My DPhil submission consists of a series of papers on related topics on the moral philosophy of scarce benefit distribution. It focuses on two types of scarce benefit distribution case. The first type occurs when which all potential beneficiaries of a good each have an equally strong moral claim on an equal benefit from the resource but scarcity or indivisibility prevents us from benefiting all potential beneficiaries. Call these cases equal conflict cases. In 'Anti-Majoritarianism', I argue against the view defended by both utilitarians and non-utilitarians that in equal conflict cases you always ought to give the benefit to as many people as possible. I argue that doing so is neither morally right nor fair. In 'Weighing Up Weighted Lotteries', I argue that the philosophical debate between unweighted and weighted lottery benefit distribution procedures has been misconceived and that fairness requires us to use a new kind of weighted lottery that I call the exclusive composition-sensitive lottery. In 'Can't Get No Satisfaction', I defend a new view that I call the dual-structure view about how lotteries satisfy potential beneficiaries' claims in equal conflict cases and highlight the implications of that view for the distribution of donor corneas to those who have suffered corneal degeneration. The second type of this distributional problem occurs when we can either benefit a very large number of potential beneficiaries with a very small benefit (call these the many) or a very small number of potential beneficiaries with a very major benefit (call these the few). In "Valuing the Few Over the Many" I argue that there are cases where not only ought we to benefit the few over the many no matter how numerous the many are, but it is also better to do so. However, this conclusion can be shown to conflict with a number of widely held tenets of value theory. I evaluate different ways of accommodating these intuitions and argue that in some contexts, benefits are not of finite value. The view I defend in 'Valuing the Few Over the Many', combined with some intuitively plausible axiological claims, is inconsistent with the transitivity of the 'better than' relation. In 'Making Betterness Behave' I argue that for what I call the conditional non-coextensive thesis: if 'better than' is not transitive, one ought to take the position that 'more reason to bring about rather than' is transitive. I argue that one can generate a transitive 'more reason to bring about rather than' deontic ordering from a non-transitive axiological ordering in a principled way. This deontic ordering avoids the major practical objections (money pumps, moral dilemmas and threats to practical reasoning) to non-transitivity of the 'better than' relation.

This thesis uses laboratory experiments to develop a methodology to estimate the expected welfare benefits of insurance for individuals, conditional on their risk preferences. This methodology is then applied to study the welfare effects of issues that impact microinsurance, or insurance for the poor. The first result is that insurance take-up not a good proxy for the expected welfare gain of an individual’s choice to purchase or not to purchase insurance. The second result is that basis risk reduces the welfare obtained from index insurance. This welfare is significantly improved by having greater behavioral consistency with the Reduction of Compound Lotteries axiom. Finally, the risk of contract non-performance from the insurer significantly reduces the welfare obtained from insurance purchase decisions.

81 Abstract The thesis is focused on financial and legal aspects of lotteries and similar games with a special regard to poker layed down by act No. 202/1990 Coll., Act on Lotteries and Other Similar Games. Bets and games of chance are civil law parallels of lotteries and other similar games. Legislator doesnt provide them with the same margin of legal protection and determines them unenforceable. Lotteries and other similar games according to the Czech legislation have a characteristic element of chance. Author argues whether poker is a game of chance and tends towards the opinion, that poker doesnt fall within the scope of the lottery act in its current definition. Afterwards the thesis clarifies the legal requirements to obtain licence to operate lotteries and other similar games. Czech republic as a member of the European Union shall be subjekt to the european law, nevertheless Czech legislation prohibits the applicants for licence to have a foreign equity participation. Author therefore compares the decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union on gambling and tends towards the opinion that Czech legislation is in conflict with the European law. Lotteries and other similar games are closely connected with the tax and fee duties of the subjects. Thesis clarifies the new institute of lotteries...

