M.A. (African Languages) / The aim of this study is to make a critical survey of the development of Northern Sotho drama and specifically the treatment of kingship in Marangrang and Tswala e a Ja. Kingship in real life is usually accompanied by conflicts. The dramatists Maloma and Makgaleng in Marangrang and Tswala e a Ja respectively are aware of this fact.' The two texts are based on kingship conflicts. Conflict is an important element in drama, especially tragedy. Kingship is studied under the Characterization, Plot and Dialogue.

<div><div><div><p>It is well-known that the sum of reciprocals of twin primes converges or is a finite sum.</p><p>In the same spirit, Samuel Wagstaff proved in 2021 that the sum of reciprocals of primes p</p><p>such that ap + b is prime also converges or is a finite sum for any a, b where gcd(a, b) = 1</p><p>and 2 | ab. Wagstaff gave upper and lower bounds in the case that ab is a power of 2. Here,</p><p>we expand on his work and allow any a, b satisfying gcd(a, b) = 1 and 2 | ab. Let Πa,b be the</p><p>product of p−1 over the odd primes p dividing ab. We show that the upper bound of these p−2</p><p>sums is Πa,b times the upper bound found by Wagstaff and provide evidence as to why we cannot hope to do better than this. We also give several examples for specific pairs (a, b).</p><p><br></p><p>Next, we turn our attention to elliptic Carmichael numbers. In 1987, Dan Gordon defined the notion of an elliptic Carmichael number as a composite integer n which satisfies a Fermat- like criterion on elliptic curves with complex multiplication. More recently, in 2018, Thomas Wright showed that there are infinitely such numbers. We build off the work of Wright to prove that there are infinitely many elliptic Carmichael numbers of the form a (mod M) for a certain M, using an improved lower bound due to Carl Pomerance. We then apply this result to comment on the infinitude of strong pseudoprimes and strong Lucas pseudoprimes.</p><p><br></p><p>Finally, we consider the problem of classifying for which k does one have Φk(x) | Φn(x)−1, where Φn(x) is the nth cyclotomic polynomial. We provide a motivating example as to how this can be applied to primality proving. Then, we complete the case k = 8 and give a partial characterization for the case k = 16. This leads us to conjecture necessary and sufficient conditions for when Φk(x) | Φn(x) − 1 whenever k is a power of 2.</p></div></div></div>

Development in European Union is showing that even despite high amount of effort in economic integration, differences in cross-country development are still at play. Indications about Lucas Paradox can be observed, due to inefficient flow of capital. Aim of this study is to quantify, whether this Lucas paradox is present in EU and how it contributes to convergence or divergence between countries. Comparison of panel VAR impulse-response functions is used for evaluation. Results suggests, that Lucas paradox can be identified between Euro area vs non-Euro area countries and Euro area core vs periphery. Furthermore, capital misallocation regarding these four groups prevents possible short-term economic convergence.

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