Many studies have found an increase in the percentage of workers working 50 or more weekly hours in the second half of the 20thcentury; however, few studies extend this analysis into the 21stcentury, and few have analyzed these patterns for women in depth. This paper provides an analysis of long work hours for men and women from 1979 to 2017. I investigate how workers who differ in education level, presence and age of children, salary type, and occupation gender-mix classification (for managerial/professional occupations), differ in their likelihood to work long hours. Using a linear probability model, I determine that those most likely to overwork include highly educated men and women, men with children, women without children, salaried workers, and workers in historically male-dominated managerial/professional occupations. Finally, using a Oaxaca decomposition, I find that changes in observable characteristics can account for between 52.28% and 72.62% of the 2 percentage point decrease in long work hours seen for men between the 2000-2002 time period and the 2015-2017 time period.

Caminhar na cidade Experiência e representação nos caminhares de Richard Long e Francis Alÿs; Depoimentos de uma pesquisa poética é constituído de reflexões e depoimentos sobre a poética do caminhar na cidade hoje. Parte-se de um entendimento do caminhar como uma prática artística, tal como se desenvolveu no decorrer do século XX no campo das artes visuais. Procura-se compreender as práticas de artistas-caminhantes contemporâneos, suas formas de inscrição e intervenção no espaço urbano, com foco nas dimensões da experiência e da representação. Apresentam-se: 1) o campo poético do artista inglês Richard Long, artista-caminhante em paisagens naturais remotas, abordando especialmente a relação entre a obra e o lugar; 2) o campo poético do artista belga Francis Alÿs, artista-caminhante urbano, com um aprofundamento sobre a especificidade da inscrição artística no contexto urbano e o processo de criação das situações metafóricas e proliferação das fábulas no imaginário urbano. 3) depoimentos da pesquisa poética da própria autora, suas experiências na cidade como artista-caminhante. A partir destas três práticas artísticas, concluem¬-se quais os procedimentos utilizados por artistas-caminhantes. / Walking in the City Experience and representation on Richard Long and Francis Alÿs walking-works; a poetic research testimony consists on reflections and testimonies on city walking poetics today. Arising from an understanding of walking as an artistic practice, as it was developed in the course of the 20th century in the field of visual arts. There is a search for an understanding of contemporary artists-walkers practices, their forms of inscription and intervention on the urban spaces, deepening the experience and representation aspects. Presenting: 1) the poetic field of the English artist Richard Long, walker in remote natural landscapes, tackling the relation between work and place; 2) the poetic field of the Belgian artist Francis Alÿs, urban walker, with a focus on the artistic inscription on the urban space specificity, and the creative process of metaphoric situation and the proliferation of fables in the urban imaginary; 3) the authors own poetic research testimonies, her city experiences as an artist-walker. Based on these three artistic practices, the artistic procedures taken by the contemporary artists walkers shall be concluded.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第16391号 / 工博第3472号 / 新制||工||1525(附属図書館) / 29022 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査)教授 中島 正愛, 教授 河井 宏允, 教授 竹脇 出 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Growth in the elderly population and restraint in the health sector have led to decision makers placing an increasing priority on home care services. In Canada, there are three models of home care: a preventive and maintenance model which is designed to reduce the rate of deterioration for persons with relatively low level care needs; an acute care substitution model where home care substitutes for hospital care; and a long term care substitution model which uses home care as a substitute for facility care. This study focuses on the long term care substitution model. The research question is: In the British Columbia continuing care sector, is home care for the elderly a cost-effective alternative for government funders to care in long term care facilities, by level of care? To answer this question, data were obtained on three cohorts of clients for one year prior to initial assessment and three years post-assessment. The cohorts were new admissions to the British Columbia continuing care system in the 1987/88, 1990/91 and 1993/94 fiscal years. Costs to government for home care services, residential services, pharmaceuticals, fee-for-service physician services and hospital services were analyzed. The central finding of this study was that, on average, the overall health care costs to government for clients in home care are about one half to three quarters of the costs for clients in facility care, by level of care. A related finding was that costs differ by the type of client. The lowest home care costs were for individuals who were stable in their type and level of care. For clients who died the costs for home care were higher, compared to clients in long term care facilities. It was also found that some one half of the overall health care costs for home care clients were attributable to their use of acute care hospital services and that a significant portion of the health costs for home care clients occur at transition points, that is, when there is a change in the client's type, and/or level, of care. These findings are compared to the American literature which indicates that home care is not a cost-effective substitute for residential care. Possible reasons for the differences in findings are discussed. The study concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings for a series of potential, future, policy agendas regarding: the organization and management of continuing care services; legislation and administrative policy; service delivery; resource allocation; information systems; and research. / Graduate