This thesis deals with online gambling and specifics of the legislation, which is in the Czech Republic regulated mainly by the Act No. 202/1990, the Lottery Act. After short introduction of the field, there is provided analysis of the latest amendment to the Lottery Act No. 300/2011 and its impact on the poker industry, particularly the online poker industry. Emphasis is placed on the conditions laid down for obtaining a license to operate in lotteries and other similar games, the tax aspects of poker for both operators and players and suitability of inclusion poker under the regime of the Lottery Act. The issue of cross-border gambling is in the European Union closely studied and in the coming years there is to be expected extensive harmonization, which will be based on the fundamental principles of free movement of goods, services, people and capital. In connection with the forthcoming harmonization, the author addresses the issue of incompatibility of the Czech Lottery Act with European law and draws the same conclusion regarding the draft Act on the Operation of gambling, which was originally approved with effect from 1st January 2013. After a brief excursion into the regulation of internet gambling in France and Greece, the author compares the local regulatory tools and instruments with those...

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of state lotteries as sources funding for public elementary and secondary education. The population consisted of 39 executive directors from state school board associations and the District of Columbia.A questionnaire of 22 items addressing lottery adoption, operation, performance, revenue dedication and distribution, proponent expectations, and school board member expectations was utilized. The questionnaire focused upon seven basic research questions.Findings1. Legislators in twenty-two states formally approved state lotteries between 1971 and 1989.2. Thirteen (fifty-nine percent) of twenty-two state lotteries in operation were approved by state legislatures between 1985 and 1989.3. Proponents in fifteen (73 percent) of adopting states cited "benefits to special interest groups" as an adoption rationale.4. Legislatures in four states dedicated 100 percent of lottery revenues to public elementary and secondary education.5.Fiscally successful lotteries have effective marketing and good organization/structure.6. The fiscal success of lotteries was limited by a multitude of factors, none of which represented more than 27 percent of responses.7. Measurement of lottery revenues to education was difficult due to the methods of distribution, and sparse data.8. Four of six state lotteries have revenues dedicated to education distributed funds through equalization grants.9. Lottery revenues met or exceeded the expectations of 81 percent of proponents.10. Lottery revenues to education met the expectations of 22 percent of school board members.11. Proponents in states where a lottery had been considered but not adopted cited each of three rationales 65 percent of the time. The rationales were: 1) lottery participation is voluntary, unlike a tax, 2) lotteries raise state revenue without raising taxes, and 3) benefits to special interest groups.12.Opponents in states where the legislature had considered but not adopted a lottery cited the rationale "lotteries are morally wrong" 100 percent of the time.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-14T11:55:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Victor Arantes Nunes.pdf: 1279853 bytes, checksum: 4e3a1c98a99f707552712a3e8c4868c5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-14T11:55:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Victor Arantes Nunes.pdf: 1279853 bytes, checksum: 4e3a1c98a99f707552712a3e8c4868c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-30 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This work seeks to highlight the importance of teaching probability in high school subject in which teachers usually have some difficulty in transmitting content to their students. It highlighted the relevance of probability, given its broad scope, either in Statistics, Physics or Engineering. A literature review, which approached the historical side of gambling and have also discussed the theoretical aspects of basic probability, essential for good understanding of the content was performed. Then analyzed thoroughly federal lotteries, as well as its characteristics, basic rules and odds of winning in each of them. Finally, this paper suggests a teaching methodology based on lotteries, with different educational activities, in order to motivate and facilitate the understanding of high school students and encourage teachers, escaping the traditional way of teaching / Esse trabalho procura destacar a import?ncia do ensino de Probabilidade no Ensino M?dio, assunto no qual geralmente os professores tem certa dificuldade em transmitir o conte?do aos seus alunos. ? destacada a relev?ncia da Probabilidade, dado seu vasto campo de aplica??o, seja na Estat?stica, F?sica ou na Engenharia. Foi realizada uma revis?o bibliogr?fica, onde abordou-se o lado hist?rico dos jogos de azar e tamb?m foram discutidos os aspectos te?ricos da probabilidade b?sica, essencial para a boa compreens?o do conte?do. Em seguida, analisou-se minuciosamente as loterias federais, assim como suas caracter?sticas, regras b?sicas e probabilidades de se vencer em cada uma delas. Por fim, o presente trabalho sugere uma metodologia de ensino baseada nos jogos lot?ricos, com atividades pedag?gicas diferenciadas, com o objetivo de motivar e facilitar o entendimento dos alunos do Ensino M?dio, bem como estimular os docentes, fugindo da forma tradicional de se lecionar

