Internet of Things är ett begrepp som innebär att alla tänkbara enheter kan kommunicera med varandra. Utvecklingen är snabb och antalet uppkopplade enheter ökar enormt. Detta medför bland annat att samhället blir effektivare vilket innebär både ekonomiska och miljömässiga fördelar. Genom att göra parkeringsplatser smarta kan de lediga platserna snabbare lokaliseras vilket minskar både miljöpåverkan och bränslekostnad. Eftersom strömförsörjning kan vara ett problem vid en del parkeringsplatser undersöks huruvida det är möjligt att åstadkomma smarta parkeringsplatser baserat på en enhet utan extern strömförsörjning. Undersökningen görs genom att konstruera en prototyp och på den utvärdera ström- och effektförbrukning samt batteritid. Dessutom analyseras om en annan design på prototypen skulle prestera bättre genom att uppskatta strömförbrukningen för en sådan design och därefter beräkna effektförbrukning och batteritid. Prototypens konstruktion bestod av en ultraljudsgivare inklusive styrenhet, en mikrokontroller kallad mDot, ett 9 V-batteri och en strömbrytare. Med mDot:en kunde data sändas till en server via LoRaWAN. De utförda mätningarna och beräkningarna visade att prototypen drar mycket ström. En enhet med tillräcklig prestanda är dock möjlig att konstruera genom att utföra beräkningar i mDot:en istället för i ultraljudsgivarens styrenhet. Detta skulle minska strömförbrukningen vilket förlänger batteritiden. Uppskattningar visade även att batteritiden för en sådan enhet ökar exponentiellt mot tiden i viloläge. Slutsatsen är att batteritiden varierar beroende på hur enheten är designad samt hur länge enheten är i viloläge. Det är dock möjligt att konstruera en enhet utan extern strömförsörjning som har tillräckligt bra prestanda för att åstadkomma smarta parkeringsplatser. / Internet of Things is a term for describing that every imaginable device can communicate with each other. The development in the field is fast and the amount of connected devices increases at an enormous rate. This means that the society becomes more efficient and some part of this is economic as well as environmental benefits. By making parking lots smart, the vacant lots can be located more quickly thus reducing environmental impact and fuel cost. At some parking lots there is no power supply. This report investigates whether or not it is possible to achieve smart parking lots based on a device without external power supply. The investigation is done by constructing a prototype and evaluate its current and power consumption as well as its battery life. Furthermore, an investigation is done to find out if another design can perform better than the prototype. This is done by making assumptions of how another design might look and from that estimate its current consumption and then calculating power consumption and battery life. The prototype constructed existed of an ultrasonic sensor including control unit, a microcontroller called mDot, a 9 V battery and a power switch. The mDot was able to send data to a server via LoRaWAN. The performed measurements and calculations showed that the prototype used to much current. However, a device with sufficient performance is possible to construct by doing the computation in the mDot instead of in the ultrasonic sensors control unit. This would increase the battery life of the device. Estimations showed that the battery life of such a device increases exponentially to the sleep time. The conclusion is that the battery life will vary depending on the design and the sleep time of the device. It is however possible to design a device without external power supply that has sufficiently good performance to enable smart parking lots.

Le dimensionnement des lots de production est une des nombreuses activités survenant dans le cadre de la planification de production. Il a pour objet de déterminer quand et combien produire de façon à réaliser le meilleur compromis possible entre la minimisation des coûts liés à la production (coûts fixes de reconfiguration de la ressource, coûts de stockage...) et la satisfaction de la demande des clients Nous nous intéressons ici un problème de planification de production par lots connu sous le nom de "Discrete Lot-sizing and Scheduling Problem" ou "DLSP". Plus précisément, nous étudions plusieurs variantes de ce problème dans lesquelles les coûts et/ou les temps de changement de produits sur la ressource sont dépendant de la séquence et nous proposons diverses extensions d'une méthode disponible dans la littérature pour la résolution exacte du problème mono-niveau, mono-ressource. Nos contributions portent à la fois sur la modélisation du problème et sur l'implémentation de méthodes efficaces de résolution. En ce qui concerne la modélisation, nous étudions l'intégration de divers aspects opérationnels dans le modèle de base afin d'en améliorer la pertinence industrielle. Ainsi nous considérons les extensions suivantes : la prise en compte d'une structure de produits "multi-attributs" qui permet de diminuer la taille du problème d'optimisation à résoudre, l'intégration de temps de changement positifs afin de mieux modéliser la perte de production causée par une reconfiguration de la ressource et la présence de plusieurs ressources parallèles dont la production doit être planifiée simultanément. En ce qui concerne la résolution du problème, nous présentons pour chacune des extensions du modèle de base une approche de résolution visant à fournir des solutions optimales exactes. En général, les résultats de nos expériences numériques montrent l'utilité pratique de ces algorithmes pour la résolution d'instances de moyenne et grande taille en des temps de calcul compatibles avec une application industrielle

