Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_marcia_helena_mota_de_arruda.pdf: 305088 bytes, checksum: 0a5ff9434493f66e06397322e373ca1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-06 / Brazil increased 9 % the production of soybeans during 2012/2013 crop. Since 2006, the state of Tocantins grow soybeans during a period called sanitary empty as exceptionalism. This production is destined for research or for seed. However, frequentlly, it was observed the presence of green seed at harvest. This release to produce soybean seed during sanitary empty, issued by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply, is due to climate and land conditions found in the municipalities of Lagoa da Confusão, Dueré and Formoso do Araguaia. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the occurrence in quality of green seeds in soybean seed lots. Four lots of the cultivar M-SOY 8866, medium cycle, produced in Formoso do Araguaia, state of Tocantins (TO) were used in this study. The lots were selected by visual presence of green seed with a 6X magnifying glass. The lots showed 17 %, 36 %, 49 % green seeds and were named respectively Lot 1, 2, 3 and control (lot with no green seeds). Seed quality was monitored through the thousand seed weight, germination in rolled paper with and without preconditioning, the tetrazolium test and the emergency field tests. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four seed lots and five replicates and the averages compared by Tukey test at 5 %. The results show a decrease in the percentage of germination and vigor in all plots when compared to the test, observed primarily by moisture damage in the tetrazolium, field emergence and germination test preconditioning 24 h test. / O Brasil, na safra 2012/2013, aumentou 9% a produção de sementes de soja. Desde 2006, o estado do Tocantins pratica a excepcionalidade de cultivar soja no Vazio Sanitário, sendo a produção destinada para pesquisa ou para semente. Porém, de forma frequente, observa-se a presença de sementes esverdeadas no momento da colheita. Esta liberação para produzir semente de soja durante o período de vazio sanitário, concedida pelo Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento, deve-se às condições climáticas e territoriais encontradas nos municípios de Lagoa da Confusão, Dueré e Formoso do Araguaia. Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da ocorrência de sementes verdes na qualidade de lotes de semente de soja. Foram utilizados quatro lotes da cultivar M-SOY 8866, ciclo médio, produzido em Formoso do Araguaia, estado do Tocantins (TO). Os lotes foram selecionados por presença visual de sementes esverdeadas, com o auxílio de lupa de seis aumentos, os quais apresentaram 17%, 36%, 49% de sementes verdes e foram denominados respectivamente de Lote 1, 2, 3 e uma testemunha (lote com ausência de sementes verdes). A qualidade das sementes foi monitorada através dos testes de peso de mil sementes, germinação em rolo de papel com e sem pré-condicionamento, teste de tetrazólio e emergência a campo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados com quatro lotes de sementes e cinco repetições e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. Os resultados obtidos demonstram decréscimo no percentual de germinação e vigor em todos os lotes, quando comparados a testemunha, observado principalmente pelos danos de umidade no teste de tetrazólio, emergência a campo e teste de germinação com pré-condicionamento de 24 h.

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Urban landscapes are complex social-ecological systems comprising human and natural elements and their interactions. A key priority for research in these landscapes is understanding how humans affect the presence and abundance of wild organisms and how those organisms, in turn, provide ecosystem services that affect humans. In this dissertation, I use two field studies to understand the ecosystem services provided by urban animals in green spaces across Philadelphia and in a third study I investigate geographic bias in where urban animals have been studied in the United States. For the first study, I use a functional trait approach to examine how urban bird communities respond to landscape- and local-scale habitat and how community composition corresponds to potential ecosystem services. I show that the landscape-scale context of a green space has a stronger influence on species’ abundances than local-scale habitat. As a result, the effect traits associated with cultural and regulating ecosystem services varied strongly along the landscape-scale gradient of urbanization. Local-scale variation in habitat had little effect. The importance of landscape-scale habitat in driving the supply of bird-mediated ecosystem services underscores the importance of regional urban planning for green spaces.In the second study, I use a field experiment to determine the drivers of an understudied ecosystem service – the removal of littered food waste by birds and squirrels. I recorded food removal activity by animals in green spaces across Philadelphia and found that Eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) are the main driver of this service. With increased squirrel abundance, removal level is higher and is both initiated and completed more quickly. This service is also context dependent, such that more food is removed in urban parks and picnic areas, where animals are presumably accustomed to consuming anthropogenic foods. These results highlight the importance of animal behavior, and factors that affect it, for the supply of ecosystem services. In my third