Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-07-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:29:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 yokoo_mji_me_jabo.pdf: 499776 bytes, checksum: 3d550dd485aed2d91aac747fee888b70 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar os fatores genéticos e ambientais que afetam as características de carcaça, área de olho de lombo (AOL), espessura de gordura subcutânea (EG), e espessura de gordura subcutânea na garupa (EGP8), quantificadas por meio do ultra-som em bovinos da raça Nelore. Além disso, verificar as possíveis associações genéticas entre as características de carcaça, e dessas com peso, circunferência escrotal, padronizados aos 120 (P120), 210 (P210), 365 (P365 e CE365), 450 (P450 e CE450) e 550 (P550 e CE550) dias de idade e altura do posterior (ALT). O banco de dados foi composto por cerca de 22.778 animais machos e fêmeas, dos quais, aproximadamente 2.590 continham medidas de características de carcaça e ALT coletadas entre os anos de 2002 e 2004, com idades entre 450 e 599 dias, provenientes de dez fazendas de seis estados brasileiros. Para o estudo dos efeitos de ambiente sobre as características de carcaça, foi utilizada a metodologia dos quadrados mínimos, empregando-se modelos fixos, considerando os efeitos de fazenda, ano (AN) e estação de nascimento, sexo, manejo alimentar, e as covariáveis idade da vaca ao parto (IVP - efeitos linear e quadrático) e idade do animal (efeitos linear e quadrático para a AOL e linear para a EG e EGP8). Os parâmetros genéticos foram estimados em análises uni, bi e tri-caracteres utilizando máxima verossimilhança restrita. Todos os fatores de ambiente afetaram significativamente as características de carcaça, com exceção do AN que não influenciou EG e EGP8 e da IVP que não afetou AOL, de forma significativa. As estimativas de herdabilidade para AOL, EG e EGP8 foram de 0,29 ± 0,07, 0,50 ± 0,09 e 0,39 ± 0,08, respectivamente. Esses resultados indicam que as características de carcaça possuem alta variabilidade genética, podendo ser incluídas em programas de melhoramento genético... / The objective of this work was to study the genetic and environmental factors that affect carcass traits, longissimus muscle area (ULMA) backfat thickness (UBF) and rump fat thickness (URF) quantified using real-time ultrasound in Nellore cattle. Besides verifying the possible genetic associations among those traits and of those with weight and scrotal circumference standardized to 102 (W120), 210 (W210), 365 (W365 and SC365), 450 (W450 and SC450), and 550 (W550 and SC550) days of age and hip height (HH) on scan date. The data set was composed close to 22,778 male and female animals, of which, approximately 2,590 contained measures of carcass traits and HH collected between 2002 and 2004, with ages between 450 and 599 days and distributed on ten farms across six Brazilian states. The Least Squares methods was used to study the effect of environment on carcass traits, using a fixed model, considering farm, year and season of birth (YB and SB), sex and type of feed, besides the covariates, age of dam (AOD - linear and quadratic effects) and age of animal at measurement (linear and quadratic effects for ULMA and linear for UBF and URF). The genetic parameters were estimated in one, two and three-traits analyses, using restricted maximum likelihood. All environmental factors significantly affected carcass traits, with the exception of YB for UBF and URF and AOD for ULMA. The heritability estimates for ULMA, UBF and URF were respectively 0.29 ± 0.07, 0.50 ± 0.09 and 0.39 ± 0.08. These estimates indicate that carcass traits have high genetic variability, might be include beef improvement programs and should respond on individual selection quickly. The genetic correlations suggest that genetic progress may be achieved without producing antagonistic effects on weight and scrotal circumference. The selection for HH would likely produce animals that are late-maturing, in terms of carcass fat deposition.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:29:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gordo_dgm_me_jabo.pdf: 391188 bytes, checksum: ef5498968a5088b2fd921ea04eb139eb (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a variabilidade genética das características de carcaça obtidas por ultrassom e de escores visuais, bem como suas associações genéticas em bovinos da raça Nelore. Foram utilizados registros de 13.285, 13.061, 12.811, 3.484, 3.484, 3.483 e 3.303 animais, para área de olho de lombo (AOL), espessura de gordura subcutânea (EG), espessura de gordura subcutânea na garupa (EGP8), estrutura (E), precocidade (P), musculosidade (M) e umbigo (U), respectivamente. Considerou-se nas análises como o efeito fixo o grupo de contemporâneos, o efeito aleatório genético aditivo direto, além das covariáveis idade da vaca ao parto (efeitos linear e quadrático) e idade do animal (efeitos linear e quadrático), dependendo