the role, extent and nature of the contribution made by SMMEs in the local economy. The main aim of this study was to investigate ways in which the informal motor vehicle mechanic businesses operating in Tzaneen CBD can be assisted to become formalised businesses for long-term sustainability and contribution to the local economy. The research was qualitative in nature. Group interviews were conducted with motor mechanics operating opposite Tzaneen bus rank in the town of Tzaneen, Limpopo Province as well as with their representatives (i.e. their executive committee). The purpose of the interviews was to find out what they thought about possibilities of being formalised and what their needs are. In addition, questionnaires were designed and handed out to officials from GTM LED, SEDA and GTEDA. The purpose of the questionnaires was to explore what these institutions have done previously and what they were willing to offer to help formalise the informal motor mechanic operations. The research results show that the motor mechanics understand what formalising their enterprises entails and they are willing to cooperate with the government organisations to convert them into sustainable enterprises. The representatives from government agencies showed willingness to support these motor mechanics, they are also willing to prioritise and develop necessary support programmes. The study recommends that the motor mechanics be helped with infrastructure; registering their businesses; mentoring and coaching be offered to them; marketing their business; and training and development occurring on a continuous basis.

La presente investigación, se fundamenta en determinar cómo incide la amnistía tributaria en la recaudación de los impuestos predial y alcabala en la MD-JLO-Chiclayo, puesto que se relaciona con los bienes y servicios que la entidad brinda a la población, así como el cumplimiento de metas presupuestales planificadas, se ejecutó con información recopilada de las diferentes fuentes bibliográficas, el enfoque es Mixto, nivel descriptivo, y presenta un diseño no experimental, así mismo se determina que los factores más representativos para otorgar la misma, es los altos índices de morosidad existente, la pandemia covid-2019, puesto que, se realizaron despidos laborales masivos y la reactivación de la economía se dio de manera paulatina, después de 8 meses aproximadamente, de registrarse el primer caso de contagio en nuestro país, es por ello que la municipalidad de José Leonardo Ortiz, utiliza la amnistía tributaria, puesto que de acuerdo al análisis realizado, ésta incide positivamente en el cobro de los impuestos predial y alcabala. / The present investigation is based on determining how the tax amnesty affects the collection of property taxes and alcabala in the MD-JLO-Chiclayo, since it is related to the goods and services that the entity provides to the population, as well as the compliance with planned budget goals, it was executed with information collected from different bibliographic sources, the approach is Mixed, descriptive level, and presents a non-experimental design, likewise it is determined that the most representative factors to grant it, is the high rates of existing delinquency, the covid-2019 pandemic, since massive job layoffs were carried out and the reactivation of the economy occurred gradually, after approximately 8 months, after the first case of contagion was registered in our country, that is why that the municipality of José Leonardo Ortiz, uses the tax amnesty, since according to the analysis carried out, this has a positive impact on the collection of property taxes and alcabala.

Local authorities in South Africa need to compile and implement local economic development plans. These plans are not only required by law as a component of integrated development plans, but also emanate from the pressing needs of many communities for development, job creation, and greater welfare and prosperity. A review of the historical and theoretical background reveals changing approaches and different theories to defend the actions taken. A critique of typical strategies and processes reveals that no one strategy or process can be universally applied, but that these should be adapted to the community's unique circumstances. Shortcomings and appropriate applications are indicated. The management plan presents a process to enable local authorities in partnership with the community to compile a plan for locally generated and directed development. This plan can, but need not, be a component of an integrated development plan and is thus compatible with integrated development planning and the formulation of local development objectives. The plan draws on a number of planning methodologies including urban planning, city marketing, strategic planning and neuro-linguistic programming approaches. Techniques from these and community development methodologies are included to guide the community through the process of creating a vision, analysis, goal setting, plan and strategy formulation, implementation and review. This management plan is designed as a generic process that can be applied to a variety of circumstances. The flexible nature of the process permits innovation and adaptations to local needs and other fields of planning. It also provides scope for further research on theories, methodologies and techniques. / Geography / D.Phil. (Geography)

