Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:14:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 735779 bytes, checksum: 2ffa25e5b45beedc0c8f4f31d5f79b06 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this thesis, we review some basic concepts related to Lorentz symmetry violation and Horava-Lifshitz-like theories. We present our contribution to the calculation of the effective potential in two frameworks that exhibit Lorentz invariance violation. First, we calculate the effective potential for some HL-like theories. We obtained results for the pure scalar model, for the scalar QED with critical exponent z = 2 and z generic, and for the Yukawa model also with z = 2 and with arbitrary values of z. For the latter model, we show that the effective potential vanishes for even z and has nontrivial values for odd z. The second framework is the Kostelecký-Berger model that implements the Lorentz symmetry breaking in supersymmetry. We develop the theory of superfields for three and four-dimensional space-time based on this model and show how this development leads to a theory of superfields with ether-like Lorentz violation. We also obtained the one loop contributions to the effective action and effective potential in this theory. / Nesta tese, revisamos alguns conceitos básicos relacionados à violação da simetria de Lorentz e a teorias do tipo Horava-Lifshitz. Apresentamos nossa contribuição ao cálculo do potencial efetivo em duas formulações que exibem violação da invariância de Lorentz. Primeiro, calculamos o potencial efetivo para algumas teorias do tipo HL. Obtivemos resultados para o modelo escalar puro, para a QED escalar com expoente crítico z = 2 e z genérico, e para o modelo de Yukawa também com z = 2 e com valores arbitrários de z. Para este último modelo, demonstramos que o potencial efetivo se anula para z par e possui valores não triviais para z ímpar. A segunda formulação é o modelo de Kostelecký-Berger que implementa a quebra da simetria de Lorentz em supersimetria. Desenvolvemos a teoria de supercampos para três e quatro dimensões do espaço-tempo com base neste modelo e mostramos como este desenvolvimento leva a uma teoria de supercampos com violação de Lorentz do tipo-éter. Obtemos também as contribuições de um loop para a ação efetiva e para potencial efetivo nesta teoria.

Este trabalho aponta os caminhos distintos que foram utilizados historicamente para a obtenção da expressão hoje denominada força de Lorentz e analisa os conceitos de força propostos por Newton e Mach e os vários significados já propostos para campo. Além disso, realiza uma comparação entre as teorias de Lorentz e Einstein sobre o Eletromagnetismo, descreve um modelo de éter do início do século XX que parece não ter sido ainda refutado, e faz um esboço das concepções de alguns renomados físicos sobre o éter. Como conclusões gerais, constatamos que por vezes os fundamentos da Dinâmica e do Eletromagnetismo não são exatamente apresentados de uma perspectiva histórica nos livros didáticos, que ocorrem alguns equívocos históricos nestes livros, e que a hipótese de existência de um éter merece maiores estudos. / In this work the Lorentz\'s force historical backgrounds was investigated. Moreover, the concepts of force as proposed by Newton and Mach were analyzed, and the several already proposed meanings for field were also compared. A comparison between the theories of Lorentz and Einstein on the foundations of Electromagnetism was also carried out. A model of ether proposed in the beginning of the century XX was discussed and it seems it has not been refuted so far. Outlines of the conceptions of famous physicists on ether had been supplied. As general conclusions we observe that sometimes the bases of the Dynamic and the Electromagnetism in nowadays text books do not seem to be exactly presented from a historical perspective, that some historical mistakes are found within these books, and that the hypothesis about the existence of some kind of ether deserves more studies.