Revision of the author's paper (Theologischen Prüfungsamt der Nordelbischen Evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirche, 1989). / Bibliography: p. 85-98.

Revision of the author's paper (Theologischen Prüfungsamt der Nordelbischen Evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirche, 1989). / Bibliography: p. 85-98.

Artificial lighting is an integral part of our everyday life. Nowadays, a large number of people spend practically all their productive time in the presence of the artificial lighting system. This places considerable demands on the quality of this artificial lighting system. One of the indicators of the quality of the lighting system is the evaluation of glare. The UGR evaluation methodology is currently used to evaluate glare. However, the UGR rating has its limitations. These limitations include ambiguous assessments of luminaires with non-uniform luminous surface (so - called non - uniform luminaires). This diploma thesis deals with the issue of discomfort glare of non-uniform luminaires. The aim is to make a literature review of this issue. The first part focuses on theoretical knowledge of glare and its evaluation. Another part is an analysis of recent studies on the topic about glare from non-uniform types of luminaires. The last chapters of the thesis deal with own practical evaluation of glare.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-03-03T11:35:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandojosenogueira.pdf: 4981583 bytes, checksum: 8b3c5698410b92cb533a1907a012d6a6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T01:41:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandojosenogueira.pdf: 4981583 bytes, checksum: 8b3c5698410b92cb533a1907a012d6a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T01:41:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandojosenogueira.pdf: 4981583 bytes, checksum: 8b3c5698410b92cb533a1907a012d6a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / Este trabalho tem como objeto principal a avaliação experimental de diodos emissores de luz (ou LEDs, do inglês Light Emitting Diodes) quando empregados em luminárias comerciais destinadas aos sistemas de iluminação pública. São apresentados os aspectos gerais da iluminação pública no Brasil, os principais componentes empregados e uma discussão sobre a adoção da tecnologia LED na iluminação de exteriores. Também são abordados os conceitos básicos de fotometria clássica e da fotometria adaptada para baixos níveis de luminância, que leva em consideração a resposta dinâmica visual do olho humano. Para efeito comparativo, o trabalho também inclui uma revisão das principais fontes de luz brancas orientadas à iluminação pública, e. g. lâmpada de vapor metálico, lâmpada de vapor de mercúrio e, mais recentemente, os LEDs. Tal estudo ampara-se em ensaios de laboratório e em campo tomando como base a lâmpada de vapor de sódio em alta pressão, a mais utilizada atualmente no segmento de iluminação de vias públicas. Algumas normativas referentes à aplicação de LEDs em iluminação pública são discutidas e, a partir das recomendações existentes nas normas NBR 16026 e NBR IEC 61347-2-13, são realizados ensaios de pré-conformidade em amostras comerciais de luminárias LED orientadas à iluminação pública do mercado nacional. Além dos ensaios de pré-conformidade, são realizados ensaios de funcionamento das luminárias LED quando expostas a condições críticas de temperatura com o objetivo de se avaliar as mudanças elétricas e fotométricas que ocorrem nestas condições. É apresentada uma metodologia de projeto luminotécnico para instalação de luminárias LED em vias públicas baseando-se na norma de iluminação pública NBR 5101 (revisão 2012), e o acompanhamento do projeto piloto de iluminação pública empregando luminárias LED implantado no anel viário da faculdade de engenharia da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. Durante nove meses foram coletados dados de características elétricas e fotométricas a fim de se averiguar o desempenho destas luminárias em campo. Por fim, foi feito um estudo comparativo entre o antigo sistema de iluminação com lâmpadas de vapor de sódio e o atual, empregando luminárias LED. / The purpose of this research is the experimental evaluation of light emitting diodes (or LEDs) when used in commercial luminaires for street lighting systems. The general aspects of Brazilian public lighting, the main components used and a discussion about the adoption of the LED technology in outdoor lighting are presented. Also, the basic concepts of classical photometry and photometry’s adaptations for low luminance levels are addressed. It takes into consideration the dynamic response of the human eye. For comparative purposes, this research also includes a review of the main white light sources used on public lighting, e.g. Metal Halide Lamp, High Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamp and, recently, the LEDs. Such research is supported by laboratory and on-site studies based on High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamp; currently, the most used on public lighting system. Some standards regarding LEDs usage on public lighting are discussed and, based on the existing recommendations, regulated by the Brazilian standards NBR 16026 and NBR IEC 61347-2-13, pre-certification studies of commercial LED luminaires samples oriented to public lighting on the home market are performed. Other than the pre-certification studies, additional studies of LED luminaires functioning when exposed to critical conditions of temperature with the intention to evaluate the electric and photometric changes that occur in this circumstances are performed. It is introduced a luminotechnical project methodology for LED luminaires installation on public roads based on the Brazilian standards of public lighting NBR 5101 (reviewed in 2012) and the accompanying of the pilot project of public lighting using LED luminaires implanted on the ring road of the School of Engineering of the Juiz de Fora Federal University. During nine months, data of electric and photometric features were collected in order to investigate the performance of the luminaires on-site. Finally, a comparative study was done between the previous lighting system with High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamp and the current, using LED luminaires.