The theme of this master s dissertation represents material of real interest for the organization and management of occupied spaces of the Brazilian cities, considering the growing demand for housing in horizontal condominiums and closed lots. Thus, the aim of this paper is to diagnostic the causes and effects of the implantation of these housing enterprises in a way that it will contribute for the construction of an urban legislation that is more convenient for the soil division in restrict access areas. The city of Maceió currently has about 50 enterprises of this kind. At first, for an urban legislation comprehension, it will be shown a history of the formation of Maceió and its physic and territorial structuration. Following there will be mentioned the current urban legislation and its evolution through time. The legislation review permitted to verify that this legislation still doesn´t supply the demand and necessities imposed by the new model of urban soil division. At last, the creation of a database that includes the habitation enterprises built in Maceió during the last decades, supported by research focused on the typologies of soil division with restricted access enterprises, permitted to verify the extension of compromising urban distortions that reflect in the appropriations of public areas, roads, urban morphology, among other things, that are resulted of the indiscriminate implantation of the locking accesses and condo enterprises. / O tema desta dissertação de mestrado representa matéria de real interesse para a organização e gestão do espaço habitado nas cidades brasileiras, considerando a crescente demanda por moradias em condomínios horizontais e loteamentos fechados. Dessa forma o objetivo deste trabalho é diagnosticar as causas e efeitos da implantação desses empreendimentos imobiliários, de maneira a contribuir para a construção de uma legislação urbanística mais adequada para as demandas de parcelamento do solo com acesso restrito, com foco na cidade de Maceió, com aproximadamente 50 empreendimentos desse tipo. Inicialmente, a título de compreensão da dinâmica urbana, será apresentado um histórico da formação da cidade de Maceió e a sua estruturação física territorial. Em seguida será comentada a legislação urbanística atual e sua evolução ao longo do tempo. A crítica da legislação permitiu constatar que essa ainda não atende às exigências e necessidades impostas pelo novo modelo de parcelamento do solo urbano. Por fim, a elaboração do cadastro dos empreendimentos habitacionais construídos nas últimas décadas em Maceió, apoiado por pesquisa dirigida para as tipologias de empreendimentos de parcelamento do solo com características de acesso restrito, permitiu constatar a extensão de distorções urbanísticas comprometedoras, com reflexos nas apropriações de áreas públicas, malha viária, morfologia urbana, entre outras, resultantes da implantação indiscriminada do fechamento de acessos e de empreendimentos ―condominiais‖.

