Οι εφαρμογές της σύγχρονης τεχνολογίας επιτάσσουν τη χρήση συσκευών με όσο το δυνατόν μικρότερες διαστάσεις, χαμηλή τάση τροφοδοσίας, χαμηλή κατανάλωση ισχύος και ταυτόχρονα υψηλές επιδόσεις. Το αντικείμενο της εργασίας αυτής, αφορά στη σχεδίαση αναλογικών ολοκληρωμένων φίλτρων, χαμηλής τάσης τροφοδοσίας, για υλοποίηση μεγάλων σταθερών χρόνου, στο πεδίο του λογαρίθμου. Προς αυτή την κατεύθυνση, μελετώντας και σχεδιάζοντας δομές αναλογικών φίλτρων στο πεδίο του λογαρίθμου, επιτεύχθηκε η σχεδίαση φίλτρων δεύτερης τάξης με μεγάλες σταθερές χρόνου, διατηρώντας τις φυσικές διαστάσεις των κυκλωμάτων σε εξαιρετικά χαμηλά επίπεδα. Αρχικά, παρουσιάζονται κάποια εισαγωγικά στοιχεία για την σχεδίαση ολοκληρωμένων κυκλωμάτων σε περιβάλλον χαμηλής τάσης τροφοδοσίας. Γίνεται εισαγωγή στην ιδέα των λογαριθμικών φίλτρων και αναλύονται οι βασικές αρχές σχεδίασης. Παρουσιάζονται βασικά χαρακτηριστικά των κυκλωμάτων στο πεδίο του λογαρίθμου, καθώς και ανάλυση των τελεστών και των διαγωγών που αποτελούν τη βάση της σχεδίασης στο λογαριθμικό πεδίο. Επιπλέον, παρουσιάζονται οι υλοποιήσεις των ολοκληρωτών των φίλτρων στο πεδίο του λογαρίθμου. Στη συνέχεια, γίνεται τοπολογική εξομοίωση 2ης τάξης βαθυπερατών φίλτρων στο πεδίο του λογαρίθμου. Σχεδιάζονται φίλτρα με την κλασική μέθοδο υλοποίησης, κάνοντας χρήση ισοδύναμων των παθητικών στοιχείων στο λογαριθμικό πεδίο, αλλά και φίλτρα υλοποιημένα με διάγραμμα ροής (SFG). Παρουσιάζονται τα πρώτα αποτελέσματα των εξομοιώσεων που πραγματοποιήθηκαν με το λογισμικό Cadence και το γραφικό περιβάλλον που διαθέτει για την σχεδίαση αναλογικών ηλεκτρονικών κυκλωμάτων (Virtuoso Analog Environment). Προτείνονται, δύο κυκλώματα τα οποία πραγματοποιούν πολλαπλασιασμό της χωρητικότητας των πυκνωτών, επιτυγχάνοντας έτσι μεγάλες σταθερές χρόνου, και η υλοποίηση νέων ολοκληρωτών που κάνουν χρήση των πολλαπλασιαστών. Δημιουργούνται έτσι οι βάσεις για την υλοποίηση φίλτρων με εξαιρετικά μικρές διαστάσεις, των οποίων η σχεδίαση, η εξομοίωση και η φυσική σχεδίαση (layout design) παρουσιάζονται, αναλύονται και συγκρίνονται. / The technological evolution and market requirements have led to an increasing demand of low - power portable devices, featuring the reduced size of the devises and high efficiency. This M.Sc project deals with the design of analog integrated, Log - Domain filters, for low - voltage implementation, with large time - constants. In this direction, the design of a second order, low - pass filter, with the above features, and with the occupied silicon area maintained at very low levels, was achieved. In Chapters 1 and 2, an introduction to the design of integrated circuits in low voltage environment is presented. There is an introduction to the idea and the basic principles of Log - Domain filters. The key characteristics of circuits in a large signal operation point of view, and an analysis of the operators and the exponential transconductor cells are, also presented. Furthermore, the basic Log - Domain integrators has been analyzed. A topologic analysis of second order Log - Domain filters is given in Chapter 3. Filters has been initially designed firstly with the classic implementation, using Log - Domain equivalent of passive elements. In a second step, the filter has been realizes by employing the signal flow diagram (SFG) representation. These filters were simulated with the Analog Design environment of the Cadence software. the obtained simulation results confirmed the correct operation of the circuit. Two implementations for realizing the Log - Domain equivalent of a capacitor multiplier are introduced. In addition, implementations of new Log - Domain integrators, that use the capacitor multipliers, are given in Chapter 4. Using these implementations, Log - Domain filters, with reduced total area and large time - constants, are designed, simulated and characterized in Chapter 5. Finally, the layout design of a second - order has been performed in Chapter 6 and the provided post - layout simulation results show that the performance of the filter was close to that of the filter realized in schematic level.