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:19:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Madson Rubem Oliveira Silva.pdf: 613668 bytes, checksum: d43028a364635c42a0fb7bf3474aba16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-30 / Maxwell s electrodynamics is a field theory which contains in its structure three fundamental physical symmetries: The Lorentz symmetry, the CPT-symmetry and the local gauge symmetry. The Lorentz covariance and the CPT-symmetry are fundamental in the construction of any field theory describing elementary (or not elementary) particles. Both together with the local gauge symmetry are the cornerstones in the construction of the Standard Model and of others modern field theories. However, it is cogitate that as much the Lorentz covariance as the CPT-symmetry can be spontaneously broken at Planck energy scale (or in the very early Universe when energies are close to the Planck scale) due to quantum gravity effects. The possible residual effects of such spontaneous symmetry breaking are studied within the structure of the Standard Model Extension (SME). The U(1)-local gauge symmetry sector of the SME describes the effects produced in Maxwell s electrodynamics due to the Lorentz-covariance violation and the spontaneous symmetry breaking of the CPT-invariance. Here, we study the finite temperature properties of the CPT-even electrodynamics of SME, represented by the term (kF )ανρφFανFρφ. First, we construct a well-defined and gauge invariant partition function in the functional integration formalism for an arbitrary tensor (kF ). Then, we specialize for the leading-order-nonbirefringent coefficients of the tensor (kF ) and we study in separate the parityeven and the parity-odd sectors. Consequently, for both sectors, the partition function is exactly caculated by showing that it is a power of Maxwell s partition function. Such power is an explicit function of the respective parameters ruling the Lorentz-covariance violation. This way, Planck s radiation law retains its frequency dependence and the Stefan-Boltzmann law is maintained, except for a change in Stefan-Boltzmann s constant that is multiplied by a global factor containing all the LIV contributions. Nevertheless, in general, it is observed that the LIV coefficients induce an anisotropy in the angular distribution of the black body energy density. / A eletrodinâmica de Maxwell é uma teoria de campo que contém em sua estrutura três tipos de simetrias fundamentais na física: A simetria de Lorentz, a simetria CPT e a simetria de calibre local. A covariância de Lorentz e a simetria CPT são fundamentais na construção de qualquer teoria de campo que descreva partículas elementares e não elementares. Ambas simetrias juntamente com a simetria de calibre local são os pilares na construção do Modelo Padrão e de outras modernas teorias de campo. No entanto, cogita-se que ambas, a covariância de Lorentz e a simetria CPT, poderiam sofrer uma quebra espontânea de simetria na escala de energia de Planck (ou no Universo primordial quando as energias eram da ordem de magnitude) devido aos efeitos produzidos pelo gravidade quântica. Os possíveis efeitos residuais dessa quebra espontânea, tanto da covariância de Lorentz como da simetria CPT, são estudados dentro da estrutura do Modelo Padrão Estendido (MPE). Assim, o setor de simetria de calibre local U(1) do MPE descreve os efeitos sofridos pela eletrodinâmica de Maxwell devido à violação da covariância de Lorentz e da quebra espontânea da invariância CPT. O intuito da Dissertação é estudarmos as propriedades à temperatura finita da eletrodinãmica CPT-par do MPE representada pelo termo (kF )ανρφFανFρφ. O primeiro passo é construir uma função de partição, bem definida e invariante de gauge, para uma configuração arbitrária do tensor (kF )ανρφ. Como estamos interessados em conhecer efeitos não perturbativos ou exatos da quebra espontânea da simetria de Lorentz, concentramos nossa atenção nas componentes do tensor (kF ) cujas contribuições, em primeira ordem não nula, para as relações de dispersão da eletrodinâmica de Maxwell ainda as mantém não birrefringentes. Para uma maior clareza ou um melhor entendimento, estudamos separadamente esses coeficientes não birrefringentes pertencentes aos setores de paridadepar e de paridade-ímpar do tensor (kF ) . Consequentemente, para ambos os setores, mostramos que a função de partição é calculada exatamente e resulta ser uma potência da função de partição de Maxwell. Tal potência é uma função explícita somente dos respectivos parâmetros que controlam a violação da simetria de Lorentz (VSL). Esse resultado demonstra que as propriedades termodinâmicas, do setor não birrefringente da eletrodinâmica CPT-par do MPE, como densidade de energia, pressão, entropia, etc, sejam as mesmas da eletrodinâmica de Maxwell multiplicadas por uma função que depende somente nos respectivos coeficientes não birrefringentes. Desse modo, a lei de radiação de Planck mantém a mesma dependência funcional na freqüência e a lei de Stefan-Boltzmann conservasse proporcional a T4. Entretanto, a constante de Stefan-Boltzmann usual sofre uma mudança, pois resulta multiplicada justamente por um fator global que contém as contribuições da VSL. No entanto, observa-se que, em geral, os coeficientes do VSL induzem uma anisotropia na distribuição angular da densidade de energia emitida pelo corpo negro.