The main aim of this master´s thesis is to launch a chain tools storage. The main intention of this work is creation of a control program for the programmable logic controller and HMI (Human Machine Interface). My master´s thesis contains optimization of location tools in chain tools storage. Program part consists of software modules which contain different algorithms (optimization of speed of start-up beds, beds approaching the shortest path and optimal deployment tools).

No description available.

Industrial Control Systems (ICSs) manage critical infrastructures such as water treatment facilities, petroleum refineries, and power plants. ICSs are networked through Information Technology (IT) infrastructure for remote monitoring and control of physical processes. As ICSs integrate with IT infrastructure, IT vulnerabilities are carried over to the ICS environment. Previously proposed process controller security architectures maintain safe and stable plant operation even in the presence of attacks that exploit ICS vulnerabilities. Security architectures are process control system-level solutions that leverage isolated and trusted hardware (secure enclaves) for ICS security. Upon detecting an intrusion, the secure enclave switches control of the physical process to a high assurance controller, making a fail-safe plant operation. The process control loop components have an average lifespan of several decades. During this time, electromechanical components of process control loop may undergo aging that alters their characteristics and affects control loop performance. To deal with component aging and to improve control algorithm flexibility, updates to control loop parameters are required. Plant model, process control loop system specifications, and control algorithm-based security mechanisms at the secure enclave require parameter updates. ICSs have hundreds of process control components that may need be installed in hazardous environments and distributed across hundreds of square kilometers. Updating each component physically may lead to accidents, expensive travel, and increased downtime. Some ICS have allowable downtime of only 5 minutes per year. Hence, remote updates are desirable. A proposed dedicated and isolated hardware module at the secure enclave provides authentication of the update and ensures safe storage in a non-volatile memory. A protocol designed for update transmission through an untrusted ICS network provides resilience against network integrity attacks such as replay attacks. Encryption and authentication of the updates maintain integrity and confidentiality. During the normal plant operation, the hardware module is invisible to the other modules of the process control loop. The proposed solution is implemented on Xilinx Zynq-7000 programmable System-on-Chip to provide secure enclave updates. / Master of Science

Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This work considers the control of reconfigurable assembly systems using a welding assembly system as a case study. The assembly system consists of a pallet magazine, a feeding system, an inspection and removal system, a welding system and a conveyor. The aim of the work is to compare PC and PLC as controllers, as well as to compare two different approaches to reconfigurable control. The control system of the pallet magazine was developed using a PC and a PLC. The PC control was programmed using Visual C#, while the PLC was programmed in Ladder Logic using Siemens S-300 STEP7. The two controllers were compared based on the attributes that measure the quality of a controller's software, which include its capability, availability, usability and adaptability. The approaches to reconfigurable control considered were the agent-based methodology and the IEC 61499 distributed control methodology, both of which were applied to the feeding system. The agent-based control system was implemented using the JADE agent platform, while the IEC 61499 distributed control system was implemented using the FBDK software kit. These two methods were compared based on the characteristics of a reconfigurable system, which include the system's modularity, integrability, convertibility, diagnosability, customization and scalability. The result obtained in comparing the PC to the PLC shows that the PLC performs better in terms of capability, availability and usability, while the PC performs better in terms of adaptability. Also, the result of the comparison between the agent-based control system and the IEC 61499 distributed control system shows that the agent-based control system performs better in terms of integrability, diagnosability and scalability, while the IEC 61499 distributed control system performs better in terms of modularity and customization. They are, however, on a par in terms of convertibility. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie werk beskou die beheer van herkonfigureerbare monteringstelsels met 'n sweismonteringstelsel as gevallestudie. Die monteringstelsel bestaan uit 'n paletmagasyn, 'n voerstelsel, 'n inspeksie-en- verwyderingstelsel, 'n sweisstelsel en 'n voerband. Die mikpunt van die werk is om persoonlike rekenaars (PCs) en programmeerbare-logikabeheerders (PLCs) as beheerders te vergelyk, asook om twee verskillende benaderings tot herkonfigureerbare beheer te vergelyk. Die beheerstelsel van die paletmagasyn is ontwikkel met 'n PC en 'n PLC. Die PC-beheer is in Visual C# geprogrammeer, terwyl die PLC in leerlogika met Siemens S-300 STEP7 geprogrammeer is. Die twee beheerders is vergelyk in terme van die eienskappe wat die kwaliteit van 'n beheerder se sagteware meet en sluit in vermoë, beskikbaarheid, bruikbaarheid en aanpasbaarheid. Die benaderings tot herkonfigureerbare beheer wat oorweeg is, is die agent-gebaseerde metodologie en die IEC 61499 verspreide-beheermetodologie. Beide is op die voerstelsel toegepas. Die agent-gebaseerde beheerstelsel is geïmplementeer met behulp van die JADE agent-platform, terwyl die IEC 61499 verspreide stelsel geïmplementeer is met behulp van die FBDK sagteware-stel. Hierdie twee metodes se vergelyking is gebaseer op die eienskappe van 'n herkonfigureerbare stelsel, waarby die stelsel se modulariteit, integreerbaarheid, diagnoseerbaarheid, pasmaakbaarheid en skaleerbaarheid ingesluit is. Die resultate wat in die vergelyking tussen die PC en PLC verkry is, toon dat die PLC beter vaar in terme van vermoë, beskikbaarheid en bruikbaarheid, terwyl die PC beter vaar in terme van aanpasbaarheid. Die resultaat van die vergelyking tussen die agent-gebaseerde beheerstelsel en die IEC 61499 verspreide beheerstelsel wys dat die agent-gebaseerde beheerstelsel beter vaar in terme van integreerbaarheid, diagnoseerbaarheid en skaleerbaarheid, terwyl die IEC 61499 verspreide beheerstelsel beter vaar in terme van modulariteit en pasmaakbaarheid. Hulle is egter vergelykbaar in terme van omskepbaarheid.

Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire de thèse s'intéressent à la validation fonctionnelle de contrôleurs logiques par des techniques de test de conformité et de validation en boucle fermée. Le modèle de spécification est décrit dans le langage industriel Grafcet et le contrôleur logique est supposé être un automate programmable industriel (API) mono-tâche. Afin de contribuer à ces techniques de validation fonctionnelle, ces travaux présentent : - Une extension d'une méthode de formalisation du Grafcet par traduction sous la forme d'une machine de Mealy. Cette extension permet de produire un modèle formel de la spécification lorsque le Grafcet est implanté selon un mode d'interprétation sans recherche de stabilité, qui n'est pas préconisé dans la norme IEC 60848 mais largement utilisé dans les applications industrielles. - Une contribution au test de conformité par la définition d'un ensemble de relations de conformité basées sur l'observation de plusieurs cycles d'exécution pour chaque pas de test. - Une contribution à la validation en boucle fermée par la définition d'un critère de fin d'observation et par une technique d'identification en boite grise pour la construction et l'analyse du système en boucle fermée. / The results presented in this PhD thesis deal with functional validation of logic controllers using conformance test and closed-loop validation techniques. The specification model is written in the Grafcet language and the logic controller is assumed to be a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). In order to contribute to these validation techniques, this thesis presents: - An axtension to a fomalization methods for Grafcet languages by translation to a Mealy machine. This extension generates a formal model of a Grafcet specification that is interpreted without search of stability. This mode of interpretation is not recommended by the standard IEC 60848 but is widely used in industrial applications. - A contribution to conformance test by a definition of a set of conformance relation based on the observation of several execution cycles for each test step. - A contribution to closed-loop validation by the definition of a termination criterion and by a new gray-box identification technique that is used for construction and analysis of the closed-loop system.