Choisir une source de nourriture adaptée à ses besoins est d'une importance vitale. Cette sélection est basée sur des indices sensoriels mais la valeur nutritive réelle des aliments consommés ne peut être évaluée qu'après son ingestion par les senseurs métaboliques internes. Se rappeler cette valeur requiert un type particulier de mémoire associative car les indices sensoriels présents durant la sélection et la consommation de la nourriture doivent être associés à une information métabolique disponible après un délai. Les mécanismes de ce type d'association restent à décrire. La drosophile représente un modèle de choix pour ce type d'étude car les outils génétiques disponibles permettent la manipulation de l'expression génique et de l'activité neurale avec une grande précision. Associer une odeur avec un sucre chez des drosophiles à jeun induit la formation de mémoire associative à court terme (MCT) qui perdure quelques heures. Si le sucre est énergétique, on observe la formation d'une mémoire associative à long terme (MLT) perdurant plusieurs jours. Nous avons entrepris d'identifier spécifiquement les mécanismes de formation de la MLT appétitive.Nous avons pu démontrer que la formation de la MLT se fait en deux étapes : premièrement une association goût/odeur est formée, puis un rétrocontrôle métabolique intervient de façon différée pour consolider à long terme cette association si l'ingestion est suivie dans les premières heures d'un apport énergétique. Bien que la signalisation AMPc/PKA soit centrale pour les formations de la MCT et de la MLT, cette dernière requiert des réseaux neuronaux différents et fait appel à des acteurs moléculaires de la voie spécifiques. / Food selection according to energetic requirement is crucial. This selection is based on sensory cues, but true nutritious content is evaluated by a post-ingestion mechanism. Remembering this value requires to associate sensory cues available during food selection and consumption with metabolic information available only after a long delay that can exceed one hour. Mechanisms of such associations are poorly known.Drosophila represents a good model for this type of study since available genetic tools allow a fine control of genetic expression and neuronal activity. Association between an odor and sugar in starved flies induces short-term memory formation (STM) lasting for a couple of hours when the sugar is not energetic but induces the formation of long-term memory (LTM) lasting for days when it is energetic. We have tried to identify specific mechanisms of appetitive LTM formation.We showed that LTM formation is a two-step process: first, an odor/taste association is made. Then a delayed metabolic feedback acts in order to consolidate this association into LTM if sugar ingestion is followed by energetic supply within the three first hours. Although cAMP/PKA-signaling pathway is a central process for both STM and LTM formation, the last one involves different neural networks and needs specific molecular actors.