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:19:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kleber Anderson Teixeira da Silva.pdf: 275462 bytes, checksum: c0169a00ab68933c0fcb824d912b65e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), also known as the fifth state of the matter, was predicted theoretically by Albert Einstein in 1925 and verified experimentally 70 years later in 1995. This dissertation addresses the effects of spontaneous broken of the CPT-symmetry and of the invariance Lorentz (also called simply the violation of Lorentz symmetry) in the Bose-Einstein condensation of an ideal bosonic gas in the limits nonrelativistic and will ultrarelativ´ıstico. The work is based on a model of fields theory described by a massive complex scalar field in the framework of spontaneous breaking of the CPT-symmetry and of the Lorentz invariance. First we study the CBE in the nonrelativistic limit starting from the non relativistic version of our model. Thus, the existence of the CBE imposes strong restrictions on some parameters governing the breach of Lorentz invariance (VIL). We observed that only the critical temperature is modified by the VIL. Also, we use experimental data to obtain limits upper for the coefficients that control the VIL. Because of our model describe consistently the CBE in the non relativistic limit We can use it to study the CBE ultrarelativıstica of an ideal bosonic gas loaded. Thus, we show that the construction of a partition function well defined to describe the relativistic ideal gas, imposes strong restrictions on two parameters that control the VIL. The analysis of the CBE in the ultrarelativistico limit shows that both the critical temperature as the chemical potential are affected by the spontaneous breaking of the invariance of Lorentz. / A condensação de Bose-Einstein (CBE), também conhecida como o quinto estado da matéria, foi prevista teoricamente por Albert Einstein em 1925 e verificado experimentalmente 70 anos depois, em 1995. Esta dissertação aborda os efeitos da quebra espontânea da simetria-CPT e da invariância de Lorentz (também chamada simplesmente de violação da simetria de Lorentz) na condensação de Bose-Einstein de um gás ideal bosônico nos limites não relativístico e ultrarelativístico. O trabalho é baseado em um modelo de teoria de campos descrito por um campo escalar complexo massivo no marco da quebra espontânea da simetria-CPT e da invariância de Lorentz. Primeiro estudamos a CBE no limite não relativístico partindo da versão não relativística do nosso modelo. Desse modo, a existência da CBE impõe restrições severas sobre alguns parâmetros que regem a violação da invariância de Lorentz (VIL). Observamos que somente a temperatura crítica é modificada pela VIL. Também, usamos dados experimentais para obter limites superiores para os coeficientes que controlam a VIL. Pelo fato do nosso modelo descrever de modo consistente a CBE no limite não relativíıstico podemos usá-lo para estudar a CBE ultrarelativística de um gás ideal bosônico carregado. Assim, mostramos que a construção de uma função de partição bem definida, para descrever o gás ideal relativístico, impõe restrições severas sobre dois parâmetros que controlam a VIL. A análise da CBE no limite ultrarelativístico mostra que tanto a temperatura crítica como o potencial químico são afetados pela quebra espontânea da invariância de Lorentz.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:19:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Carlisson.pdf: 4828932 bytes, checksum: 305583106a3e64ae56a6815426ff10bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work addresses the effects of spontaneous Lorentz symmetry breaking on the vortex solutions of the abelian Maxwell-Higgs (AMH) model. Our model is composed by the usual AMH model where the kinetic part of the gauge field is supplemented by a non-birrefringente CPT-even term contained in the electrodynamic sector of the Standard Model extension (SME) of Colladay & Kostelecky. The work is developed in the following way: In the chapter 1, we start by doing a review about topological defects in (1+1)-dimensional scalar field theories. Based on the criterion of energy finiteness, it has been established appropriated boundary conditions for the fields. By following the well-known Bogomol nyi s method and by minimizing the system energy, we have obtained the BPS equations (first order equations) which solves the Euler-Lagrange second order equations. By last, we study the more simples topological defect, named kink, which is