Submitted by Marlucy Farias Medeiros (marlucy.farias@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-10-31T16:36:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 John Jefferson Antunes Saldanha - 2017.pdf: 2295770 bytes, checksum: 7d9b5b6835d3e02633dca3155dd44fe7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marlucy Farias Medeiros (marlucy.farias@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-10-31T18:24:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 John Jefferson Antunes Saldanha - 2017.pdf: 2295770 bytes, checksum: 7d9b5b6835d3e02633dca3155dd44fe7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-31T18:24:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 John Jefferson Antunes Saldanha - 2017.pdf: 2295770 bytes, checksum: 7d9b5b6835d3e02633dca3155dd44fe7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-28 / Uma difusão considerável p elo uso dos veículos elétricos plug-in (VEPs) tem sido promovida, de modo a reduzir as emissões poluentes dos veículos movidos a combustão, bem como preservar as fontes de energia fóssil. Entretanto, cabe ressaltar que os VEPs necessitam se conectar a rede elétrica para recarregar suas baterias. Nesse contexto, caso uma quantidade significativa de veículos elétricos plug-in solicitem recarga ao mesmo tempo, a operação do sistema elétrico de potência (SEP) será comprometida. Em contrapartida, os VEPs também podem auxiliar a rede elétrica através do controle da taxa de recarga e injeção de energia ativa. Assim, é importante realizar o controle da recarga dos VEPs. Dessa forma, este trabalho propõe um sistema inteligente fundamentado em duas interfaces para controlar a taxa de recarga dos VEPs. A primeira interface visa controlar a taxa de recarga de uma frota de veículos com base em um controlador lógico fuzzy projetado e posteriormente ajustado. Nesta interface, buscam-se atender os requisitos do consumidor. Na segunda, gerenciam-se diversas frotas de VEPs visando minimizar perdas de energia e desvios de tensão na rede elétrica. Os resultados da primeira interface mostram que ambos os controladores projetado e ajustado respondem ao cálculo da taxa de recarga levando em consideração as informações inseridas pelo consumidor. Em adição, a resposta do controlador ajustado é mais próxima da resposta desejada, comparando com o controlador projetado. Os resultados da segunda interface mostram que o método de otimização reduziu as perdas de energia elétrica e os desvios de tensão no sistema teste estudado. Concomitantemente, a energia entregue para os VEPs aumentou de maneira significativa. Desta forma, com o sistema desenvolvido, espera-se reduzir o impacto no sistema elétrico de potência e otimizar sua operação, beneficiando a concessionária local, a rede elétrica e o consumidor. / In the present work we investigated experimentally and theoretically the photophysical characterization of organic compounds of the type benzothiazoles, targeting applications in optoelectronic devices, mainly in organic light emitting diodes and photoelectric devices. The study was developed to identify the optical and structural properties of the compounds and the effect of the addition of an amine radical on the ring PhO (benzene-bound benzene) of the benzothiazole compound. Other variations were analyzed, such as changes in the positions of the amine radical added to said compound and absence of the hydroxyl radical. Absorption and photoluminescence experiments were carried out with the purpose of verifying the excitation and fluorescence energies of the compounds, as well as Stokes displacement. The photophysical characterization was also investigated theoretically by means of an ab initio or first principles computational model based on the Density Functional Theory (DFT), implemented in the Gaussian® program, which uses quantum mechanics to calculate the molecular structures and their vibrational properties. We investigated the molecular geometric structure, obtaining the interatomic distances, structure of electronic orbitals, diagrams of energy bands, molecular vibrations and frequency of vibrational modes. By means of Raman spectroscopy, the frequencies of the active Raman vibrational modes were obtained, allowing the comparison with the theoretical results of the simulations. The compounds 4HBS, 4HBSN and 5HBS have their first theoretical characterization from the study of this dissertation.

Este trabalho apresenta uma Análise sobre os Comandos Numéricos Computadorizados de Arquitetura Aberta aplicado na automação de Máquina-ferramentas e no uso da manufatura. É realizado uma classificação das Arquiteturas Abertas (em relação ao hardware, software, funcionalidade e flexibilidade) e uma comparação entre os CNC\'s convencionais e os CNC\'s de Arquitetura Aberta. / This work presents an Open Architecture CNCs analysis. An Open Architecture classification using hardware, software, functionality and flexibility are presented. A comparison table with conventional CNCs and this new class of CNCs are elaborated.