Αντικείμενο της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η σχεδίαση ενός βιοϊατρικού συστήματος που είναι κατάλληλο για την ανίχνευση εμβοών σε ασθενείς. Το σύστημα αυτό αποτελείται από ένα αναλογικό τμήμα το οποίο περιλαμβάνει τους εξαγωγείς ενέργειας ζώνης συχνοτήτων για τα alpha, gamma και theta waves του εγκεφάλου που τροφοδοτούν τα αντίστοιχα κανάλια του συστήματος. Επίσης, το σύστημα περιλαμβάνει και ένα ψηφιακό τμήμα αποτελούμενο από συγκριτές ρεύματος και μια πύλη AND και το οποίο θα χρησιμεύσει για την λήψη της απόφασης σχετικά με το αν πάσχει ή όχι ο ασθενής. Η έξοδος του συστήματος θα οδηγεί ένα σύστημα ανάδρασης, ο οποίος θα προσαρμόζει τα επίπεδα έντασης των αντίστοιχων σημάτων που δέχεται ο ασθενής για την αποφυγή της εμφάνισης του φαινομένου της εμβοής. Η υλοποίηση του συστήματος γίνεται με χρήση MOS transistors τα οποία λειτουργούν στην περιοχή υποκατωφλίου. Η χρήση μικρών ρευμάτων πόλωσης δίνει τη δυνατότητα για σχεδίαση συστημάτων με χαμηλή κατανάλωση ισχύος και ταυτόχρονα επιτρέπει την υλοποίηση μεγάλων τιμών αντιστάσεων, οι οποίες είναι απαραίτητες για την πραγματοποίηση μεγάλων σταθερών χρόνου που απαιτούνται για τη διαχείριση των χαμηλής συχνότητας βιοϊατρικών σημάτων. Στόχος της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η ανάπτυξη πρωτότυπης τοπολογίας για το αναλογικό τμήμα του συστήματος. Αυτό επιτεύχθηκε με την ανάπτυξη νέων δομών φίλτρων τα οποία λειτουργούν στο πεδίο του υπερβολικού ημιτόνου. Οι κύριοι λόγοι υιοθέτησης αυτής της τεχνικής είναι ότι προσφέρει ταυτόχρονα τα παρακάτω: (α) δυνατότητα επεξεργασίας σημάτων τα οποία είναι μεγαλύτερα από το ρεύμα πόλωσης, λόγω της ενσωματωμένης λειτουργίας σε τάξη-ΑΒ, (β) δυνατότητα λειτουργίας με καλή γραμμικότητα σε πολύ χαμηλή τάση τροφοδοσίας, (γ) ηλεκτρονική ρύθμιση των συχνοτικών χαρακτηριστικών τους από το ρεύμα πόλωσης, (δ) υλοποίηση φίλτρων χωρίς αντιστάτες, (ε) υλοποίηση φίλτρων με χρήση μόνο γειωμένων πυκνωτών. Η σχεδίαση των κυκλωμάτων, τόσο σε επίπεδο σχηματικού, όσο και σε επίπεδο μασκών, έγινε με τη χρήση του λογισμικού Cadence και με το Design Kit που παρέχεται από την τεχνολογία AMS CMOS C35 0.35μm. Συγκρινόμενη με την αντίστοιχη ήδη προταθείσα δομή ανιχνευτή εμβοών, η προτεινόμενη τοπολογία προσφέρει τα παρακάτω ελκυστικά χαρακτηριστικά: (α) μειωμένη κατανάλωση ισχύος και (β) λειτουργία του αναλογικού τμήματος σε μικρότερη τάση τροφοδοσίας (0.5V). / Subject of this M. Sc.Τhesis is the design of a biomedical system that is suitable for detecting tinnitus in patients. This system consists of an analog subsystem comprising band energy extractors for alpha, gamma and theta waves of the EEG that feed the channels of the system. The system also includes a digital section composed of current comparator and AND gate, which will serve as a decision on whether or not the suffering patient. The output of the system will drive a feedback system, which will adjust the intensity levels of the respective signals received by the patient to prevent the occurrence of the phenomenon of tinnitus. The system implementation is done using MOS transistors operating in the subthreshold region. The use of low-level bias currents allows for system design with low power consumption and, simultaneously, enables the implementation of large values of resistors that are necessary for the realization of large time constants required for the handling of low frequency biomedical signals. The aim of this thesis is to develop novel topology for the analog subsystem. Tjhis was achieved through the development ddevelopment of novel structures of filters using the concept of filtering in the Sinh-Domain. The main reasons for using this technique is that it simultaneously offers the