obtained from a λϕ4 scalar field theory. The kink solution connects two different minimum energy potencial states or vacuum s states. The second chapter is devoted to the study of stationary BPS v´ortices in field theories where abelian gauge fields are coupled to the Higgs field. The first field theory to be studied is the Maxwell Higgs model in a |ϕ|4-type potencial. Next, we study the BPS vortex solutions in a model with a pure Chern-Simons term coupled to the Higgs field (CSH), subject to a |ϕ|6-type potencial. The third and last model to be analyzed is the Maxwell-Chern-Simons-Higgs model (MCSH). To obtain charged BPS vortex in MCSH model, it is necessary to introduce a dynamical and neutral scalar field N coupled to the Higgs field in a modified |ϕ|4 which depends explicitly of the field N. In the third and four chapters, we present the original contributions of the present monograph. We study the Maxwell-Higgs model in the presence of Lorentz-violating CPT-even terms belonging to the nonbirefringent electrodynamics of the SME. The nonbirefringent SME term is composed by both parity-even and parity-odd sectors. The third chapter we shows that the parity-even LIV coefficients admit only uncharged BPS and non-BPS v´ortices in the usual |ϕ|4-potencial. Our analysis shows that the parity-even LIV parameter controls the radial thickness of the profile of the defect, which can become narrower or wider (approaching to the standard behavior of a compacton-type defect). In chapter 4, we show that the LIV parity-odd parameters allow the existence of BPS-type charged vortices if we include a neutral scalar field Ψ in the original model, the situation is similar to what occurs in the MCSH model . We use a |ϕ|4-potencial which explicitly depends in the field Ψ and its derivative. / Esta dissertação aborda os efeitos da quebra espontânea da covariância de Lorentz na obtenção das soluções estacionárias de vórtices BPS e não-BPS no contexto da eletrodinâmica de Maxwell-Higgs abeliana suplementada pelo setor de gauge CPT-par e não-birrefringente do Modelo Padrão Estendido (MPE) de Colladay & Kostelecky. O trabalho inicia fazendo uma revisão sobre defeitos topológicos em modelos de campos escalares em (1+1)−dimensões. A partir do critério de finitude da energia estacionária, estabelecemos condições de contorno sobre os campos e suas derivadas. Apresentamos, também o bem conhecido método de Bogomol nyi, usado para obter as equações BPS que minimizam a energia do sistema. Por fim, apresentamos o defeito tipo Kink com o potencial tipo ϕ4, que conecta estados assintóticos de mínima energia (vácuos) diferentes. No segundo capítulo, seguindo o procedimento de Bogomol nyi, obtemos as soluções de vórtices BPS estacionárias em modelos abelianos acoplados ao campo de Higgs. Iniciamos com o modelo Maxwell-Higgs submetido a um potencial tipo |ϕ|4, usando o ansatz rotacionalmente simétrico a fim de obter as equações de vórtices BPS, e impondo condições sobre os campos na origem/no infinito. Em seguida, estudamos as soluções de vórtices BPS no modelo Chern-Simons puro acoplado ao campo de Higgs (CSH), sujeito a um potencial do tipo |ϕ|6. Apresentamos uma importante relação de acoplamento entre o setor elétrico e o setor magnético, e obtemos as equações BPS e a energia mínima do modelo, via o método de Bogomol nyi. Ainda neste capítulo, estudamos vórtices BPS no modelo Maxwell-Chern-Simons-Higgs (MCSH). Para isto, argumentamos a necessidade de introduzir no modelo um campo escalar neutro N dinâmico submetidos a um potencial do tipo |ϕ|4 dependente do campo N. As condições sobre N também foram obtidas. No terceiro capítulo, apresentamos a primeira contribuição original deste trabalho. Consideramos o modelo Maxwell-Higgs na presença de termos CPT-pares que violam a covariância de Lorentz, pertencentes ao MPE. Iniciamos usando uma parametrização que retém apenas o setor não-birrefringente do modelo. Escrevemos as equações de movimento e aplicamos a prescrição usual para soluções rotacionalmente simétricas, obtendo soluções de vórtices descarregados BPS e não-BPS para um potencial do tipo |ϕ|4. Nestas, o parâmetro de violação de Lorentz (paridade-par) desempenha papel importante, permitindo controlar a espessura do perfil do defeito, que pode tornar-se mais estreito (aproximando-se do padrão compacton ) ou mais largo. No capítulo 4, mostramos que os parâmetros da quebra de Lorentz de paridade-ímpar possibilitam a obtenção de vórtices carregados sempre que seja inserido no modelo um campo escalar neutro Ψ na lagrangiana, similarmente ao que ocorre no modelo MCSH. Usamos um potencial tipo |ϕ|4 dependente do campo Ψ e de sua derivada.