da característica. Foi utilizado como âncora nas análises 46.157 observações de peso padronizado aos 120 dias (P120). As estimativas dos componentes de (co)variâncias foram obtidas pelo método da máxima verossimilhança restrita aplicando um modelo animal em análise multicaracterística. As estimativas de herdabilidade para as características AOL, EG, EGP8, E, P, M e U foram de 0,33 ± 0,028, 0,24 ± 0,024, 0,28 ± 0,027, 0,24 ± 0,039, 0,38 ± 0,054, 0,29 ± 0,048 e 0,38 ± 0,063, respectivamente. As correlações genéticas entre os escores visuais e a área de olho de lombo foram positivas e moderadas, variando de 0,37 a 0,44. Estes valores indicam que a utilização da AOL como critério de seleção poderá produzir animais com maiores escores para essas características. As correlações entre P e M com as espessuras de gordura (EG e EGP8) apresentaram resultado semelhante. Entretanto, as correlações genéticas entre as espessuras de gordura e E variaram de -0,02 a 0,12. As correlações genéticas entre umbigo e estrutura, e umbigo e as características de carcaça indicam que as mesmas não são geneticamente associadas... / The objective of this work was to study the genetic variability for carcass traits obtained by ultrasound and visual scores traits, and their genetic relationship in Nelore cattle. A total of 13,285; 13,061; 12,811; 3,484; 3,484; 3,483 and 3,303 records of longissimus muscle area (LMA), backfat thickness (BF), obtained between the 12th and 13th ribs, rump fat thickness (RF), body structure score (E), precocity score (P), muscle score (M) and navel score (U) were utilized. The model included the fixed effect of contemporary group, the age of dam at calving and age of animal as covariable (linear and quadratic effects). The direct additive genetic effect was included as random effect in the model. The (co)variance components and genetic parameters estimates were obtained by the restricted maximum likelihood method, applying an animal model in multi-trait analyses. The heritability estimates for LMA, BF, RF, E, P, M and U were 0.33 ± 0.028, 0.24 ± 0.024, 0.28 ± 0.027, 0.24 ± 0.039, 0.38 ± 0.054, 0.29 ± 0.048 and 0.38 ± 0.063, respectively. The genetic correlation estimates between LMA with visual scores were positive and moderate, varying from 0.37 to 0.44. The genetic correlation estimates between backfat and rump fat with visual scores shown the same trend. However, the genetic correlation estimates between E with BF and RF were low, -0.02 to 0.12, respectively. These results shown that applying LMA as selection criteria will increase the visual scores. The genetic correlation estimates between U and E, and between U and carcass traits pointed out a weak relationship between these traits. Selection to improved carcass traits and E would not affect the navel score. Visual scores would not replace the carcass traits as selection criteria to improve the meat and carcass quality

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-01-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:25:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_rv_dr_jabo.pdf: 622405 bytes, checksum: 675f6cc1469564dbb7aea9fff46bae14 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar os efeitos do Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), Lactobacillus buchneri (LB), Benzoato de sódio (BS) e suas associações (LPLB e LPBS) sobre a redução das perdas quantitativas e qualitativas das silagens de grãos úmidos de milho (SGUM) e o controle da população de leveduras e fungos durante a exposição aeróbia das mesmas; os efeitos sobre a digestibilidade e o desempenho de cabritos alimentados com essas silagens; assim como a utilização da ultrassonografia e medidas biométricas como método indireto na estimativa das características da carcaça. Para tanto, foram realizados dois experimentos: no experimento 1 foram utilizados silos experimentais, nos quais foram determinadas as perdas de matéria seca (MS) por gases (PG), a recuperação de MS, teores de MS, nitrogênio amoniacal, valores de pH ocorrido durante a fermentação e estabilidade aeróbia (EA), assim como contagem de fungos e leveduras durante a EA das silagens. Na avaliação do processo fermentativo, utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), em arranjo fatorial 6 X 6 (6 silagens e 6 tempos) e na fase de exposição aeróbia utilizou-se um DIC em parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas representadas pelas silagens experimentais e as sub-parcelas pelos tempos de exposição (0, 4, 8 e 12 dias). O experimento 2 consistiu de dois ensaios de digestibilidade e um de desempenho utilizando-se 24 cabritos (16 ¾ Boer e ¼ Saanen e 8 Saanen puros) machos, castrados e confinados por 84 dias. Foram determinadas as medidas biométricas, condição corporal e as mensurações através do ultrassom no animal vivo, assim como as medidas da carcaça após o abate e resfriamento por 24 h. Utilizou-se o DIC em parcelas subdivididas, tendo na parcela um fatorial 4 