study, I take a geographic approach to identifying bias in the study of animals in urban landscapes. Our knowledge of urban ecosystems in the United States is based on hundreds of field studies and thousands of individual field sites, but the distribution of these sites has never been examined. I reviewed the literature and mapped field sites to assess geographic bias in the location of urban ecology field sites. At a national scale, I find that urban ecologists tend to work in larger cities, especially those that are less socioeconomically vulnerable (more affluent). I also find that the social-ecological attributes of the neighborhoods in which ecologists work depends on the framing of their study as well as the focal taxa and functional groups studied. Overall, the neighborhoods where marginalized people live are an underexplored segment of the urban landscape. This is the first study to identify geographic biases in urban ecology field sites and provides a basis for future urban ecology research that produces knowledge applicable to all cities and neighborhoods. / Biology

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Disertacijoje atliekama automobilių stovėjimo vietų poreikio mieste analizė. Pagrindinis darbo objektas – asmeninių kelionių automobilių stovėjimo vietų didmiestyje pasiskirstymo sistema. Ekspertiniu metodu sudaryta automobilių stovėjimo vietų mieste kriterijų sistema. Taikant daugiatikslius metodus kriterijams suteikti rangai ir apskaičiuoti jų svorių koeficientai, kurie leido nustatyti kriterijų prioritetus ir parinkti racionaliausias automobilių stovėjimo aikštelių išdėstymo vietas miesto teritorijoje. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas – pasiūlyti automobilių stovėjimo vietų mieste plėtros vertinimo modelį ir pateikti originalius automobilių stovėjimo aikštelių plėtros koncepcinius sprendinius. Disertaciją sudaro įvadas, 3 skyriai, bendrosios išvados, literatūros sąrašas, publikacijų sąrašas. Įvade trumpai aptariama tiriamoji problema, darbo aktualumas, aprašomas tyrimo objektas, formuluojamas darbo tikslas ir uždaviniai, aprašoma mokslinis darbo naujumas, ginamieji teiginiai. Įvado pabaigoje pristatomos autoriaus paskelbtos publikacijos, pranešimai konferencijose, nurodomas dalyvavimas tarptautiniuose seminaruose ir pateikiama disertacijos struktūra. Pirmame skyriuje pateikiama mokslinės literatūros ir kitų atliktų darbų analizė nagrinėjama tematika. Taip pat atlikta Lietuvos Respublikos, Europos Sąjungos ir kitų pasaulio šalių norminių dokumentų, reglamentuojančių lengvųjų automobilių stovėjimą skirtingose miesto teritorijose, analizė. Antrajame skyriuje atliekamas automobilių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This dissertation examines the shortage of motor vehicle parking spaces in the city area. The object of this research is the allocation of passenger car parking spaces in cities. A criteria system for car parking spaces in cities was formed using the expert estimate method. By using multi-criteria methods, the criteria were grouped and their factor value was calculated, which helped to establish the priorities of the criteria and to determine the most rational places for parking lots in the city area. This research aims to suggest a model for developing an infrastructure of car parking spaces in the city and to present original conceptual solutions for the expansion of parking lots. The dissertation comprises an introduction, three chapters, general conclusions, a list of literature, and a list of publications. The introduction specifies the problem, describes the relevance of the paper, names the research object, the aim and objectives, its scientific novelty, and the defended statements. Finally, it lists publications and conference presentations of the author, describes the author’s participation in international seminars and presents the structure of the dissertation. Chapter one introduces the literature overview of the subject analysis and discusses the study of the scientific research carried out in this field. It also presents the examination of the normative documents in Lithuania, the European Union and in other countries, which regulate motor car parking in... [to full text]

Dans cette thèse nous nous intéressons à plusieurs problèmes de gestion de stocks, à travers des modèles de dimensionnement de lots sur plusieurs niveaux, en tenant compte de capacités de production. Nous étudions tout d’abord un problème de dimensionnement de lots à deux niveaux en série avec des capacités de production identiques et stationnaires aux deux niveaux, pour lequel proposons un algorithme dynamique exact pouvant résoudre le problème en temps polynomial sous certaines hypothèses. Dans le chapitre suivant nous étendons ce résultat dans deux directions : nous considérons le problème de gestion de stocks sur un nombre quelconque de niveaux en série, et nous considérons des livraisons par lots. Nous présentons un algorithme exact de résolution, polynomial et très efficace, basé sur une décomposition originale en composantes connexes induites. Nous considérons ensuite des versions plus générales de ce problème, en établissant des résultats de NP-complétude lorsque chaque niveau à une capacité ou une taille de lot différentes. Nous proposons pour ces problèmes une 2-approximation, basé sur l’encadrement de la fonction objectif par deux fonctions affines. Pour finir nous étudions un problème sur un seul niveau mais dans un système de production composé de machines identiques fonctionnant en parallèle. L’originalité de ce problème est de considérer une limitation de la consommation énergétique. A