following attractive characteristics: (a) capability for processing signals which are larger than the bias current, due to the inherent class-AB operation, (b) ability to achieve a relative high linearity at very low power supply voltage, (c) electronic adjustment of frequency characteristics through the bias current, (d) implementation of filters without resistors, and (e) implementation of filters using only grounded capacitors. The design of circuits, both at schematic and post-layout levels was performed using the Cadence software and the Design Kit provided by the AMS CMOS C35 0.35μm technology. Compared with the corresponding already proposed structure tinnitus detector, the proposed topology to offer the following attractive features: (a) reduced power consumption, and (b) operation of the analog section in lower supply voltage (0.5V).

Τα αναλογικά φίλτρα στο πεδίο του υπερβολικού ημιτόνου (Sinh-Domain filters) είναι μια οικογένεια φίλτρων συνεχούς χρόνου στην οποία γίνεται χρήση της Ι/V χαρακτηριστικής των ενεργών στοιχείων (BJT τρανζίστορ) για να επιτευχτεί γραμμική συμπεριφορά από είσοδο σε έξοδο. Τα Sinh-Domain φίλτρα συμπίεσης/αποσυμπιέσης προσφέρουν πλεονεκτήματα, όπως την ηλεκτρονική ρύθμιση, τη δυνατότητα λειτουργίας σε χαμηλή τάση τροφοδοσίας και τη λειτουργία σε υψηλές συχνότητες. Στη παρούσα Μεταπτυχιακή Διπλωματική Εργασία προτείνεται μια νέα μέθοδος σχεδίασης Sinh-domain φίλτρων που στηρίζεται στη κυματική μέθοδο. Αρχικά αναπτύσσονται τα κυματικά ισοδύναμα των παθητικών στοιχείων στο πεδίο του υπερβολικού ημιτόνου χρησιμοποιώντας μια κοινή έως σήμερα λογική σχεδίασης η οποία έχει χρησιμοποιηθεί στη σχεδίαση κυματικών φίλτρων τόσο στο λογαριθμικό πεδίο (Log-Domain) όσο και στο πεδίο της τετραγωνικής ρίζας (Square Root-Domain). Έπειτα γίνεται χρήση των κυματικών ισοδυνάμων που πρόεκυψαν για να σχεδιαστούν ηλεκτρονικά φίλτρα τρίτης τάξης, των οποίων η λειτουργία εξομοιώνεται μέσω του Analog Design Environment του λογισμικού Cadence και με χρήση των μοντέλων των MOS transistor που παρέχονται από την τεχνολογία AMS 0.35μm. Στη συνέχεια προτείνεται μια νέα βελτιωμένη εκδοχή των κυματικών ισοδυνάμων πρώτης και δεύτερης τάξης στο πεδίο του υπερβολικού ημιτόνου. Τα βελτιωμένα κυματικά ισοδύναμα στηρίζονται σε μια νέα λογική σχεδίασης η οποία σκοπεύει στη μείωση των απαιτούμενων ενεργών στοιχείων και ως εκ τούτου στη μείωση της καταναλισκόμενης ισχύος αλλά και στη προσθήκη της δυνατότητας εξωτερικά ελεγχόμενου προγραμματισμού της ηλεκτρονικής συμπεριφοράς των νέων κυματικών δίθυρων. Ακολουθεί ο σχεδιασμός ηλεκτρονικών φίλτρων χρησιμοποιώντας αυτή τη φορά τη νέα βελτιωμένη εκδοχή των κυματικών διθύρων και η εξομοίωση της λειτουργίας αυτών με το Analog Design Environment του λογισμικού Cadence. Τέλος πραγματοποιείται συγκριτική μελέτη μεταξύ φίλτρων που σχεδιάστηκαν χρησιμοποιώντας την απλή και τη βελτιωμένη εκδοχή των κυματικών διθύρων σκοπό να διαπιστωθεί ο βαθμός βελτίωσης που επιτυγχάνεται. / Sinh-Domain companding filters are a family of continuous time filters that instead of being designed using locally linearized components, directly exploit the non-linear nature of a BJT transistor, in forward active region or MOS transistor in weak inversion in order to obtain a system with overall linear performance. This way they, exhibit high linearity even for large signal to bias ratios. In addition, they have some other interesting features like tunability, resistorless realizations and capability of operating under low power supply voltage. In this Master Thesis it is proposed a new method of designing Sinh-Domain filters which is based on the wave method. Initially the wave equivalents of passive components in the Sinh-Domain have been introduced, using