X 2 (4 rações e 2 grupos genéticos) e na subparcela os ensaios. As rações foram compostas por feno de Tifton... / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), Lactobacillus buchneri (LB), Sodium benzoate (SB) and their associations (LPLB and LPBS) on the reduction of quantitative and qualitative losses of high moisture corn silages (HMCS) and the control of yeast and fungi populations during fermentation and aerobic exposition of the same, the effects on digestibility and performance of goats fed with these silages, as well as the use of ultrasound and biometric measures as indirect method to estimate the carcass characteristics. For this, two experiments were conducted: in the first experiment were used experimental silos, in which were determined the losses of dry matter for gases (GL), the recovery of dry matter (DM), levels of DM, ammonia nitrogen, pH values occurred during fermentation and aerobic stability (AS), as well as fungi and yeast counts during the AS of the silage. In evaluating of the fermentation process, was used the completely randomized design (CRD) in a factorial arrangement 6 X 6 (6 silages and 6 times) and in the aerobic exposition phase was used a split-plot in CRD, and the plots were represented by experimental silages and the sub-plots by time of exposition (0, 4, 8 and 12 days). The second experiment consisted of two digestibility trials and one about performance of 24 goats (16 ¾ Boer and ¼ Saanen and 8 Saanen blood pure) males, castrated and feedlot for 84 days. Biometric and ultrasound measures in the living animal were determined, as well as carcass measures after slaughtered and chilling for 24 hours. The CRD was used in split-plot arrangement, using in the plots a factorial 4 x 2 arrangement (4 rations and 2 genetic groups) and the sub-plots the trials. The rations were composed by Tifton 85 hay (53.3%), soybean meal (12.15%), urea (0.25%) and mineral mixture (2%), being added... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-12-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:45:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 meirelles_sl_dr_jabo_prot.pdf: 325686 bytes, checksum: 5b1303e4e98a3092a0fa9f1e186529b9 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) / A espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) e a área de olho de lombo (AOL) são características importantes ligadas à eficiência de produção e à qualidade da carne bovina. Para considerá-las em um programa de avaliação genética e/ou de seleção assistida por marcadores, é necessário quantificar sua variação genética aditiva e validar marcadores moleculares associados a elas. Desta forma, o objetivo neste trabalho foi contribuir para o melhoramento genético da raça Canchim por meio do estudo das características de carcaça EGS e AOL e de peso, obtidas em média aos 18 meses de idade, com abordagens quantitativas e moleculares. Dados de 987 animais da raça Canchim (5/8 Charolês + 3/8 zebu) e MA (filhos de touros Charolês e vacas 1/2 Canchim + 1/2 zebu), machos e fêmeas criados em pastagens, nascidos entre 2003 e 2005, foram analisados pelo método dos quadrados mínimos, cujo modelo estatístico incluiu os efeitos de ano de nascimento, rebanho, sexo, grupo genético e idade à medição (covariável). Foram feitas análises uni e bicaracterísticas utilizando-se um modelo animal que incluiu, além de efeitos fixos, os efeitos aleatórios genético aditivo direto e residual, por meio do método da máxima verossimilhança restrita, para estimar as herdabilidades e as correlações genéticas entre as características. Foram realizadas análises para verificar efeitos de cinco marcadores moleculares (BMS490 e ETH10 do cromossomo 5, INRA133 e ILSTS090 do cromossomo 6 e BMS2142 do cromossomo 19) sobre as características EGS e AOL, com modelo estatístico igual ao anterior mais o efeito do genótipo para o marcador... / Carcass traits like back fat thickness (BFT) and rib eye area (REA) are important to determine production efficiency and beef quality. To consider them as selection criteria in genetic evaluation and marker assisted selection programs, it is necessary to quantify their additive genetic variation and to evaluate the existence of genetic markers associated to them. The objective in this work was to contribute to the Canchim breeding program through the study of BFT, REA and body weight (BW), using quantitative and molecular informations. Data on 987 eighteen months old Canchim (5/8 Charolais + 3/8 zebu) and MA (offspring of Charolais bulls and 1/2 Canchim + 1/2 Zebu cows) bulls and heifers, grown on pasture, born from 2003 to 2005, were analyzed by the least squares method, with a model that included the fixed effects of year of birth, herd, sex, genetic group and age (covariate). One and two-trait analyses with a model that included fixed effects and the additive direct and residual random effects, by the restricted maximum likelihood method, were undertaken to estimate heritabilities and genetic correlations among the traits. Statistical analyses to verify the effect of five genetic markers (BMS490 and ETH10 in chromosome 5, INRA133 and ILSTS090 in chromosome 6 and BMS2142 in chromosome 19) on BFT and REA were also realized with a similar model, but including the genotype of a marker as a fixed effect. All effects included in the model for the analyses of variance significantly affected all traits studied, with the exception of year of birth for REA and of sex for BFT. In general, bulls... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar Características de carcaça por ultra-sonografia de 48 animais confinados (24 Brangus e 24 Nelore), com sistema de controle de consumo individual através de portões eletrônicos(Calan Gates), recebendo diferentes níveis de energia na ração (20, 40, 60 e 80%). Foi utilizado um equipamento de ultra-som Piemedical Scanner 200 Vet, com transdutor linear de 18 cm e 3,5 MHz, a cada intervalo de aproximadamente 28 dias, para obter a área de olho de lombo (AOLU), espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGSU) entre a 12ª e a 13ª costelas e a espessura de gordura na picanha (EGPU), sob o terço superior do músculo Bíceps femuris. Após 142 dias de confinamento os animais foram abatidos e obteve-se o peso de carcaça quente (PCQ) e o rendimento de carcaça (RC). Após 24 horas de resfriamento, as carcaças foram cortadas entre a 12ª e a 13ª costelas e obtidas a área de olho de lombo (AOLC) e a espessura de gordura (EGSC) na carcaça. As correlações entre as medidas por ultra-som e na carcaça foram de 0,83 entre AOLU e AOLC e 0,86 entre EGSU e EGSC. Os animais Brangus apresentaram melhores respostas ao tratamento com 60% de concentrado, enquanto que os animais Nelore responderam melhor ao tratamento 40%. Equações de regressão utilizando o peso vivo (PV), AOLU, EGSU e EGPU explicaram 71% da variação do PCQ quando a medida foi realizada no início do experimento e cerca de 97% quando realizada imediatamente antes do abate, nos animais Brangus. Nos animais Nelore as equações explicaram cerca de 50% na medida realizada no início do trabalho e 96% na medida antes do abate. As equações para estimar o RC utilizando as mesmas características explicaram cerca de 28% da variação quando a medida foi realizada 142 dias antes do abate e 25%imediatamente antes do abate, nos animais Brangus. Nos animais Nelore, as equações explicaram cerca de 15% e 21% quando realizadas no início do experimento ou 142 dias depois, respectivamente. A estimativa da espessura de gordura subcutânea ao abate através do PV, AOLU, EGSU e EGPU explicaram cerca de 20% quando utilizados os dados obtidos no início do trabalho até 73% quando os dados utilizados foram os obtidos imediatamente antes do abate. As medidas de ultra-som apresentaram boa acurácia e podem ser utilizadas para estimar diferenças entre grupos de animais, mas as equações para estimar RC e ponto ideal de abate necessitam maiores estudos. / The objective of this experiment was to evaluate trough ultrasonography the carcass characteristics of 48 young bulls (24 Brangus and 24 Nellore), fed diets with four energy levels(20, 40, 60 and 80% of concentrate) in pens with Calan gates. The Piemedical Scanner 200 ultrasound with a linear transductor of 18 cm and 3,5 MHz was utilized, and the measurements taken at 28 days intervals of the rib eye area (AOLU) and subcutaneous fat thickness (EGSU) between the 12 th and 13 th ribs and also over the Biceps femoris muscle (EGPU). After 142 days on feed all the animals were slaughtered and the hot carcass weight (PCQ) was taken and the carcass dressing percentage (RC) calculated. After 24 hours of chilling the carcasses were separated between the 12 th and 13 th ribs and the rib eye area (AOLC) and fat thickness (EGSC) measured directly. The correlations between ultra-sound and carcass measurements were 0,83 for AOLU and AOLC and 0.86 for EGSU and EGSC. The Brangus bulls showed better performance with 60% concentrate diets and the Nellore with 40% concentrate diets. Regression equations using live weight (PV), AOLU, EGSU and EGPU explained 71% of the variation in the PCQ when measured 142 days before slaughter and 97% immediately before slaughter for the Brangus bulls. For the Nellore bulls the equations explained 50% in the first measurement and 96% the day before slaughter. The equations to estimate RC using the same ultrasound measurements explained 50 and 96% and 15 and 21% of the variation when taken 142 days before or in the day before slaughter for the Brangus and Nellore, respectively. To estimate a determined endpoint the PV, AOLU, EGSU and EGPU explained 20% of the variation when the data was taken in the beginning of the feeding period and increased up to 73 when the data were taken just before slaughter. The ultrasound measurements showed good accuracy and could be used to estimate differences among cattle groups, but equations to estimate RC and determined endpoint need further studies.