chaque période, on doit décider combien de machines allumer ou éteindre, et quel volume produire et stocker. Des résultats de complexité sont proposés, montrant que ce problème est NP-difficile même sous des hypothèses fortes, et un algorithme dynamique exact est présenté pour le cas de paramètres d’énergie stationnaires / In this thesis we are interested in several multi-level lot-sizing problems taking into account production capacities. We first study a 2-level in series lot-sizing problem with identical and stationary capacities at both levels, for which we propose an exact dynamic algorithm running in polynomial time under some hypothesis. Next chapter extends this result on two main lines: we consider the multi-level in series lot-sizing problem with batch deliveries and with a number of level which is part of the input. We provide a very efficient exact algorithm for this problem, which is polynomial in the number of levels and in the number of periods, based on an original decomposition into induced connected components. Then, we consider more general versions of this problem, for which we provide NP-hardness results when batch sizes or capacities are level-dependent. We propose 2-approximation algorithms for these problems, based on the sandwiching of the objective function by two affine functions. Finally, we study a single-level lot-sizing problem in a system composed of identical machines working in parallel. The originality of this study is to consider a periodic energy limitation. At each period it must be decided how many machines to switch on or off and the volume to be produced and stored. Complexity results are provided, showing that this problem is NP-hard, even under some restrictive assumptions, and an exact dynamic algorithm running in polynomial time is proposed for the case of stationary energy parameters

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-02-16T12:26:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula Goyos Browne.pdf: 1022443 bytes, checksum: 1971f4babcf0667fd18919603e8090fb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-16T12:26:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula Goyos Browne.pdf: 1022443 bytes, checksum: 1971f4babcf0667fd18919603e8090fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-09 / The present work deals with the division of urban areas under the condominium regime of lots, appreciating them from the perspective of Urban Law. Firstly, we find that lots condominiums are a form of urban expansion that is not appreciated by the law of land subdivision, Law 6.766/ 79 and, neither, by the condominiums law in buildings, Law 4.591/ 64. It is a hybrid modality that involves both public and private interests, and affects both private law and public law. This is private law with regard to the right to property, and its developments, regulated in particular by civil law. Nevertheless, it is an institute of public law, since it impacts on the urban space that is studied mainly by the urban law, but also by other branches of law such as administrative law and environmental law. The characteristics of the condominiums and the modalities of urban land subdivision were studied, highlighting the similarities and differences of these developments and pointing out that the condominiums of lots do not fit into any modality and require their own regulation. We emphasize the importance of the role played by municipalities in the regulation of urban space and the normative function of the State Courts of Justice, so that the implementation of lots condominiums is carried out in a controlled manner, with requirements and approvals that attenuate the impacts of Segregation in the right to the city. It was necessary to analyze other modalities of closed residential projects to differentiate and understand the legal discipline of lots condominiums. Finally, we have seen that the validity and application of constitutional and legal provisions permit the regularity of the condominiums of lots, in accordance with the established municipal norms, with the regulation of the General Office of Justice and with the premises of Urban Law / O presente trabalho trata da divisão de glebas urbanas sob o regime de condomínio de lotes, apreciando-os na perspectiva do Direito Urbanístico. Em primeiro lugar verificamos que os condomínios de lotes são uma forma de expansão urbana que não é apreciada pela lei de parcelamento do solo, Lei 6.766/79 e, tampouco, pela lei de condomínios em edificações, a Lei 4.591/64. É modalidade híbrida que envolve interesses públicos e privados, sendo afeta tanto ao Direito Privado como ao Direito Público. Trata-se de direito privado no que tange ao direito de propriedade, e seus desdobramentos, regulado em especial pelo direito civil. Não obstante, é instituto de direito público, já que impacta no espaço urbano que é estudado principalmente pelo do direito urbanístico, mas também por outros ramos do direito como o direito administrativo e o direito ambiental. Foram estudadas as características dos condomínios e as modalidades de parcelamento do solo urbano, destacando as semelhanças e diferenças destes empreendimentos e apontando que os condomínios de lotes não se enquadram em nenhuma modalidade e exige regulamentação própria. Destacamos a relevância do papel cumprido pelos municípios na regulamentação do espaço urbano e a função normativa da Corregedoria Geral de Justiça dos estados, a fim de que à implantação dos condomínios de lotes seja realizada de forma controlada, com requisitos e aprovações que atenuem os impactos da segregação no direito à cidade. Foi necessária a análise de outras modalidades de empreendimentos residenciais fechados para diferenciarmos e compreendermos a disciplina jurídica dos condomínios de lotes. Finalmente, vimos que a vigência e aplicação dos dispositivos constitucionais e legais permitem a regularidade dos condomínios de lotes, desde que em consonância com as normas municipais estabelecidas, com a regulamentação da Corregedoria Geral de Justiça e com as premissas do Direito Urbanístico