the conventional approach as in the case of Log Domain and Square Root Domain filters. As design examples, low pass ,band pass and high pass filters have been designed and their performance have been evaluated using the Analog Design Environment of the Cadence software.MOS and Bipolar transistors models provided by AMS 0.35μm. BiCmos technology have been employed in simulation. Later, it is proposed a new improved version of wave equivalents of first and second order in the Sinh-Domain. This offer the following benefits: a)reduced active element count and hence reduced power consumption and b) capability of externally controlled programming for obtaining all the equivalents from the same core. As design examples, low pass, band pass and high pass filters have been designed and their performance have been evaluated using the Analog Design Environment of the Cadence software As a final step a performance among the proposed filter topologies has been performed in order to be evident the attractive characteristics offered by the proposed wave equivalents.

Aktuell finden umfangreiche Neuerungen und Veränderungen im Elektroenergiesystem statt. Dabei stellen die Netzintegration von Energiespeichern, EE-Anlagen und Elektrofahrzeugen sowie die Realisierung von Energiemanagementsystemen wichtige Neuerungen in der Niederspannungsebene dar. Analysen der Ladevorgänge von Elektrofahrzeugen zeigen einen nennenswerten Einfluss auf den Lastbedarf. Als ein Ergebnis wird die maximal zulässige Anzahl an Elektrofahrzeugen ermittelt, bei der kein Netzumbau notwendig wird. Neben der Untersuchung verschiedener Ladevarianten wird die zufällige Ladung als innovative Ladevariante vorgestellt und deren Nutzen simuliert. / Currently, fundamental innovations and changes are occurring in the power system. The grid integration of energy storage systems, renewable energy systems and electric vehicles as well as the implementation of energy management systems are important innovations in the low-voltage grid. Analyses of charging processes for electric vehicles show significant impacts on the load demand. As one result, the maximum number of electric vehicles is determined assuming that no grid expansion is needed. Besides studying various charging options, a random charging method is proposed as an innovative charging option and its benefits are shown by simulations.

In dieser Arbeit wird ein Modell für die Simulation des Verbraucherverhaltens in Haushalten entwickelt. Das Ziel ist die Erstellung von Lastprofilen für den Strom- und Wasserverbrauch. Das Modell wird in einem Programm implementiert. Die Ergebnisse werden anschließend validiert und verschiedene Kenngrößen mit Literaturwerten verglichen. Abschließend wird eine Parameterstudie durchgeführt, um den Einfluss verschiedener Faktoren wie z.B. das Arbeitszeitmodell oder die Feiertagsmodellierung auf Lastprofile zu quantifizieren. Das Modell basiert auf einem Bedürfnismodell aus der Psychologie und ermöglicht den Verzicht auf die Errechnung von Aktivitäts-Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen. / In this thesis a model for the simulation of the behaviour of people in residential households is introduced. The goal is to generate load profiles for residential electricity and water consumption. The model is implemented as a Windows program. The results are validated and various metrics are compared with literature values. A parameter study is performed to quantify the influence of various factors such as the working hours or the influence of holidays on the load profile. The model is based on a desire model from the field of psychology and makes it possible to avoid calculating any probabilty distributions.