[pt] A imobilidade na postura sentada reclinada e as limitações no espaço da poltrona de viagens aéreas longas, somadas aos efeitos da pressão do peso do corpo sobre os tecidos levam o passageiro a uma acomodação na busca de conforto. Os constrangimentos músculo-esqueléticos conseqüentes podem provocar dores e desconforto nos usuários. Para estudar as causas dos constrangimentos foram vistos os dados sobre a postura humana, com ênfase na região sacro-lombar, assim como indicações de ergonomistas sobre cadeiras e as prioridades da aviação comercial. Os métodos usados na observação foram a revisão bibliográfica em autores de ergonomia, anatomia, cinesiologia. A assessoria de informante qualificado em interiores de aviões juntou-se à consulta a revistas especializadas na área da aviação comercial. Os resultados obtidos através da análise dos dados do questionário (n=115) confirmam o desconforto sentido pelos passageiros de viagens aéreas longas em regiões como pescoço (64,3 por cento), lombo-sacra (48,7 por cento) e pés (59,1 por cento). Inadequações como a largura do assento (58,3 por cento), o espaço para as pernas (50,4 por cento), o apoio do pescoço (47,8 por cento), e o apoio lombar (37,4 por cento) foram apontadas por estes usuários. As conclusões confirmam a hipótese O espaço limitado das poltronas aéreas e as conseqüentes posições assumidas pelos passageiros durante viagens aéreas longas acarretam constrangimentos posturais músculo-esqueléticos, e trazem como conseqüência desconforto e dores no pescoço, região lombar e pés, dormência e dores irradiadas nos usuários. As recomendações foram em relação à ergonomia da postura sentada para o apoio lombar, assento e posições de membros inferiores. Desdobramentos sugeridos foram a observação de passageiros durante a viagem, estudos sobre o sistema circulatório dos membros inferiores, constrangimentos posturais na região cervical e posterior da pelve. / [en] The lack of mobility in reclined sitting posture, the space limitations in seats in long distance flights along with the relief of pressure lead the passenger to scoop his hip forwards or to twist it. Consequent muscular and skeletal postural constraints may cause discomfort and pain on users. Searching for the reasons of constraints, human posture studies, ergonomics recommendations on chairs and aicraft priorities were seen. The study methods employed were a literature review on Ergonomics, Anatomies and Kinesiologists, aircraft interiors qualified informant and aircraft interiors specialized revues. A questionnaire was submitted to long flight passengers to search for body discomfort and inadequacies on seats. Data analysis (n=115) showed discomfort on neck region (63,3 percent), feet (59,1 percent) and low back (48,7 percent). Inadequacies on seats design such as width (58,3 percent), room for legs (50,4 percent), neck support (47,8 percent) and lumbar support (37,4 percent) were pointed by passengers. The hypothesis Lack of room in aircraft seats and the positions assumed during long distance flights cause postural constraints that lead to discomfort and pain on neck, low back and feet, numbness and irradiation on users was confirmed. Recommendations on lumbar support possibilities, height of seat and lower limbs positions were made. Suggestions like further observation of flying passengers, circulatory system and postural constraints on cervical and pelvic region were proposed.