Les progrès thérapeutiques réguliers ont transformé le pronostic des enfants atteints de leucémie aiguë, posant avec une grande acuité le problème des effets secondaires tardifs, de l'insertion sociale mais aussi de la qualité de vie des patients et de leur entourage, ainsi que des déterminants mis en jeu. L'ensemble des acteurs du système de soins ont la responsabilité de l'étude de ces effets secondaires tardifs et de leur prise en compte. En 2004, le projet LEA (Leucémie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent) a débuté avec pour objectif d'évaluer l'état de santé et la qualité de vie à moyen et long terme de patients traités pour une leucémie aiguë de l'enfance après 1980. La volonté était de mettre en oeuvre un système pouvant produire de la connaissance dans une démarche de recherche traditionnelle, mais aussi de s'inscrire rapidement dans une démarche pragmatique de production d'informations susceptibles de modifier les pratiques de prise en charge et de suivi. L'objectif général de ce travail cherche à démontrer l'utilité de dispositifs lourds comme la mise en oeuvre d'une cohorte, dans la double logique de fournir une information d'une part directement utile à la décision clinique, et d'autre part susceptible d'éclairer la décision publique. Les travaux scientifiques s'articulent autour de : 1. La visibilité de la cohorte LEA au regard des autres dispositifs existants au niveau international ; 2. Les conséquences à distance des traitements lourds reçus par les patients ; 3. La qualité de vie de l'entourage à distance de l'épisode aigu de la maladie ; 4. L'utilité d'un suivi systématisé dans la diminution des inégalités d'accès au système de santé entre les classes sociales. / Regular advances in cancer treatment have dramatically improved the prognosis of children with acute leukemia, raising with a great acuity the problem of the late physical side effects, social integration, quality of life of the patients and their family as well as identification of the determinants of these outcomes. It is the responsibility of all the care system actors to consider these objective and subjective late effects. The LEA project (Leucémie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent - childhood and adolescent leukemia) was initiated in 2004 with the aim of studying the long-term health status and quality of life of children treated for leukemia after January 1980. As soon as the project began, the aim was to implement a system that can produce knowledge in a traditional research approach, but also to rapidly become a pragmatic approach of producing information that could affect both care and monitoring practices. The general objective of this manuscript seeks to demonstrate the utility of heavy plan such as the implementation of a cohort, in the double approach of providing information on the one hand directly relevant to clinical decision, and on the other hand likely to enlighten public decision. The present scientific works are based on: 1. The visibility of LEA in relation to other cohorts of childhood cancer survivors existing internationally; 2. The long-term impact of the heavy modalities of treatment, as the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or irradiation; 3. The quality of life of the family long after the completion of cancer therapy; 4. The usefulness of a systematic follow-up in reducing inequalities in access to health care among social classes.

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is an important component of the mesolimbic dopamine circuit and processes reward and motivational behaviors. In response to drug exposure, synaptic connections of this circuit can be rewired via synaptic plasticity—a phenomenon thought be responsible for the pathology of addiction. While much is known about dopamine neuron plasticity, less is known regarding plasticity exhibited by VTA GABA cells, specifically inhibitory inputs from outside the VTA. Expanding on the work of Bocklisch et al. (2013), we investigated the plasticity of inhibitory inputs to VTA GABA neurons. Using whole cell electrophysiology in GAD67 GFP mice, we observed that these VTA GABA cells can experience either long-term potentiation (LTP) or long-term depression (LTD) in response to a 5 Hz stimulus. While neither the LTP nor LTD appear to be mediated by the cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1), the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) pathway, or the dopamine-2 (D2) receptor, the LTP is blocked by APV, an NMDA receptor antagonist, and the LTD is blocked by CGP 54626, an antagonist of the GABAB receptor. Additionally, µ-opioid and adenosine-1 receptors modulated plasticity at this synapse, but chronic morphine administration (10mg/kg) did not block the observed LTP or LTD. Furthermore, we used an optogenetic approach in VGAT-Cre mice to target inhibitory inputs from the lateral hypothalamus (LH) to the VTA. An optical stimulus (5 Hz) caused these inputs to depress, which has not been previously described and may be behaviorally important in reward processing. These novel findings increase our understanding of VTA neural circuitry, ultimately increasing our capacity to better comprehend and treat the pathology of addiction. Additionally, changes in synaptic strength in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells are thought to be responsible for the acquisition and retention of short-term memory. Feedforward stratum radiatum interneurons of many subtypes experience LTD, short-term depression (STD), or lack of plasticity, but it is not known whether plasticity correlates with specific interneuron subtypes. Using whole cell electrophysiology and qPCR, we characterized the plasticity expressed by hippocampal interneurons in correlation with their mRNA expression patterns to determine cell subtype. We also assessed the expression of endocannabinoid (eCB) biosynthetic enzymes as well as metabotropic glutamate receptor subunits known to mediate plasticity. Cells exhibiting LTD tended to express mRNA for at least one of the eCB biosynthetic enzymes and the metabotropic glutamate receptor subunit mGluR5. mGluR5 was not expressed by cells exhibiting STD or no plasticity. Cells that exhibited short-term depression tended to express mRNA for at least one of the eCB biosynthetic enzymes, but not mGluR5. This suggests that stratum radiatum interneuron plasticity can be predicted based on mGluR expression, and that these different types of plasticity may have some importance in hippocampal function.