The contents of this thesis are the introduction to mesh grids, the method of dispatch control of these grids and the description of technology used in mesh grids distribution nodes in the city of Brno. This thesis also describes low voltage switchgears used in these types of grids. The development of dispatch control in ECD company is also mentioned. The development describes the grid dispatch control methods prior to implementing the OMS system and the changes which followed after the implementation. The process improvements of the new system resulting from this thesis can be found in this thesis as well. The improvements are incorporated in the OMS system and are used for more efficient dispatch control of the low voltage mesh grids. There is a more detailed analysis of the mesh grid Brno – Bohunice in the practical part of this thesis. The practical part contains analyses of mesh grids stabilized conditions measurements and analyses of mesh grids fault conditions measurements. The analyses assess the power load in transformers, minimal and maximal phase current and maximal power load at the time they were observed. The analysis of the measured data is accompanied by the assessment of differences in current phase measurements and differences in voltage phase and combined measurements. The result, based on the analysis and collection of the data, is a proposition of adding switchgears for the support of the dispatch control of the mesh grid Brno – Bohunice. In the summary of the thesis there is a comparison of the result of the factual and theoretical analysis. An experimental model of the mesh grid Brno – Bohunice was created in PS CAD software as a part of the theoretical analysis.

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise dos surtos em redes aéreas secundárias de distribuição causados por descargas atmosféricas diretas no circuito primário. Alguns trabalhos publicados sobre o fenômeno são comentados, sendo também analisados vários outros estudos relativos à modelagem de componentes. No trabalho, os principais componentes da rede foram modelados e incluídos na representação de uma topologia típica (com as linhas primária e secundária). Assim, foram considerados: transformador de distribuição, isoladores, pára-raios, cargas (consumidores) e resistências de aterramento. Os modelos foram validados, quando possível, através de ensaios em laboratório. Algumas alternativas de proteção da rede secundária foram consideradas. Foi verificada a influência de alguns parâmetros relevantes tais como amplitude e tempo de frente da corrente da descarga, resistências de aterramento, modelos de cargas e posição da descarga. Os resultados foram obtidos por simulações computacionais realizadas através do programa ATP (Alternative Transients Program). São apresentadas formas de onda de sobretensões nos consumidores. Também são apresentados e discutidos valores de corrente e energia nos dispositivos de proteção, fornecendo informações sobre as alternativas de proteção. / This work presents an evaluation of surges in low-voltage overhead distribution lines caused by direct lightning strikes in medium voltage lines. Some publications concerning the phenomenon are commented and several other studies used during the process of modeling of the components are also analysed. The main components of the distribution system were modeled and included. So, a typical distribution network topology (with the primary and secondary lines) was represented including its components: distribution transformer, insulators, surge arresters, loads and ground resistances. The performance of the developed models, whenever possible, was verified by laboratory tests. Some possibilities of the secondary protection were included. Parameters having major effect on the results, such as the lightning current amplitude and front time, the values of grounding resistances, the models of the loads and the lightning strike position were taken into consideration in the study. The results were obtained by simulations performed using the ATP (Alternative Transients Program). Waveforms are presented in order to provide information on the characteristics of the overvoltages in the consumers along the line. Currents, as well as energy absorbed by the low-voltage surge arresters are aldo presented and discussed, providing useful information about the performance of some protection alternatives.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de caracterização das impedâncias de entrada, em função da frequência, de instalações residenciais de baixa tensão e diversos equipamentos eletro-eletrônicos comumente encontrados. As respostas em frequência medidas são ajustadas e modeladas por redes RLC simples, mas efetivas, que podem ser utilizadas em qualquer programa computacional para simulações de transitórios. A faixa de frequências, até 5 MHz, permite o uso desses modelos em estudos associados a transitórios atmosféricos ou causados por chaveamentos. É importante ressaltar a existência de muito poucos trabalhos nesse assunto, pois, usualmente, as instalações de baixa tensão, ou os equipamentos conectados, são representadas por simples elementos concentrados, resistores, indutores ou capacitores. Por outro lado, sabe-se que os níveis de sobretensões em um sistema, ou instalação, são fortemente dependentes das cargas conectadas e, quanto mais precisos os modelos, melhores e mais confiáveis simulações são obtidas. Este trabalho inclui simulações com o programa computacional ATP utilizando os modelos desenvolvidos para avaliação de surtos em uma rede de distribuição típica submetida a descargas atmosféricas diretas no circuito primário. Além disso, utilizando o programa Pspice, são realizadas simulações da resposta interna de uma instalação residencial, com diversos equipamentos conectados, e submetida a surtos atmosféricos em sua entrada. O trabalho concentra informações práticas e úteis sobre estudos de surtos em sistemas e instalações de baixa tensão / This work presents a study of impedance characteristics, over a wide range of frequencies, of residential low-voltage installations and electric-electronic appliances, commonly found in residential installations. The measured frequency responses are fitted and modeled by simple, but effective, RLC networks, that can be used in any software for transient simulations. The range of frequencies, up to 5 MHz, allows the use of these models considering lightning or switching studies. It is of importance to point the lack of publications focusing this topic, because usually the low-voltage installations, or connected equipment, are represented by simple lumped components inductances, resistances or capacitances. Otherwise, it is well known that the overvoltage level of a system, or installation, is strongly dependent on the connected loads and for more precise models, better and more reliable simulation results are obtained. This work includes ATP software simulations using the developed models for evaluation of surges in a typical distribution network subjected to direct lightning strikes at the primary circuit. Furthermore, simulations of internal response of a low-voltage installation with connected equipment and subjected to lightning surges in its entrance is performed using the Pspice software. The work summarizes practical and useful information about the low-voltage surge studies on low-voltage systems.