Les travaux de recherche présentés dans cette thèse étudient la vitesse des neutrinos mesurée par l’expérience OPERA sur le faisceau CNGS au CERN. Divers modèles théoriques de gravité quantique et d’extra-dimensions prévoient des effets importants sur la violation de la conservation de Lorentz qui serait observable par la mesure de la vitesse des neutrinos. L’expérience MINOS a publié en 2007 une mesure de la vitesse des neutrinos muoniques sur une distance de 730 km avec un écart par rapport à celui de la lumière de 126 ns avec une erreur statistique de 32 ns et une erreur systématique de 64 ns. L’expérience OPERA détecte également des neutrinos muoniques ayant parcourut 730 km avec une sensibilité significativement meilleure que MINOS grâce à une statistique plus élevée due à l’énergie plus élevée du faisceau et à le système de synchronisation entre OPERA et le faisceau CNGS beaucoup plus sophistiquée et modifié dans le but de réduire l’erreur systématique. Ce système est composé par des horloges au césium et de récepteurs GPS spéciaux fonctionnant en common view mode. Le tout permet un time transfer entre les deux sites précis à l’ordre de 1 ns. Un système d’échantillonnage à 1 GHz (fast waveform digitizer) capable de reconstruire la distribution temporelle des protons envoyés sur la cible du CNGS a été intégré au système existant de mesure du faisceau CNGS. Le résultat consiste en la mesure de la vitesse des neutrinos produits artificiellement avec la précision la plus élevée jamais atteinte: le temps de vol des neutrinos a été déterminé avec une incertitude statistique d’environ 10 ns et une incertitude systématique plus petite de 20 ns. / The thesis concerns the measurement of the neutrino velocity with the OPERA experiment in the CNGS beam. There are different theoretical models that allow for Lorentz violating effects which can be investigated with measurements on terrestrial neutrino beams. The MINOS experiment published in 2007 a measure on the muon neutrinos over a distance of 730 km finding a deviation with respect to the expected time of flight of 126 ns with a statistical error of 32 ns and a systematic error of 64 ns. The OPERA experiment observes as well muon neutrinos 730 km away from the source, with a sensitivity significantly better than MINOS thanks to the higher number of interactions in the detector due to the higher energy beam and the much more sophisticated timing system explicitly upgraded in view of the neutrino velocity measurement. This system is composed by atomic cesium clocks and GPS receivers operating in “common view mode”. Thanks to this system a time-transfer between the two sites with a precision at the level of 1 ns is possible. Moreover, a Fast Waveform Digitizer was installed along the proton beam line at CERN in order to measure the internal time structure of the proton pulses that are sent to the CNGS target. The result on the neutrino velocity is the most precise measurement so far with terrestrial neutrino beams: the neutrino time of flight was determined with a statistical uncertainty of about 10 ns and a systematic uncertainty smaller than 20 ns.

La propagation des rayons Ɣ de très haute énergie (E > 100GeV) dans l'univers est affectée par les propriétés du milieu extragalactique. Ces photons à l'échelle du TeV, issus des processus d'accélération de particules dans les noyaux actifs de galaxies, peuvent en effet interagir avec des photons du fond optique et infrarouge qui baignent l'univers et produire des paires d'électrons et de positrons. Ce processus réduit la transparence de l'univers aux rayons Ɣ de très haute énergie mais permet en revanche de sonder les propriétés du milieu extragalactique de façon unique. Dans cette thèse, les données prises par le réseau de télescopes à imagerie Tcherenkov atmosphérique H.E.S.S. sont analysées et utilisées afin de caractériser la transparence de l'univers aux rayons Ɣ de très haute énergie. Une mesure indépendante de la distribution spectrale en énergie du fond cosmologique optique et infrarouge est réalisée à travers l'ajustement des modulations observées dans les spectres en énergie obtenus avec H.E.S.S. pour un échantillon de noyaux actifs de galaxies brillants dans une gamme en redshift 0.03 < z < 0.28. Les résultats obtenus sont compatibles avec les limites inférieures dérivées par comptages de galaxies et ne suggèrent pas d'anomalie de la transparence de l'univers aux rayons Ɣ vis à vis des modèles actuels du fond de lumière extragalactique. Des processus de second ordre affectant la propagation des rayons Ɣ de très haute énergie sont également explorés. Des limites sur une brisure de la symétrie de Lorentz à