Tourism industry plays an important role in developing countries like Thailand. An acccommodation is a key expense of almost every trip, therefore accommodation development need to be taken into account in order to attract target tourists from other countries. The long-stay tourism is important since the longer the tourists’ stay means the more receipts spent. Subsequently, many studies have been focused both on the tourism and real estate sides about long-stay accommodation in various types. Long-stay tourism in Thailand is an outstanding tourism alternative. Tourists from high cost of living, cold countries and aging population are the target market as we can see from the Americans, Europeans and Japanese tourists. Accordingly, future demographic structure is expected to increase so that cause emerging niche market called retirement home as a sub-set of the long-stay tourism. This thesis analyzes the attributes of the long-stay tourism in Thailand. The Scandinavian tourists are selected case studies according to their qualification and potential to be prospective customers. The opinions from the demand side, Scandinavian tourist-investors, were collected. Currently many projects of the Scandinavian are in the markets and will continue more as a consequence of predictions following tourism trend. In contrast, the study shows that there are some obstacles, which decelerate the growth of this market. Government policy is key to drive tourism and real estate sector to get along together. Until now, there is no exact solution but some alternatives from relevant market in sample countries were exemplified in order to develop tourism accommodation with the long-stay tourism in Thailand later on.

Using the ARFIMA-FIGARCH model, this dissertation examines the efficiency of Botswana's bond market. It focuses on the properties of the return and volatility of the Fleming Asset Bond Index (the main aggregate fixed income benchmark index in Botswana) over the period September 2009 to May 2019. The weak-form version of efficient market hypothesis (EMH) is used as a criterion to investigate the existence of long memory in both bond returns and volatility. The results of our study indicate that the Botswana bond market data follow, to a great extent, the long-range dependence which negates the precepts of the efficient market hypothesis. Furthermore, policy reforms intended to stimulate bond market reform and related efficiency gains appear not to have produced the desired outcomes as the existence of long memory is found across all sample periods. Further remedial policies are suggested to enhance market dynamism.

Large numbers of baby boomers and a shift towards home-based long-term care designate a need for a greater understanding of caregiver attitudes surrounding the financing of long-term home-based care. This study examined more fully the types of home-based long-term care services that family caregivers were utilizing for their parents. In addition, the willingness and ability of caregivers to privately fund these services for aging parents were explored. The study utilized a preexisting data set of qualitative interviews that were conducted with 30 family caregivers helping to provide long-term care for an elderly parent or older-generation relative. Participants in the sample used many home- and community-based services such as home health aides and nurses, physical therapists, cleaning services and adult day centers. Often these services were funded via Medicare, Medicaid, care recipient funds, state programs, and caregiver funds. In addition, caregivers were often willing, but unable to pay for long-term parent care on their own. Many caregivers in the study found paying for long-term parent care unnecessary. Family expectations, moral and religious responsibility, and a high aversion to nursing home care were cited as reasons for willingness to fund long-term care at home. Similarly, lack of family support and other personal obstacles were noted as reasons for inability to pay for care. Those who found payment for care unnecessary noted that care recipients had sufficient funds for their own long-term care.