As Civil Engineering structures, e.g., tall buildings, long span bridges, deep water offshore platforms, nuclear power plants, etc., have become more costly, complex and serve more critical functions, the consequences of their failure are catastrophic. Therefore, the protection of these structures against damage induced by large environmental loads, e.g., earthquakes, strong wind gusts and waves, etc., is without doubt, a worldwide priority. However, structures cannot be designed to withstand all possible external loads and some extraordinary loading episodes do occur, leading to damage or even failure of the structure. Protection of a structure against hazards can be achieved by various means such as modifying structural rigidities, increasing structural damping, and by attaching external devices, known as control devices. Control devices can be deployed either to isolate the structure from external excitation or to absorb input seismic energy to the structure (absorber) so as to mitigate vibration in the primary structure. Seismic base isolation is one such mechanism which isolates a structure from harmful ground excitations. Seismic base isolation is a widely accepted and implemented structural control mechanism due to its robustness and ease in deployment. Following the Northridge earthquake (1994), and Kobe earthquake (1995), the interest of structural engineers in understanding near-source ground motions has enhanced. Documents published after these earthquakes emphasized the issue of large base displacements because of the use of none or little isolation damping (of viscous type only) prior to these events. More recent studies have investigated analytically and experimentally, the efficiency of various dissipative mechanisms to protect seismic isolated structures from recorded near-source long period, pulse-type, high velocity ground motions. Consequently, hybrid isolation systems, seismic base isolation supplemented with damping mechanisms, have become the focus of current research trend in structural vibration control. Hybrid base isolation system incorporating passive supplemental damping devices like, viscous fluid dampers, etc., performs satisfactorily in minimizing isolator displacement but at the same time increases superstructure acceleration response. Furthermore, the passive system can be tuned to a particular frequency range and its performance decreases for frequencies of excitation outside the tunning bandwidth. In such a scenario, active control devices in addition to base isolation mechanism provide better performance in reducing base displacement and superstructure acceleration for a broad range of excitation frequencies. Tremendous power requirement and the possibility of power failure during seismic hazards restrict the usage of active systems as a supplemental device. Semi-active devices provide the robustness of passive devices and adaptive nature of active devices. These characteristics make them better suited for structural control applications. The recent focus is on the development of magnetorheological (MR) dampers as semi-active device for structural vibration control applications. MR dampers provide hysteretic damping and can operate with battery power. The thrust of this thesis is on developing a hybrid base isolation mechanism using MR dampers as a supplemental damping device. The use of MR damper as a semi-active device involves two steps; development of a model to describe the MR damper hysteretic behaviour; development of a proper nonlinear control algorithm to monitor MR damper current / voltage supply. Existing parametric models of MR damper hysteretic behaviour, e.g., Bouc-Wen model, fail to consider the effect of amplitude and frequency of excitation on the device. Recently reported literature has demonstrated the necessity of incorporating amplitude and frequency dependence of MR damper models. The current/voltage supply as the input variable to the MR damper restricts the direct use of any control algorithms developed for active control of structures. The force predicted by the available control algorithms should be mapped to equivalent current/voltage and then to be fed into the damper. Available semi-active algorithms in the literature used ‘on-off’ or ‘bang-bang’ strategy for MR applications due to nonlinear current/voltage-force relation of MR damper. The ‘on-off’ nature of these algorithms neither provides smooth change in MR damper current/voltage input nor considers all possible current/ voltage values within its minimum to maximum range. Secondly, these algorithms fail to consider the effect of the MR damper applied and commanded current/voltage dynamics. The thrust of this dissertation is to develop semi-active control algorithms to monitor MR damper supply current/voltage. The study develops a Bouc-Wen based model to characterize the MR damper hysteretic phenomenon. Experimental results and modeling details have been documented. A fuzzy based intelligent control and two model-based nonlinear control algorithms based on optimal dynamic inversion and integral backstepping have been developed. Performance of the fuzzy logic based intelligent control has been explored using experimental investigation on a three storey base isolated building. Further the application of the proposed controllers on a benchmark building; a benchmark highway bridge and a stay cable vibration reduction have been discussed. Experimental study has revealed that the performance of optimal FLC is better than manually designed FLC in terms of reducing base displacement and storey accelerations. The performance of both the FLCs (simple FLC and genetic algorithm based optimal FLC) is better than ‘passive-off’ (zero ampere current supply) and ‘passive-on’ (one ampere current supply) condition of MR damper applications. The ‘passive-off’ results have shown higher base displacements with lower storey accelerations, whereas, the ‘passive-on’ results have reduced base displacement to the least but at the same time increased the storey acceleration too much. The FLC monitored MR damper show a compromise between the two passive conditions. Analytical results confirm these observations. Numerical simulations of the base isolated building with the two model based MR damper control algorithms developed have shown a better performance over FLC and widely used clipped optimal algorithms. The applications of the proposed semi-active control algorithms (FLC, dynamic inversion and integral backstepping) have shown better performance in comparison to that of control algorithms provided with the benchmark studies.