l'échelle de Planck sont obtenues à partir de l'analyse spectrale du noyau actif Mrk 501 observé dans un état de flux exceptionnel par H.E.S.S. en 2014, à grand angle zénithal. Enfin, des contraintes sur le champ magnétique extragalactique sont dérivées en considérant l'émission Ɣ secondaire attendue à partir de simulations des cascades électromagnétiques initiées lors du processus d'absorption pour le noyau actif distant PG 1553+113 vu par H.E.S.S. et le télescope spatial Fermi. Cette thèse a également été l'occasion d'une participation aux développements de certains aspects de la calibration et de l'analyse des données de H.E.S.S. / The propagation of very high energy Ɣ rays in the universe depends on the properties of the extragalactic medium. Such TeV-scale photons travelling cosmological distances are -emitted through particle acceleration mechanisms in active galaxy nuclei- can interact with the low-energy photons of the extragalactic background light (EBL) and produce electron-positron pairs. This effect reduces the transparency of the universe to very high energy Ɣ rays but it also provides a unique opportunity to probe the properties of the extragalactic medium. In this thesis, data taken with the H.E.S.S. array of Cherenkov telescopes are analyzed and used to characterize the transparency of the universe to very high energy Ɣ rays. A independent measurement of the spectral energy distribution of the EBL with H.E.S.S. is presented. It is obtained by extracting the EBL absorption signal from the fit of spectral modulations in the high-quality spectra of a sample of bright blazars in the redshift range 0.03 < z < 0.28. The intensity of the EBL obtained in different spectral bands is presented together with the associated Ɣ-ray horizon. The obtained results are consistent with lower limits derived from galaxy counts and do not suggest an anomaly of the transparency of the universe to Ɣ rays with respect to current models of the extragalactic background light. Second-order processes affecting the propagation of very high energy Ɣ rays in the universe are also considered. Limits on Lorentz invariance violation at Planck scale are obtained from the spectral analysis of the active galaxy nucleus Mrk 501 observed during a high-flux state by H.E.S.S. in 2014, at large zenith angle. Finally, constraints on the extragalactic magnetic field properties are derived by considering the secondary Ɣ-ray emission expected from the simulation of electromagnetic cascades initiated by the absorption process for the distant active galaxy nucleus PG 1553+113 seen by H.E.S.S. and the Fermi Ɣ-ray space telescope. In this thesis some developments related to the calibration and analysis of H.E.S.S. data are also presented.

Konische Mikro- und Nanostrukturen besitzen spezifische magnetische, superhydrophobe und elektrokatalytische Eigenschaften und sind deshalb von hohem Interesse für eine Vielzahl von Anwendungen. Eine einfache und kostengünstige Methode zur Synthese dieser strukturierten Schichten ist die elektrochemische Abscheidung. Neben dem Einsatz von Capping-Reagenzien (engl. Capping agents) könnten Magnetfelder das lokale Konuswachstum auf einer planaren Elektrode unterstützen. In der vorliegenden Dissertation wird die Elektroabscheidung an konisch strukturierten Metallschichten in Magnetfeldern untersucht. Je nach Ausrichtung und Stärke des Magnetfeldes können die Lorentzkraft und die magnetische Gradientenkraft die Strömung des mit Metallionen angereicherten Elektrolyts in Richtung der Konusspitze gezielt antreiben. Folglich erhöht das Magnetfeld die lokale Abscheidungsrate und fördert das Konuswachstum. Für ein grundlegendes Verständnis des Effektes werden systematische numerische und theoretische Untersuchungen für die Elektroabscheidung an mm-großen Konen unterschiedlicher Materialien, Formen und Anordnungen unter verschiedenen elektrochemischen und magnetischen Bedingungen durchgeführt. Ein parallel zur Konusachse ausgerichtetes homogenes externes Magnetfeld erzeugt durch die Magnetisierung der ferromagnetischen Konen eine magnetische Gradientenkraft, die zu einer starken Unterstützung für das Konuswachstum führt. Dabei überwiegt sie oft gegenüber der Lorentzkraft und der Auftriebskraft, die durch Elektrodenreaktionen entsteht. Diese unterstützende Wirkung wird nur geringfügig abgeschwächt, wenn sich benachbarte Konusse einander annähern. Die numerischen Ergebnisse werden durch experimentelle Daten für verschiedene Konfigurationen und Abscheidungsparameter validiert. Um den Effekt der Magnetfelder zur Unterstützung des Wachstums kleinerer konischer Strukturen im Mikro- und Nanometerbereich zu ermitteln, werden