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the United States, which predominately occurs in the manufacturing sector, remains critically important for a strong regional and local economy, due to the resulting increase in employment, wages, and tax revenue. Traditionally, local economic development strategies have focused on attracting external manufacturing plants or facilities as the primary route to economic growth, through the expansion of the tax base and/or an increase in employment. In comparison, Sustainable Local Economic Development (SLED) emphasizes the establishment of a minimum standard of living for all and an increase in this standard over time; a reduction in the steady growth in inequality among people; a reduction in spatial inequality; and the promotion and encouragement of sustainable resource use and production (Blakely & Leigh, 2010). These essential SLED principles motivate this study, which will seek to develop a better understanding of whether and how FDI contributes to SLED in terms of its spatial patterns and its impact on middle class earnings. By selecting Georgia as a case study area, this research specifically examines whether and how the location of manufacturing FDI has reduced (or increased) spatial inequality at the intra-state and intra-metropolitan levels. It also identifies whether and how manufacturing FDI has reduced (or increased) inequality among people, focusing on its impact on middle class earnings. This study finds a strong spatial concentration of manufacturing FDI employment in metropolitan areas, particularly in a large metropolitan area, at the intra-state spatial pattern analysis. The results of panel regression analysis suggest that presence of agglomeration economies in metropolitan areas has positively influenced the location of manufacturing FDI jobs. The study also finds a suburbanization pattern of manufacturing FDI employment in the intra-metropolitan spatial pattern analysis. This intra-metropolitan suburbanization of FDI in manufacturing jobs is associated with loss of urban industrial land in the central areas within a large metropolitan area. These uneven distribution patterns of manufacturing FDI jobs indicate increased spatial inequality at both intra-state and intra-metropolitan levels, but the implications of this finding are mixed. Using individual earnings data from the American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Sample files, this study also conducts a quantile regression to estimate the earnings distribution effects that a concentration of manufacturing FDI may have on different earnings groups. The findings both from place-of-work and place-of-residence earnings analysis suggest that manufacturing FDI generally has reduced inequality among people. The concentration of manufacturing FDI in a certain area show the largest distribution effects on area workers in the lower earnings group and residents in the middle earnings group.

Thesis (MPhil (School of Public Management and Planning))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / This dissertation considers the coherence of the prescriptions contained within three recently released government frameworks: the National Framework for Sustainable Development, National Industrial Policy Framework and National Framework for Local Economic Development. A central assumption in this regard is that a level of coherence in policy prescriptions is necessary for effective and complementary implementation. Each of these frameworks has been developed in the context of renewed commitment from the South African state to halve unemployment and poverty by 2014. It is likely therefore that the frameworks will affect resource allocation with outcomes which will have impacts on South African society at large. Thus coherence is an important consideration. The analysis is undertaken against the background of: - a limited literature review on policy-making (within the broader policy studies field), - a discussion of the political economy of South Africa, and - a consideration of certain key debates within the global ‘development’ discourse. This includes particular reference to the concepts of ‘sustainable development’, ‘industrial development’ and ‘local economic development’ within that discourse. In addition, in order to gain some insight into the policy-making processes that were followed in the production of each of the frameworks, a limited number of key informant interviews was conducted. These interviews highlight certain elements and factors that impacted on the final policy products and the compromises that were reached around policy content. The body of the analysis - a comparative content analysis of the frameworks - is undertaken through a discussion of the manner in which the frameworks deal with four cross-cutting themes. These four cross-cutting themes are: eco-system considerations, social considerations, economic considerations and institutional/ governance considerations. This comparative reading of the frameworks exposes certain divergent policy prescriptions and confirms that disagreement exists within government itself on the country’s desired development path. The conclusion then discusses what is required to put in place a coherent policy making system in South Africa. It is proposed that the accommodation of policy coherence should not come at the expense of diversity and the expression of ‘profanity’ (contestation). The value of deliberative democracy, pluralism and complexity are highlighted in this regard. A number of recommendations are made.