De multiples études ont rapporté une prévalence augmentée de spondylolyse et de spondylolisthésis chez certains groupes d’athlètes, en particulier les gymnastes, pouvant atteindre jusqu’à 40 à 50%. À cela s’ajoute le fait que plusieurs études récentes ont démontré une association entre le spondylolisthésis et une morphologie et orientation sacro-pelviennes déviante de la normale. La morphologie et l’orientation sacro-pelviennes chez les gymnastes ainsi que leur relation avec le spondylolisthésis n’ont jamais été analysées. L’objectif de cette étude était donc d’évaluer la prévalence du spondylolithésis au sein d’une cohorte de gymnastes ainsi que les caractéristiques démographiques et paramètres de morphologie et orientation sacro-pelviennes associés. Afin d’atteindre cet objectif, une évaluation des caractéristiques démographiques et des paramètres radiologiques d’une cohorte de 92 jeunes gymnastes a été menée. Les deux études présentées ont démontré une prévalence de spondylolisthésis chez les jeunes gymnastes de 6.5%, similaire à celle retrouvée dans la population générale. Le nombre d’heures d’entraînement hebdomadaire a été le seul facteur statistiquement différents entre les gymnastes avec et ceux sans spondylolisthésis. Nos résultats ont aussi démontré que les gymnastes atteints d’un spondylolisthésis présentent une morphologie et une orientation sacro-pelviennes sagittales différentes, en terme d’incidence pelvienne (p = 0.02) et d’angle de table sacrée (p = 0.036), de celles des gymnastes sans spondylolisthésis. Nos observations supportent donc l’importance du rôle de la morphologie et de l’orientation sacro-pelviennes dans le développement du spondylolisthésis. / Multiple studies have reported an increased prevalence of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in certain groups of athletes, including gymnasts, where it can reach as high as 40 to 50%. Numerous studies have shown that sagittal sacro-pelvic morphology and orientation is different in spondylolisthesis. Sacro-pelvic morphology and orientation in gymnasts and their relationship with spondylolisthesis have never been analyzed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of spondylolisthesis in a cohort of gymnasts, as well as the associated demographic characteristics and sacro-pelvic morphology and orientation. In order to achieve our goal, an evaluation of different demographic characteristics and radiological parameters was performed on a cohort of 92 young gymnasts. A 6.5 % prevalence of spondylolisthesis was found. The weekly training schedule was the only statistically significant different demographic characteristic between the two groups, with and without spondylolisthesis. Our results have also shown that sagittal sacro-pelvic morphology and orientation, in terms of pelvic incidence (p = 0.02) and sacral table angle (p = 0.036), is different between gymnasts with and without spondylolisthesis. In conclusion, our observations support the importance of sacro-pelvic morphology and orientation in spondylolisthesis.

De multiples études ont rapporté une prévalence augmentée de spondylolyse et de spondylolisthésis chez certains groupes d’athlètes, en particulier les gymnastes, pouvant atteindre jusqu’à 40 à 50%. À cela s’ajoute le fait que plusieurs études récentes ont démontré une association entre le spondylolisthésis et une morphologie et orientation sacro-pelviennes déviante de la normale. La morphologie et l’orientation sacro-pelviennes chez les gymnastes ainsi que leur relation avec le spondylolisthésis n’ont jamais été analysées. L’objectif de cette étude était donc d’évaluer la prévalence du spondylolithésis au sein d’une cohorte de gymnastes ainsi que les caractéristiques démographiques et paramètres de morphologie et orientation sacro-pelviennes associés. Afin d’atteindre cet objectif, une évaluation des caractéristiques démographiques et des paramètres radiologiques d’une cohorte de 92 jeunes gymnastes a été menée. Les deux études présentées ont démontré une prévalence de spondylolisthésis chez les jeunes gymnastes de 6.5%, similaire à celle retrouvée dans la population générale. Le nombre d’heures d’entraînement hebdomadaire a été le seul facteur statistiquement différents entre les gymnastes avec et ceux sans spondylolisthésis. Nos résultats ont aussi démontré que les gymnastes atteints d’un spondylolisthésis présentent une morphologie et une orientation sacro-pelviennes sagittales différentes, en terme d’incidence pelvienne (p = 0.02) et d’angle de table sacrée (p = 0.036), de celles des gymnastes sans spondylolisthésis. Nos observations supportent donc l’importance du rôle de la morphologie et de l’orientation sacro-pelviennes dans le développement du spondylolisthésis. / Multiple studies have reported an increased prevalence of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in certain groups of athletes, including gymnasts, where it can reach as high as 40 to 50%. Numerous studies have shown that sagittal sacro-pelvic morphology and orientation is different in spondylolisthesis. Sacro-pelvic morphology and orientation in gymnasts and their relationship with spondylolisthesis have never been analyzed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of spondylolisthesis in a cohort of gymnasts, as well as the associated demographic characteristics and sacro-pelvic morphology and orientation. In order to achieve our goal, an evaluation of different demographic characteristics and radiological parameters was performed on a cohort of 92 young gymnasts. A 6.5 % prevalence of spondylolisthesis was found. The weekly training schedule was the only statistically significant different demographic characteristic between the two groups, with and without spondylolisthesis. Our results have also shown that sagittal sacro-pelvic morphology and orientation, in terms of pelvic incidence (p = 0.02) and sacral table angle (p = 0.036), is different between gymnasts with and without spondylolisthesis. In conclusion, our observations support the importance of sacro-pelvic morphology and orientation in spondylolisthesis.