Vid inrättandet av nya farleder är synbarheten en viktig fråga när det handlar om valet av sjömärke. Idag grundar sig detta val på subjektiva metoder eftersom det inte finns någon forskning kring det optiska upptäcktsavståndet till de sjömärken som används i svenska farvatten. Används ett sjömärke med för kort upptäcktsavstånd äventyras säkerheten, samtidigt som ett för effektivt sjömärke innebär högre kostnader. Syftet var att studien ska ligga till grund för skapandet av objektiva metoder vid utmärkning av farleder genom att undersöka det optiska upptäcktsavståndet till olika flytande sjömärken. En metodologisk triangulering genomfördes i form av en fältstudie ombord på fartyg och ett frågeformulär som besvarades av lotsar. Resultatet från fältstudien visade att bojarna generellt hade ett längre upptäcktsavstånd gentemot lysprickarna. Upptäcktsavståndet varierade beroende på sjömärkets form, höjd, bredd, färg, ögonhöjd, ljusvinkel, samt bakgrunden bakom sjömärket. Resultatet visade även intressanta skillnader och likheter bland lotsarnas svar kring de faktorer som ansågs påverka det optiska upptäcktsavståndet. / For the introduction of new waterways visibility is of importance when choosing the appropriate sea mark. Today the choice of sea mark is very subjective due to the lack of research regarding the visual detection distance of the ones used in Swedish waters. Safety is jeopardised if a sea mark is used with a detection distance that is too short, whereas a more effective sea mark leads to higher costs. The purpose was that the study would help in creating objective methods when marking waterways by investigating the visual detection distance of different floating sea marks. A methodological triangulation was performed in the form of a field study on board a ship, and a questionnaire was answered by pilots. The field study revealed that the buoys generally had a further detection distance compared to the light spar buoys. The detection distance varied according to the sea marks shape, height, width, colour, eye height, light angle and also the background behind the sea mark. The result also showed interesting differences and similarities amongst the pilots’ answers regarding the factors which where perceived to affect the visual detection distance.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo principal el desarrollo de nuestro plan de negocio llamado Apark-Car, el cual tiene como visión permitir la identificación de estacionamientos públicos y privados en Lima Metropolitana. A través de este proyecto se buscará resolver el tiempo perdido que hay al buscar estacionamiento, así como el desconocimiento de los distintos conductores acerca de los lugares para estacionarse, las tarifas, así como la cantidad de horas permitidas y las posibles multas que se impongan por cumplir infracciones de estacionamiento. Para la validación de la idea de negocio de Apark-Car, se realizaron diversas entrevistas, tanto a expertos del sector, como a potenciales clientes o usuarios. Obtuvimos resultados de suma importancia para que nuestro equipo de investigación corrija errores. Por otro lado, elaboramos distintos experimentos para determinar la respuesta del público ante las distintas propuestas de valor y poder conocer el cumplimiento de las hipótesis planteadas.Por último, con la finalidad de establecer si nuestra idea de negocio resulta viable dentro del mercado peruano, logramos desarrollar a través de planes financieros,marketing y de desarrollo operacional conocer los distintos elementos y áreas que ayudarán con la sostenibilidad del Apark-Car en el tiempo. Por último, el presente trabajo contará con la proyección de ventas y los respectivos flujos de cajas, donde podremos visualizar a detalle el financiamiento de nuestra idea de negocios y los gastos que se realizarán. / Our present research work has as its main objective the development of our business plan called Apark-Car, which has as its vision to allow the identification of public and private parking lots in Metropolitan Lima. Through this project we will seek to solve the time wasted when looking for parking, as well as the lack of knowledge of the different drivers about the places to park, the rates, as well as the number of hours allowed and the possible fines imposed for parking violations. For the validation of Apark-Car's business idea, several interviews were conducted, both with experts in the sector and with potential customers or users. We obtained very important results for our research team to correct errors. On the other hand, we elaborated different experiments to determine the public's response to the different value propositions and to know the fulfillment of the hypotheses proposed. Finally, with the purpose of establishing if our business idea is viable in the Peruvian market, we were able to develop financial, marketing and operational development plans to know the different elements and areas that will help with the sustainability of Apark-Car in time. Finally, this work will have the sales projection and the respective cash flows, where we can visualize in detail the financing of our business idea and the expenses that will be incurred. / Trabajo de investigación

En los últimos años las motocicletas se han vuelto cada vez más comunes como medio de transporte en la población en Perú, ya sea por ser más ligera, rápida e implicar costos muchos menores que un auto. Sus usuarios aumentan constantemente y con ello también sus necesidades, y es que la moto presenta muchas ventajas, pero también requiere de algunos servicios que no son muy frecuentes de encontrar en Lima. Entre ellos se encuentra la falta de estacionamientos, y es que en el país se percibe la ausencia de lugares específicos en los que estacionar una moto. Por otro lado, a causa de la pandemia los ingresos de muchas personas se han reducido constantemente y en algunos casos están en busca de obtener una fuente de dinero adicional y una opción que contempla es alquilar un espacio de su casa. El siguiente trabajo de investigación se centrará en verificar la viabilidad de desarrollar un aplicativo que conecta y les brinde una solución a ambos segmentos, desarrollaremos experimentos que cuenten con diversos participantes entre ellos expertos para conocer la factibilidad de la idea de negocio y obtener ideas que puedan potenciarla. Además, se elaboraron distintas acciones, estrategias para generar una introducción estable de la idea y proyección tanto de ventas como financiera con la que poder identificar la rentabilidad de la propuesta. / In recent years, motorcycles have become increasingly common as a means of transportation in the population of Peru, either because they are lighter, faster and involve much lower costs than a car. Its users constantly and with it also their needs, and the motorcycle has many advantages, but it also requires some services that are not very frequent to find in Lima. Among them is the lack of parking lots, and it is that in the country the absence of specific places in which to park a motorcycle is perceived. On the other hand, a cause of the pandemic, the income of many people has been constantly reduced and in some cases they are looking for an additional source of money and an option that contemplates renting a space in their house. The following research work will focus on verifying the viability of developing an application that connects and provides a solution to both segments, we will develop experiments that have various participants, including experts to know the feasibility of the business idea and obtain ideas that can empower it. In addition, different actions were developed, strategies to generate a stable introduction of the idea and both sales and financial projection in order to identify the profitability of the proposal. / Trabajo de investigación

This diploma project design studio work focus on the introduction to the problematics of vacant lots within the contemporary city centres. The opening represents basic typology of the lots. The work also presents a strategy how to develop the potential of vacant lots with its recreation as public spaces before the housing developments. The whole project book is divided into three parts. Analythical one shows the vacants lots within the Brno city centre and their typology. The strategy is illustrated by a sort of a „health kit“ tool box.And the main aim of the design part is to explore various possibilities of development for a vacant lot on Vesela street.

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