Across the world, war has been declared against poverty because of its devastating effects on local communities. The world has made a concerted effort to fight the effects of poverty through developmental agencies and regional integration bodies such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Trade Organisation (WTO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). In an effort to complement the efforts of the above–mentioned agencies and bodies, the South African government has developed its own poverty alleviation strategies, policies, initiatives and Acts that focus primarily on alleviation of poverty on the level of local government. The Constitution of South Africa, 1996 provides the guidelines to several regulations and Acts (such as the Development and Facilitation Act, 67 of 1995, the Local Government: Municipal Systems Act, 32 of 2000, and the Local Government: Municipal Structures Act, 117 of 1998.) that support the alleviation of poverty on the local sphere of government. The Integrated Development Planning programme was formulated and implemented to alleviate poverty at this level. The purpose of this study was to determine how the level of poverty within the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality could be alleviated through effective integrated development planning. A quantitative approach was followed because the target population response rate was expected to be large. In addition, the research design for this study included a literature review, analyses of official documents, observation and data sampling through questionnaires and scientific analysis of the responses. The study found that IDP objectives aligned to service delivery targets were unclear and did not depict the aspirations and needs of the community. The programmes aimed at the infrastructure coupled with skills development programmes and job creation initiatives could assist in the alleviation of poverty. / M Development and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Les changements économiques des dernières décennies telles que la mondialisation et la libéralisation des marchés ont modifié la structure des entreprises et les flux d’échanges, et ce en affectant l’organisation du territoire. Les services gouvernementaux, appuyés des organismes communautaires, ont réagi en développant diverses stratégies à l’échelle locale. Ainsi, ils répondent à une variété de besoins socioéconomiques et s'adaptent aux changements dans les quartiers montréalais. Sur le plan économique, diverses organisations favorisent l'entrepreneuriat local par diverses actions et stratégies. Cette recherche s'intéresse au rôle et aux effets des organismes communautaires dans le développement et la consolidation de petites entreprises via leur rôle sur la viabilité et la vitalité des entreprises dans l’un des arrondissements les plus hétérogènes de Montréal. Spécifiquement, elle s’intéresse à l’effet de ces actions sur le développement entrepreneuriale locale dans l’arrondissement de Côte-des-Neiges/ Notre-Dame-de-Grâce à cause de son caractère hétérogène sur le plan ethnique, sur le plan socio-économique et de ses particularités géographiques. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que la viabilité des entreprises est à la base de la majorité des actions et stratégies déployés par les organismes de soutien. Pour ce qui est de l’enracinement des entreprises, il y a beaucoup d’externalités liées au marché qui influencent les décisions du lieu d’établissement et de relocalisation et qui sont hors de portée des actions des organisations. Globalement, nous pouvons dire que Montréal est une ville résiliente. En effet, l’organisation du milieu communautaire permet, malgré quelques lacunes dans les stratégies de promotions et de répartitions des tâches, un soutien adéquat aux entrepreneurs. Du travail reste à faire afin de valoriser l’entrepreneuriat comme métier auprès de la population et encourager les universitaires à auto-entreprendre. / The economic changes of the last decades such as globalization and liberalization of markets has changed the business structure and trade flows, thus affecting the organization of the territory. Community organizations, complementary with government services, have responded and are responding with various strategies, including those acting locally. They are responding to a variety of socio-economic needs and are adapting to changes in neighbourhoods. On the economic front, various organizations promote local entrepreneurship through various actions and strategies. This research examines the role and impact of community organizations in the development and consolidation of small businesses. How do the organizations impact on the vitality and viability of businesses in one of the most heterogenic boroughs of Montreal. We are also interested in their strategies and actions to improve the viability and business roots in the community, specifically on the impact of these actions on the local entrepreneurial development in Cote-des-Neiges / Notre-Dame-de-Grâce because of its heterogeneity in terms of ethnicity, socio-economic and its geographical features. The results obtained indicate that the majority of actions and strategies undertaken by organizations refer to enterprise viability. In terms of firmly establishing companies, there are many externalities that influence the entrepreneur’s decisions on the establishment and relocation of enterprises which are beyond the actions of local organizations. Overall, we can qualify Montreal as a resilient city. Indeed, the organization of the community services permits, despite some shortcomings in the strategies for promotion and distribution of tasks, an adequate support to entrepreneurs. Work remains to be done on promoting entrepreneurship as an occupation among the population and encourage academics to work in this field.

Local festivals and cultural events, signage and streetscape improvements, and regional marketing efforts indicate that tourism is present in some Business Improvement Areas (BIAs). However, the extent and form of this relationship has never before been examined in the North America context. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the involvement of Ontario’s BIAs in tourism. It reports on the findings of a 2008 province-wide survey of approximately 260 BIAs, touching on a variety of topics, including: the proportion of BIAs that are involved in tourism, the factors prompting them to attract tourists, the ways that they promote themselves to tourists, the types of tourism experiences that they offer, the positive and negative impacts of their tourism efforts, and whether they partner with other stakeholders in tourism promotion efforts. The data are then used to propose a typology of Business Improvement Areas showing differing levels and forms of tourism involvement. The thesis concludes by considering four case studies of successful tourism-oriented BIAs (Downtown Kingston, Downtown London, Downtown Yonge and Creemore), which are examined to identify the characteristics that have led to their success. The findings show that the majority of Ontario’s Business Improvement Areas are involved in tourism, using diverse methods to promote themselves as destinations. Their tourism offering usually includes special events and festivals, but can also involve investments in other attractions. Although BIAs are aware of both positive and negative impacts from tourism, tourism management efforts are uncommon. Seven characteristics of successful tourism-oriented BIAs are identified: innovation, self-awareness, appearance, attractions, partnerships, experiences, and planning. BIAs that strongly manifest these characteristics are believed to be likely candidates to benefit from the tourism industry.