A importância das novas tecnologias de informação, automação, monitoramento e sistemas eletrônicos inteligentes têm aumentado significativamente nos últimos anos. Essas tecnologias desempenham um papel fundamental na sociedade moderna e contribuem de forma decisiva para a resolução de importantes desafios para uma sociedade que quer ser mais próspera, internacionalmente competitiva, saudável, segura e sustentável. Como eixo de \"inovação\", essas tecnologias são fatores importantes para todos os setores produtivos da economia. O motor destas tecnologias, entretanto, é a energia, particularmente a eletricidade. Assim, em uma sociedade cujo estilo de vida é fortemente dependente dela, desenvolver tecnologias que permitam não somente a geração, mas também a distribuição de energia de forma barata e limpa e que garantam seu fornecimento ao longo do tempo com a máxima eficiência é uma questão prioritária. Os sistemas baseados em redes inteligentes (do inglês: Smart Grid) vêm, justamente, atender a esses requisitos, representando o que há de mais moderno no setor elétrico, com aumento e diversificação de fontes de geração distribuída na forma de pequenos geradores, maior interação consumidor-distribuidor de energia, integração de diferentes fontes de geração renováveis (ex.: solar, eólica etc.). O cenário energético nacional está avançando de forma muito rápida. Nas distribuidoras, o foco claramente está na redução de perdas comerciais e de custos operacionais, principalmente por meio da modernização dos ativos e da crescente instalação de dispositivos eletrônicos inteligentes nos clientes de baixa tensão (ex.: medidores eletrônicos, dispositivos eletrônicos inteligentes para monitoramento e diagnóstico, relés digitais etc.). Esta tese de doutorado apresenta uma solução com tecnologia nacional que disponibiliza todos os benefícios do Smart Grid através dos equipamentos mais importantes e estratégicos presentes na topologia das Redes de Distribuição Subterrânea Secundária Trifásica: os Protetores de Redes. A partir do centro nevrálgico das Redes de Distribuição Subterrâneas (RDS), cuja topologia está presente nos centros de alta concentração de carga das principais metrópoles do Brasil, a solução desenvolvida pode viabilizar técnica e economicamente a modernização da automação da RDS, com tecnologia nacional de baixo custo, proporcionando igualmente a incorporação dos avanços do Smart Grid e da Geração Distribuída. Este salto tecnológico significaria para as distribuidoras de energia elétrica entre outros benefícios: Melhor controle do processo para uma melhor otimização da rede, desde integração das intermitentes fontes renováveis até uma interação mais dinâmica com os consumidores; Maior flexibilidade às concessionárias em relação ao uso da energia para atingir o grande objetivo social de redução do efeito estufa e otimização do consumo de energia reduzindo perdas e desperdícios; No curto prazo, os benefícios diretos da melhoria do gerenciamento da indisponibilidade, gerenciamento otimizado dos ativos e do capital, melhoria no planejamento, processos e serviços de fornecimento e usos finais de energia, aumento de eficiência de manutenção, redução de perdas técnicas e comerciais, otimização do investimento na compra de novos protetores com menores custos podendo superar a demanda reprimida pelos altos custos de alternativas importadas. / The importance of new technologies in the field of, automation, monitoring, information technology and electronic systems have increased significantly in recent years. These technologies play a basic role in the modern society and contribute of decisive way for the resolution of important challenges for a society that is in search of a more prosperous life, internationally competitive, healthful, safe and sustainable. As a key of \"innovation\", these technologies are key factors for all the productive sectors of the economy in the society. The fuel for the engine of these technologies, however, is the energy, particularly the electricity. Thus, in a society whose life style is strongly dependent of electricity, to develop technologies that not only allow the generation, but also the distribution of energy in a cheap and clean way and which could guarantee its supply throughout the time with the maximum efficiency is a priority issue. The systems based on intelligent networks fully meet these requirements, representing what there is of most modern in the electric sector. The Brazilian energy scenario is quickly changing over the recent years toward