La grossesse est une période importante dans la vie d’une femme. Celle-ci va subir différents changements (hormonaux et cliniques) et différentes adaptations (neuromécaniques) qui peuvent contribuer au développement de douleurs dans les régions lombaire et pelvienne, aussi appelées douleurs lombo-pelviennes. Cette thèse vise à déterminer quelle est la contribution des facteurs hormonaux, neuromécaniques et cliniques qui contribuent au développement et à l'évolution des douleurs lombo-pelviennes chez la femme enceinte pour éventuellement déterminer quelles sont les approches à adopter en matière de prise en charge de ces douleurs. À l’aide de quatre études (revue intégrative de la littérature, revue narrative, étude de cohorte et étude de faisabilité contrôlée et randomisée), cette thèse a permis de comparer la littérature actuelle avec de nouvelles études et de mettre en lumière les manques encore présents en lien avec ce sujet. La revue intégrative de la littérature a permis de constater que la relaxine (l’hormone la plus étudiée en comparaison à l’oestrogène et la progestérone) ne semble pas être associée au développement ni à l’évolution des douleurs lombo-pelviennes chez les femmes enceintes. La revue narrative présente les changements hormonaux et biomécaniques ainsi que les adaptations neuromusculaires liées à la grossesse qui pourraient jouer un rôle dans le développement des douleurs lombo-pelviennes pendant la grossesse. L’étude de cohorte a montré une augmentation de l'intensité des douleurs lombo-pelviennes et de l'incapacité physique, une augmentation du risque de mauvais pronostic pour la douleur ainsi qu’une diminution du catastrophisme lié à la douleur au fil de la grossesse. Les résultats ont aussi montré une corrélation entre l'incapacité physique et les niveaux d'oestrogènes (premier-deuxième trimestre), ainsi qu'une corrélation entre les niveaux d'oestrogènes et l'intensité de la douleur diurne (deuxième-troisième trimestre). L’étude de faisabilité contrôlée et randomisée a été réalisée auprès de 32 femmes enceintes recrutées sur une période de 14 mois. Parmi elles, 26 (11 dans le groupe d'intervention et 15 dans le groupe contrôle) ont participé à la visite post-intervention (taux de rétention de 81,3 %). Le taux d'observance était similaire pour les séances d'exercices supervisées et non supervisées, bien que l'acceptabilité fût meilleure pour les séances supervisées par rapport aux séances non supervisées. À la rencontre pré-intervention, les caractéristiques des participantes étaient similaires entre les deux groupes, sauf pour le niveau d'éducation (plus élevé dans le groupe contrôle). Les résultats préliminaires n'ont montré aucune différence significative dans la fréquence, l'intensité et l'incapacité physique associées aux DLP entre les groupes, bien que des tendances prometteuses aient été observées. Cette thèse examine les changements hormonaux, cliniques, biomécaniques et les adaptations neuromusculaires chez les femmes enceintes souffrant de douleurs lombo-pelviennes. Les résultats montrent qu’un programme d'exercices de contrôle moteur est sûr et faisable avec quelques ajustements, mais que la stabilité de la région lombo-pelvienne demeure complexe et incertaine en raison des variations hormonales et des adaptations neuromécaniques pendant la grossesse. Bien que l'efficacité de l'intervention n'ait pas été statistiquement démontrée, nos résultats ont montré la faisabilité d’une éventuelle étude contrôlée et randomisée à plus grande échelle. Cette thèse identifie également des aspects à considérer pour les futures études visant à améliorer la prise en charge des femmes enceintes souffrant de douleurs lombo-pelviennes pendant la grossesse. / Pregnancy is an important period in a woman's life. Pregnant women will undergo different changes (hormonal and clinical) and adaptations (neuromechanical) that can contribute to the development of pain in the lumbar and pelvic region, also known as lumbopelvic pain. This thesis aims to determine the contribution of hormonal, neuromechanical, and clinical factors that contribute to the development and evolution of lumbopelvic pain in pregnant women, to eventually determine which approaches should be adopted in terms of managing these pains. Through four studies (an integrative literature review, a narrative review, a cohort study, and a