Local festivals and cultural events, signage and streetscape improvements, and regional marketing efforts indicate that tourism is present in some Business Improvement Areas (BIAs). However, the extent and form of this relationship has never before been examined in the North America context. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the involvement of Ontario’s BIAs in tourism. It reports on the findings of a 2008 province-wide survey of approximately 260 BIAs, touching on a variety of topics, including: the proportion of BIAs that are involved in tourism, the factors prompting them to attract tourists, the ways that they promote themselves to tourists, the types of tourism experiences that they offer, the positive and negative impacts of their tourism efforts, and whether they partner with other stakeholders in tourism promotion efforts. The data are then used to propose a typology of Business Improvement Areas showing differing levels and forms of tourism involvement. The thesis concludes by considering four case studies of successful tourism-oriented BIAs (Downtown Kingston, Downtown London, Downtown Yonge and Creemore), which are examined to identify the characteristics that have led to their success. The findings show that the majority of Ontario’s Business Improvement Areas are involved in tourism, using diverse methods to promote themselves as destinations. Their tourism offering usually includes special events and festivals, but can also involve investments in other attractions. Although BIAs are aware of both positive and negative impacts from tourism, tourism management efforts are uncommon. Seven characteristics of successful tourism-oriented BIAs are identified: innovation, self-awareness, appearance, attractions, partnerships, experiences, and planning. BIAs that strongly manifest these characteristics are believed to be likely candidates to benefit from the tourism industry.

Les changements économiques des dernières décennies telles que la mondialisation et la libéralisation des marchés ont modifié la structure des entreprises et les flux d’échanges, et ce en affectant l’organisation du territoire. Les services gouvernementaux, appuyés des organismes communautaires, ont réagi en développant diverses stratégies à l’échelle locale. Ainsi, ils répondent à une variété de besoins socioéconomiques et s'adaptent aux changements dans les quartiers montréalais. Sur le plan économique, diverses organisations favorisent l'entrepreneuriat local par diverses actions et stratégies. Cette recherche s'intéresse au rôle et aux effets des organismes communautaires dans le développement et la consolidation de petites entreprises via leur rôle sur la viabilité et la vitalité des entreprises dans l’un des arrondissements les plus hétérogènes de Montréal. Spécifiquement, elle s’intéresse à l’effet de ces actions sur le développement entrepreneuriale locale dans l’arrondissement de Côte-des-Neiges/ Notre-Dame-de-Grâce à cause de son caractère hétérogène sur le plan ethnique, sur le plan socio-économique et de ses particularités géographiques. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que la viabilité des entreprises est à la base de la majorité des actions et stratégies déployés par les organismes de soutien. Pour ce qui est de l’enracinement des entreprises, il y a beaucoup d’externalités liées au marché qui influencent les décisions du lieu d’établissement et de relocalisation et qui sont hors de portée des actions des organisations. Globalement, nous pouvons dire que Montréal est une ville résiliente. En effet, l’organisation du milieu communautaire permet, malgré quelques lacunes dans les stratégies de promotions et de répartitions des tâches, un soutien adéquat aux entrepreneurs. Du travail reste à faire afin de valoriser l’entrepreneuriat comme métier auprès de la population et encourager les universitaires à auto-entreprendre. / The economic changes of the last decades such as globalization and liberalization of markets has changed the business structure and trade flows, thus affecting the organization of the territory. Community organizations, complementary with government services, have responded and are responding with various strategies, including those acting locally. They are responding to a variety of socio-economic needs and are adapting to changes in neighbourhoods. On the economic front, various organizations promote local entrepreneurship through various actions and strategies. This research examines the role and impact of community organizations in the development and consolidation of small businesses. How do the organizations impact on the vitality and viability of businesses in one of the most heterogenic boroughs of Montreal. We are also interested in their strategies and actions to improve the viability and business roots in the community, specifically on the impact of these actions on the local entrepreneurial development in Cote-des-Neiges / Notre-Dame-de-Grâce because of its heterogeneity in terms of ethnicity, socio-economic and its geographical features. The results obtained indicate that the majority of actions and strategies undertaken by organizations refer to enterprise viability. In terms of firmly establishing companies, there are many externalities that influence the entrepreneur’s decisions on the establishment and relocation of enterprises which are beyond the actions of local organizations. Overall, we can qualify Montreal as a resilient city. Indeed, the organization of the community services permits, despite some shortcomings in the strategies for promotion and distribution of tasks, an adequate support to entrepreneurs. Work remains to be done on promoting entrepreneurship as an occupation among the population and encourage academics to work in this field.