Σκοπός της παρούσας διπλωματικής είναι ο έλεγχος ενός ανάστροφου εκκρεμούς φορτίου πλατφόρμας-σφαίρας (cart-ball) με χρήση ασαφούς ελέγχου ο οποίος υλοποιείται σε ηλεκτρονικό υπολογιστή στο περιβάλλον προγραμματισμού National Instruments LabVIEW 2009. Το φυσικό σύστημα αποτελείται από μία μεταλλική πλατφόρμα σταθερά προσδεδεμένη σε ένα γραμμικό άξονα της εταιρίας FESTO. Για την κίνηση του άξονα χρησιμοποιείται τριφασικός ηλεκτρικός σερβοκινητήρας, επίσης της FESTO, ο έλεγχος του οποίου γίνεται με χρήση ειδικού προγραμματιζόμενου ελεγκτή της ίδιας εταιρίας. Πάνω στην μεταλλική πλατφόρμα έχει τοποθετηθεί μία αψίδα παράλληλη στη διεύθυνση κίνησης της πλατφόρμας. Πάνω στην αψίδα έχουν δημιουργηθεί δύο οδηγοί επικαλυμμένοι με σκόνη γραφίτη σε μορφή κόλλας, η οποία τους κάνει ηλεκτρικά αγώγιμους. Ο ένας από τους οδηγούς έχει τάση 10V στα άκρα του ενώ το ένα άκρο του άλλου αγωγού είναι γειωμένο. Στόχος του αυτομάτου ελέγχου είναι να ισορροπήσει πάνω στην αψίδα μία μεταλλική σφαίρα. Η μεταλλική σφαίρα βραχυκυκλώνει τους δύο αγώγιμους οδηγούς και κατ' αυτό τον τρόπο, με την αρχή του ροοστάτη, λαμβάνεται η θέση της σφαίρας. Η μέτρηση της τιμής της θέσης της σφαίρας όπως και η θέση και η ταχύτητα της πλατφόρμας, οι οποίες λαμβάνονται από τον ελεγκτή του κινητήρα, εισάγονται στον υπολογιστή, μέσω ειδικής κάρτας Εισόδου/Εξόδου (Ε/Ε) της εταιρίας National Instruments, όπου λαμβάνονται από το LabVIEW και οδηγούνται στον ασαφή ελεγκτή που υλοποιείται στο ίδιο πρόγραμμα. Η ταχύτητα της σφαίρας λαμβάνεται επίσης υπ' όψιν στον αυτόματο έλεγχο και προκύπτει στο LabVIEW από παραγώγιση της θέσης της σφαίρας. Το ασαφές σύστημα αποτελείται από πέντε συναρτήσεις συμμετοχής για τη μεταβλητή της θέσης, τρεις συναρτήσεις συμμετοχής για τη μεταβλητή της ταχύτητας και εφτά συναρτήσεις συμμετοχής για την έξοδο του ελεγκτή που εκφράζει την επιθυμητή ταχύτητα της πλατφόρμας. Ο συμπερασμός γίνεται με χρήση 22 κανόνων. Η έξοδος του ασαφούς ελεγκτή εκφράζεται με μια τιμή από -10V έως +10V. Η έξοδος από τον ασαφή ελεγκτή οδηγείται πάλι μέσω της ειδικής κάρτας Ε/Ε στον προγραμματιζόμενο ελεγκτή του κινητήρα της FESTO ο οποίος ελέγχει κατάλληλα το ρεύμα τυλίγματος του κινητήρα ώστε να επιτευχθεί η επιθυμητή ταχύτητα. Η περίοδος του ελέγχου είναι 100 ms. Τα αποτελέσματα του ελέγχου του πιο πάνω συστήματος κρίνονται γενικά ικανοποιητικά δεδομένης της ισχυρής αστάθειας που το χαρακτηρίζει. / The subject of the thesis is the automatic control of an inverted pendulum consisting of a cart and a ball. We used fuzzy control to balance the ball on top of an arch. The controller was created in LabView 2009.