controlled and randomized feasibility study), it was possible to compare current literature with new studies and highlight the gaps still present in this field. The integrative literature review showed that relaxin (the hormone most studied in comparison to estrogen and progesterone) does not seem to be associated with the development or evolution of lumbopelvic pain in pregnant women. The narrative review presents the hormonal and biomechanical changes as well as the neuromuscular adaptations related to pregnancy that could play a role in the development of lumbopelvic pain during pregnancy. The cohort study showed an increase in the intensity of lumbopelvic pain and disability, an increase in the risk of poor prognosis for pain, as well as a decrease in pain catastrophizing over the course of pregnancy. The results also showed a correlation between disability and estrogen levels (first second trimester), as well as a correlation between estrogen levels and the diurnal lumbopelvic pain intensity (second third trimester). The controlled and randomized feasibility study was conducted on 32 pregnant women recruited over a period of 14 months. Among them, 26 (11 in the intervention group and 15 in the control group) participated in the post-intervention visit (retention rate of 81.3%). Adherence rates were similar for supervised and unsupervised exercise sessions, although acceptability was better for supervised sessions compared to unsupervised sessions. At the pre-intervention meeting, participant characteristics were similar between the two groups, except for education level (higher in the control group). Preliminary results showed no significant differences in frequency, intensity, and disability associated with lumbopelvic pain between the groups, although promising trends were observed. This thesis examines hormonal, clinical, biomechanical changes and neuromuscular adaptations in pregnant women with lumbopelvic pain. The results show that a motor control exercise program is safe and feasible with some adjustments, but the stability of the lumbo-pelvic region remains complex and uncertain due to hormonal variations and neuromechanical adaptations during pregnancy. Although the effectiveness of the intervention has not been statistically proven, results suggest that its efficacy could potentially be demonstrated through a larger randomized controlled trial. This thesis also identifies aspects to consider for future studies aimed at improving the management of pregnant women with lumbopelvic pain during pregnancy.

Introduction : L’évaluation clinique du contrôle neuromusculaire des muscles du tronc est criante en réhabilitation et en entraînement. L’objectif principal de cette étude a été d’évaluer la reproductibilité intra et inter-évaluateur d’un test clinique le soulèvement actif de la jambe tendue (SAJT) chez une population active et saine. Méthode : Chaque sujet (18 joueurs de tennis) a été testé à deux reprises par 2 physiothérapeutes avec le SAJT. Résultats : La reproductibilité intra-évaluateur s’est avérée élevée à très élevée (ICC = 0.81 à 0.93) tandis la reproductibilité inter-évaluateur s’est avérée cliniquement non viable. Conclusion : À notre connaissance, le SAJT est le premier test clinique reproductible évaluant le contrôle neuromusculaire du tronc avec des compensations musculaires et cinétiques chez des sujets actifs et sains. Une formation plus importante des évaluateurs aurait certainement amélioré la reproductibilité inter-évaluateur. / Introduction: The clinical assessment of the trunk muscles neuromuscular control is lacking in rehabilitation and in conditioning. The main goal of this study was to assess the intra and inter-rater reliability of a clinical test, the active straight leg raise (ASLR), on an active and healthy population. Method: Each subject (18 tennis players) was tested twice by 2 physiotherapists with the ASLR. Results: The intra-rater reliability turned out to be high to very high (ICC = 0.81 à 0.93) while the inter-rater reliability came out clinically unsustainable. Conclusion: To our knowledge, the ASLR is the first reliable clinical test to assess the core neuromuscular control based on muscular and kinetic compensation observations with active and healthy subjects. A more exhaustive training of the assessors would definitely improve the inter-rater reliability.