modernization, with more distributed generation, in the form of smaller generators, more customer interaction, the integration of more variable resources such as wind and solar, and more renewables overall. For the Power Utilities, especially in the Distribution Sector, the focus is clearly in the reduction of commercial losses and operational costs, mainly by means of the modernization of the assets and an increase in the installation of intelligent electronic devices at consumers side (e.g.: electronic energy meters, intelligent electronic devices for condition monitoring, digital relays etc.). This work presents a solution developed based on Brazilian technology that incorporates all the benefits of smart grid to the most important equipment that is present in the topology of the Low-Voltage Secondary Network Distribution System: the Network Protector. From the neuralgic center of these Low-Voltage Secondary Network Systems, which topology is used in the most important cities in Brazil, which has a high load concentration, the solution presented here make it feasible technically and economically the use of smart grid topology profiting from its great benefits such as: Allow utilities to better optimize the grid to support a number of public policies, from intermittent renewable integration to more dynamic interfaces with customers; Offer utilities more flexibility relative to how they use energy toward the greater societal objectives of reducing greenhouse gases and energy consumption. In the short and mid term, a smarter grid offers utilities operational benefits (outage management, improved processes, maintenance and workforce efficiency, reduced losses, etc.) as well as benefits associated with improved asset management (system planning, better capital asset utilization, etc.), lower investment to acquire new Network Protectors.

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise dos surtos em redes aéreas secundárias de distribuição causados por descargas atmosféricas diretas no circuito primário. Alguns trabalhos publicados sobre o fenômeno são comentados, sendo também analisados vários outros estudos relativos à modelagem de componentes. No trabalho, os principais componentes da rede foram modelados e incluídos na representação de uma topologia típica (com as linhas primária e secundária). Assim, foram considerados: transformador de distribuição, isoladores, pára-raios, cargas (consumidores) e resistências de aterramento. Os modelos foram validados, quando possível, através de ensaios em laboratório. Algumas alternativas de proteção da rede secundária foram consideradas. Foi verificada a influência de alguns parâmetros relevantes tais como amplitude e tempo de frente da corrente da descarga, resistências de aterramento, modelos de cargas e posição da descarga. Os resultados foram obtidos por simulações computacionais realizadas através do programa ATP (Alternative Transients Program). São apresentadas formas de onda de sobretensões nos consumidores. Também são apresentados e discutidos valores de corrente e energia nos dispositivos de proteção, fornecendo informações sobre as alternativas de proteção. / This work presents an evaluation of surges in low-voltage overhead distribution lines caused by direct lightning strikes in medium voltage lines. Some publications concerning the phenomenon are commented and several other studies used during the process of modeling of the components are also analysed. The main components of the distribution system were modeled and included. So, a typical distribution network topology (with the primary and secondary lines) was represented including its components: distribution transformer, insulators, surge arresters, loads and ground resistances. The performance of the developed models, whenever possible, was verified by laboratory tests. Some possibilities of the secondary protection were included. Parameters having major effect on the results, such as the lightning current amplitude and front time, the values of grounding resistances, the models of the loads and the lightning strike position were taken into consideration in the study. The results were obtained by simulations performed using the ATP (Alternative Transients Program). Waveforms are presented in order to provide information on the characteristics of the overvoltages in the consumers along the line. Currents, as well as energy absorbed by the low-voltage surge arresters are aldo presented and discussed, providing useful information about the performance of some protection alternatives.