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:59:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006-Josue Lopes de Castro.pdf: 352206 bytes, checksum: 82b2c9ce218435164236f90f794fb47a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-12 / The feed-lot trial was carried the main goal was the evaluation of liveweight gain made by 5 months old male lambs of St Ines breed receiving diets with three levels of concentrate substitution by Puero hay. The experiment lasted for 55 days with 15 days of adaptation period. The concentrate was made out 50% of wheat bran 35% of ground corn and 15% of soybean meal. The Statistical Design was Completely Random with five replications and three treatments: Treatment one 0%, treatment two 50% and treatment three 100% of hay. The animals were kept in three pens (five lambs in each one). They were feed daily at 8:00 h and had their movements individually restrained during feeding time. Feeding and refused were weighed daily, samples were collected and sent for bromatological analysis (DM, CP, NDF, ADF, Hcel, Cel, Lig and Ashes). The performance was evaluated through daily consumption and daily liveweigth gain. The results showed significant differences (P<0,05) between T1 and T3 (0 and 100% of substitution, with 194,5 and 74,2 g/day, respectively). T2 (50% of substitution with 135,5 g/day of liveweigth gain was not significantly different either from T1 and T3. The concentrate substitution is feasible and brought a noticeable reduction on feeding costs, since the net profits were of R$110,00 R$101,90 and R$47,75, for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. / O experimento foi conduzido no Col?gio T?cnico da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. Com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho produtivo de cordeiros machos n?o castrados da ra?a Santa In?s confinados e alimentados com dietas ? base de concentrado e feno de Kudzu Tropical. O per?odo experimental foi de 55 dias, sendo 15 dias de adapta??o ?s dietas. Foram utilizados 15 cordeiros com idade m?dia de cinco meses. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 5 repeti??es (animais) por tratamento (0, 50 e 100% de inclus?o de feno de kudzu tropical). Os animais foram mantidos em 3 baias coletivas, cada uma com 5 animais. O fornecimento das dietas foi realizado ?s 08:00h, sendo os animais contidos por canzis para individualiza??o do fornecimento. As sobras foram recolhidas diariamente para posterior an?lise. Foram realizadas an?lises bromatol?gicas das dietas e das sobras. Analisou-se mat?ria seca (MS), prote?na bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ?cido (FDA), hemicelulose (HCEL), celulose (CEL), lignina (LIG) e mat?ria mineral (MM). Foram avaliados os consumos de nutrientes e o ganho de peso m?dio di?rio (GPMD). Os resultados mostraram diferen?as significativas (P<0,05) entre os percentuais de 0 e 100% com m?dia de ganho de peso de 194,5 e 74,2g/animal/dia, respectivamente. Por?m o mesmo n?o foi observado entre os percentuais de 0 e 50% com m?dias de 194,5 e 135,5g/ animal/dia, respectivamente, indicando que a inclus?o do feno de kudzu tropical pode ser uma alternativa para a diminui??o dos custos de produ??o. No presente trabalho observou-se rendimentos l?quidos de R$ 110,00, R$ 101,90 e R$ 47,75 para os tratamentos T1, T2 e T3, respectivamente.

Until the last half century, land development patterns in the Intermountain West were designed after the Mormon settlement pattern. With its gridiron streets and in-town farmsteads, this pattern gave families the opportunity to grow crops and raise a few animals on their one acre or less in town with the added advantage of having a social life. Over the last century, small farms have dwindled and large farms have increased in size. However, in the Intermountain West the farmstead tradition continues with families who grow gardens and raise animals on their large city lots, who value self-sufficiency, and who thrive in wide open spaces. To better understand the land uses and preferences of this population, a research survey was mailed to a sample pool of residents of Cache Valley, Utah who live on large lots with animal rights. They contributed an array of data about their backgrounds and how they are specifically using their land. Their responses validated the existence of a continued agrarian culture and gave insight on how they felt about trends in conservation subdivisions and common open space. A range of opinions about ideal lot size supported rural planners' suggestions to develop lots of varying sizes to meet the needs of a diverse population. Small farms on large lots can be a valuable part of a sustainable urban and rural environment. Local vegetables and agricultural products bring nature and natural processes back to an urban setting and reduce the environmental footprint imposed by extensive shipping. Culturally, small farmers provide a connection to the past and fulfill a lifestyle choice for a rural-minded population. Particularly in the Intermountain West, planners need to integrate these small farms into their developments to preserve the rural character of towns and cities of the region.