Το παρόν τεύχος αποτελεί διπλωματική εργασία που αναπτύχθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Γενικής Ηλεκτροτεχνίας του Τομέα Συστημάτων και Αυτόματου Ελέγχου. Συνίσταται στην κατασκευή και λειτουργία μιας πειραματικής διάταξης αυτοματισμού στην οποία εφαρμόζονται τεχνικές ελέγχου για την πραγματοποίηση ελεγχόμενης αεροδυναμικής αιώρησης ελαφρών σωμάτων. Περιλαμβάνει εξοπλισμό όπως αναλογικές βαλβίδες πεπιεσμένου αέρα, αισθητήρες και έναν Προγραμματιζόμενo Λογικό Ελεγκτή (PLC) που ελέγχει τη λειτουργία της διάταξης. Η πειραματική διάταξη αυτοματισμού που κατασκευάστηκε είναι ένα σύστημα αιώρησης ελαφρών σωμάτων με χρήση πεπιεσμένου αέρα. Αισθητήρες θέσης προσφέρουν την δυνατότητα γνώσης κάθε χρονική στιγμή της θέσης του σώματος. Μέσω του Προγραμματιζόμενου Λογικού Ελεγκτή επιτυγχάνουμε αιώρηση του σώματος σε αυστηρά ελεγχόμενο ύψος κάνοντας χρήση διαφόρων μεθόδων ελέγχου (On-Off, PID). Τα αντικείμενα με τα οποία πειραματιστήκαμε ήταν κυρίως σφαίρες μικρής διαμέτρου(4-5cm) και βάρους μερικών γραμμαρίων. Κατά την διάρκεια εκπόνησης της διπλωματικής, έγινε προσπάθεια αιώρησης και ελέγχου επίπεδων αντικειμένων. Με το διατιθέμενο εξοπλισμό (περιορισμοί πίεσης αέρα, είδους ακροφυσίου κλπ.) κατέστη δυνατή η αιώρηση επίπεδων αντικειμένων μόνο για μικρή χρονική διάρκεια. Δοκιμάσθηκαν διάφοροι τύποι και χωρικοί συνδυασμοί ακροφυσίων για τη δημιουργία επίπεδου στρώματος “πεπιεσμένου” αέρα. Στην πράξη διαπιστώθηκε ταλαντωτική συμπεριφορά των επίπεδων αντικειμένων και ισχυρή αστάθεια του όλου συστήματος. Στο κεφάλαιο 1 παρουσιάζονται οι επικρατέστερες τεχνικές αιώρησης. Στο κεφάλαιο 2 προσεγγίζουμε θεωρητικά την αεροδυναμική αιώρηση παρουσιάζοντας τις σημαντικότερες αρχές και νόμους που περιγράφουν το φαινόμενο αυτό. Στο κεφάλαιο 3 υπάρχει μία εκτενής ανάλυση των ηλεκτροπνευματικών συστημάτων και στην συνέχεια των Προγραμματιζόμενων Λογικών Ελεγκτών (PLC) καθώς και το λογισμικό επικοινωνίας με PLC, το Step 7. Στο κεφάλαιο 4 αναλύεται ο εξοπλισμός της πειραματικής διάταξης, περιγράφονται τα πειράματα που διεξάγαμε και παρουσιάζεται και αναλύεται το πρόγραμμα που υλοποιήθηκε σε γλώσσα STL. Στο κεφάλαιο 5 συνοπτικά παρουσιάζεται το πρόγραμμα PLC Analyzer με το οποίο καταγράψαμε όλες τις πειραματικές μετρήσεις της διάταξης αιώρησης και τέλος παραθέτονται τα διαγράμματα από κάθε μία μέτρηση. / --