This diploma thesis analyses the historical development of gambling legislation in the Czech Republic, from the first mention of the regulation in the Middle Ages to present days, while the primary (but not exclusive) subject of my research are the basic sources of gambling regulation in the field of administrative law. In my thesis, I identify and examine the main reasons for implementation of new institutes and other changes into the gaming law. In this context, I assess the degree of restrictiveness or liberality of each regulation while focusing on whether there were any long-term tendencies to make the legislation more or less strict. All of this is done through the interpretation of legal norms with the help of legal methodology - methods of subjectively historical, teleological and logical interpretation are used in the thesis. These forms of legal methodology were chosen with regard to the resources used in the thesis, which include mainly legislation and its explanatory statements. The whole thesis is divided into three chronologically subsequent chapters representing the main periods of the gambling legislation development. The first chapter deals with the evolution of gaming law from its beginnings in the 13th century until 1989; its subchapters then divide this long period into several...

This thesis deals with the impacts of amendments of Act on Lotteries and Other Like Games effective since 2012 on sports betting operators, state budget of the Czech Republic and funding of Czech sport. Furthermore, this paper analyses the issue of cross-border provision of gambling services in the EU and examines the compliance of Czech regulatory framework with EU law. Finally, it proposes solutions to identified weaknesses.

The thesis discusses legal regulations of lotteries and similar games especially from the tax perspective and according to the state before and after 1 January 2012, when a significant amendment of the Lottery Act and related regulations was carried out. The work explains the development of community income as a result of the amendment and also the development of funds spent on community purposes. Possible changes to the issue are suggested herein.

I Sverige är det förbjudet att både anordna och främja deltagande i hasardspel om inte tillstånd har meddelats. Genom att kontrollera spelverksamheten, eftersträvas en sund och säker spelmarknad utan privata vinstintressen, där de bakomliggande skyddsintressena (att skydda konsumenter, att förhindra brott, att motverka sociala och ekonomiska skadeverkningar samt att styra överskottet) ska tillgodoses. I Sverige är det endast Svenska Spel och ATG som har tillstånd att tillhandahålla hasardspel över internet, men trots det både tillhandahåller och främjar spelleverantörer som är etablerade i andra medlemsstater hasardspel över internet på den svenska marknaden, vilket aktualiserar frågan huruvida EU-rätten ger något stöd för sådant gränsöverskridande hasardspel. Hasardspel faller in under bestämmelserna om fri rörlighet för tjänster förutsatt att spelleverantören är etablerad i en annan medlemsstat än mottagaren av tjänsten. Denna frihet kan begränsas på grund av tvingande skäl av allmänintresse såsom exempelvis konsumentskydd, uteslutande av privata vinstintressen och förhindrande av brott. Med anledning av de kulturella och moraliska skiljaktigheter som föreligger mellan medlemsstaterna, har EU-domstolen tillerkänt de nationella myndigheterna ett stort utrymme att själva avgöra vad som krävs för att skydda medborgarna. Oavsett vilket ändamål som eftersträvas, får inskränkningarna däremot varken vara diskriminerande på grund av nationalitet, eller gå utöver vad som är nödvändigt för att uppnå det eftersträvade målet. Vidare måste regleringarna även tillgodose behovet av att uppnå det eftersträvade målet på ett sammanhängande och systematiskt sätt. I uppsatsen har jag kommit fram till att varken den svenska spelregleringen eller EU-rätten ger något stöd för sådan gränsöverskridande verksamhet. Trots det figurerar spelleverantörer utan tillstånd på den svenska marknaden, vilket möjliggörs bland annat på grund av bristande påföljdsbestämmelser i den svenska regleringen. Eftersom EU-domstolen konsekvent har framhållit att de nationella regleringarna måste vara proportionerliga och tillgodose behovet av att uppnå det eftersträvade målet på ett sammanhängande och systematiskt sätt oavsett hur de är utformade, har jag i analysen även genomfört en sådan granskning. Slutsatsen av arbetet är att den svenska regleringen inte tillgodoser behovet av att uppnå ändamålet på ett sammanhängande och systematiskt sätt. Snarare än att gå utöver vad som är nödvändigt för att uppnå målet, verkar regleringen inte gå tillräckligt långt för att uppnå det bakomliggande ändamålet och tillgodose därmed inte heller de bakomliggande skyddsintressena.