die Skalengesetze für die Geschwindigkeiten der magnetisch angetriebenen lokalen Strömungen beim Verkleinern der Konusgröße aus numerischen Simulationen abgeleitet und durch eine analytische Lösung bestätigt. Obwohl die magnetische Gradientenkraft eine günstige Strömung bei ferromagnetischen Konussen erzeugt, limitieren die kleine Größe der Strömungsregion und die nahezu konstant verbleibende Dicke der Konzentrationsgrenzschicht die Unterstützung der Magnetfelder. Diese kann jedoch durch die Anwendung gepulster Ströme sowie moderat auch durch den Einsatz stärkerer Magnetfelder weiter erhöht werden. Weiterhin wird eine einfache Modellierung entwickelt, um den Einfluss von Capping-Reagenzien bei der Abscheidung von Nano-Strukturen numerisch zu simulieren. Experimentelle Resultate der von Partnern in Krakau durchgeführten Elektroabscheidung von nanostrukturierten Ni-Schichten in magnetischen Feldern werden mittels Simulationen sowohl globalen Zellströmung als auch der lokalen Strömung analysiert. Die Betrachtung beider Aspekte liefert eine Interpretation der experimentellen Ergebnisse und ermöglicht ein besseres Verständnis der Wirkung des capping agents. Zum Schluss wird der Einfluss der Wasserstoff-Nebenreaktion einbezogen. Die numerischen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass an der Konusspitze sitzende Wasserstoffblasen das Konuswachstum verringern können. Gleichzeig wird die durch die magnetischen Kräfte getriebene Strömung die Ablösung der Wasserstoffblase geringfügig verzögern. / Micro- and nano-sized conical structures possess specific magnetic, superhydrophobic and electrocatalytic properties and are therefore attractive for numerous applications. Among the various methods of manufacturing such structured layers, electrodeposition appears a simple and inexpensive method. Beside the use of capping agents, the application of magnetic fields could support the local growth of cones on a non-templated planar electrode. This dissertation investigates electrodeposition at conically structured metal layers in external magnetic fields. Depending on the direction and the intensity of the magnetic field, the Lorentz force and the magnetic gradient force can generate electrolyte flow and bring electrolyte enriched with metal ions towards the cone tips. As a result, the local deposition rate is increased and conical growth is promoted. In order to obtain a basic understanding of the magnetic field effects, systematic numerical and theoretical investigations are performed for electrodeposition at mm-sized cones of different materials, shapes and arrangements under different electrochemical and magnetic conditions. If a uniform external magnetic field is oriented parallel to the cone axis, the magnetic gradient force enabled by the magnetization of ferromagnetic cones provides a strong support for conical growth, thereby often dominating over the Lorentz force and the buoyancy force arising from electrode reactions. This supporting effect is only slightly mitigated when neighboring cones are getting closer. The numerical results shown are validated by experimental data for different configurations and deposition parameters. In order to explore the prospects of magnetic fields to enhance the growth of smaller, micro- and nanometer sized conical structures, scaling laws of the local flows driven by the magnetic forces are derived numerically and confirmed analytically for shrinking cone sizes. Although the magnetic gradient force can generate a beneficial flow at ferromagnetic cones, the small flow region and the nearly constant thickness of the concentration boundary layer limit the support of the magnetic field. Enhancements of the structuring effect are observed for pulsed deposition and, despite only moderately, at higher magnetic field intensities. Furthermore, a simplified modeling approach is developed to simulate the growth mechanism of nano-cones with respect to the influence of capping agents. Experimental results of the electrodeposition of Ni cones in magnetic fields obtained by partners in Krakow are analyzed by performing simulations of both the global cell flow and the local flows generated by magnetic fields of different orientations. This two-step approach provides an interpretation of the experimental results, and gives a deeper insight on how the capping agent influences the local growth. Finally, the impact of the hydrogen side reaction on the electrodeposition in magnetic fields is considered. The numerical results indicate that hydrogen bubbles sitting at the cone tips may damp conical growth, while the magnetic-field-driven flow imposes a weak stabilizing force on the bubble.

Notre thèse étudie la relation entre les mécaniques classique et relativiste. Il est généralement supposé, à partir de l’hypothèse des petites vitesses, que la mécanique classique correspond à la mécanique relativiste dans les cas où la vitesse des objets est petite par rapport à la vitesse de la lumière. Cette position nous semble inadéquate pour la simple raison que la mécanique classique ne peut être restreinte au seule domaine des petites vitesses. Nous proposons l’hypothèse que les deux mécaniques ont une structure commune et que chacune se distingue sous certaines conditions. Pour appuyer cette hypothèse, nous proposons une axiomatisation de la mécanique suffisamment générale pour servir de structure commune aux mécaniques classique et relativiste. Cette axiomatisation comporte une théorie de la relativité qui précise comment les quantités relatives sont reliées entre elles lorsque déterminées par rapport à différents référentiels, et les lois du mouvement qui précisent comment les forces exercées sur un objet détermine son mouvement. Cette mécanique générale est déterminée à deux constantes près et c’est en déterminant la valeur de ces constantes qu’apparaît le bris de la structure commune qui génère la mécanique classique d’une part et la mécanique relativiste d’autre part. / Our thesis studies the relationship between classical and relativistic mechanics. It is generally assumed, based on the assumption of small velocities, that classical mechanics corresponds to relativistic mechanics in cases where the speed of objects is small compared to the speed of light. This position seems inadequate to us, for the simple reason that classical mechanics cannot be restricted to the realm of small velocities alone. We propose the hypothesis that the two mechanics have a common structure, and that each can be distinguished under certain conditions. To support this hypothesis, we propose an axiomatization of mechanics that is sufficiently general to serve as a common structure for both classical and relativistic mechanics. This axiomatization includes a theory of relativity that specifies how relative quantities are related to each other when determined with respect to different reference frames, and laws of motion that specify how forces exerted on an object determine its motion. This general mechanics is determined to within two constants, and it is by determining the value of these constants that the common structure that generates classical mechanics on the one hand and relativistic mechanics on the other is broken down.

Orientador: Júlio Marny Hoff da Silva / Banca: Álvaro de Souza Dutra / Banca: José Abdalla Helayël Neto / Resumo : O século passado é considerado como a era das Teorias Quânticas de Campos. Desta forma, neste trabalho, forneceremos todos os detalhes de uma descoberta teórica inesperada de uma partícula de matéria de spin 1/2 com dimensão de massa 1. Esses espinores recebem o nome de ELKO, o qual vem do acrônimo alemão Eigenspinores des Ladungskonjugationsoperators, e são fundamentados em um conjunto completo de autoespinores de helicidade dual do operador conjugação de carga. O ELKO pertence a um subgrupo do grupo completo de Lorentz. Portanto, a lei de transformação entre suas componentes não é dada pela simetria de paridade, e desta maneira não satisfaz a equação de Dirac. Intrinsicamente nas somas de spin para o ELKO aparece um termo que quebra a simetria de Lorentz, levando então à apreciação da Very Special Relativity, que nada mais é do que um subgrupo do grupo de Lorentz, cuja álgebra deixa as somas de spin invariantes ou covariantes. Pela razão do propagador do ELKO ser o mesmo de Klein-Gordon a menos de um fator, a lagrangiana associada é a do campo escalar, por esta razão o ELKO é dotado de dimensão de massa 1 / Abstract: The last century is considered as the era of Quantum Field Theories. Thus, in this work, we provide all the details of an unexpected theoretical discovery of a matter particle spin 1/2 endowed with mass dimension 1. These spinors are the so called ELKO, which comes from the German acronym Eigenspinores des Ladungskonjugationsoperators, based on a complete set of a dual helicity eigenspinors of the charge conjugation operator. ELKO belongs to a subgroup of the full Lorentz group. Therefore, the law of transformation between its components is not given by the parity symmetry, and thus it does not satisfies the Dirac equation. It appears, intrinsically in the spin sums a Lorentz symmetry breaking term, then it will be better analysed within the Very Special Relativity, which is a subgroup of the Lorentz group, whose algebra leaves the spin sums invariant or covariant under transformations. Since the ELKO propagator is the same of Klein-Gordon propagator apart from a term, than the associated lagrangian is the scalar field one, for this reason ELKO is endowed with mass dimension 1 / Mestre