The efficacy, reliability and versatility of the light emitting diode (LED) can outcompete most established light source technologies. However, they are particularly sensitive to high temperatures, which compromises their efficacy and reliability, undermining some of the technology s key benefits. Consequently, effective thermal management is essential to exploit the technology to its full potential. Thermal management is a well-established subject but its application in the relatively new LED lighting industry, with its specific constraints, is currently poorly defined. The question this thesis aims to answer is how can LED thermal management be achieved most effectively? This thesis starts with a review of the current state of the art, relevant thermal management technologies and market trends. This establishes current and future thermal management constraints in a commercial context. Methods to test and evaluate the thermal management performance of a luminaire system follow. The defined test methods, simulation benchmarks and operational constraints provide the foundation to develop effective thermal management strategies. Finally this work explores how the findings can be implemented in the development and comparison of multiple thermal management designs. These are optimised to assess the potential performance enhancement available when applied to a typical commercial system. The outcomes of this research showed that thermal management of LEDs can be expected to remain a key requirement but there are hints it is becoming less critical. The impacts of some common operating environments were studied, but appeared to have no significant effect on the thermal behaviour of a typical system. There are some active thermal management devices that warrant further attention, but passive systems are inherently well suited to LED luminaires and are readily adopted so were selected as the focus of this research. Using the techniques discussed in this thesis the performance of a commercially available component was evaluated. By optimising its geometry, a 5 % decrease in absolute thermal resistance or a 20 % increase in average heat transfer coefficient and 10 % reduction in heatsink mass can potentially be achieved . While greater lifecycle energy consumption savings were offered by minimising heatsink thermal resistance the most effective design was considered to be one optimised for maximum average heat transfer coefficient. Some more radical concepts were also considered. While these demonstrate the feasibility of passively manipulating fluid flow they had a detrimental impact on performance. Further analysis would be needed to conclusively dismiss these concepts but this work indicates there is very little potential in pursuing them further.

Purpose – The purpose of this thesis was to follow up and further develop an existing product at Fagerhult AB. The product is a support rail for pendant luminaires. The support rail facilitates the positioning of the luminaire when mounted in the ceiling. The problem with today’s support rail is that it doesn’t meet the requirements set by Fagerhult AB according to aesthetics and flexibility. The request is instead a support rail that takes less space, more aesthetically appealing and more flexible. Methodology – The thesis has followed a product development process, from pilot study until prototype. First thing was a time planning to establish milestones to see when different parts of the project were supposed to be done. Then a pilot study was made in terms of market research and a competitor analysis to get a more complete picture of the today’s market and also what the market wanted. From the pilot study a complete requirement specification was made together with the customer. By the requirement specification a concept generation started in terms of brainstorming and morphologic matrix. The concepts were screened through elimination matrices and together with Fagerhult AB. The final concept was chosen from four more worked through concepts. Those concepts have all been made in a CAD-environment, Solid Edge, and physical prototypes have partially been made to be evaluated in different areas. The prototypes were evaluated in aesthetics, installation friendliness and manufacturing cost. The final concept was developed into a working prototype. Results – Already from the beginning the final result was divided into three different areas, T-clips, rail and sliding block. The final prototype consisted of a T-clips which was made in two pieces, spring steel and sheet metal. This was to offer an installation friendly support rail and also to make an opportunity to hide the T-clips which was previously exposed. The rail was designed with integrated covers on the ends and the opportunity to fit the sliding block inside, this was made to make the support rail more aesthetic appealing and to make sure that focus was not taken from the luminaire. The sliding block was then developed to fit inside the rail and suspension was offered for the wire loop. That way the wire loop, which is attached to the sliding block, could be hidden inside the rail. This resulted in an even more hidden supporting rail. To maintain the target value for the supporting rail the material was kept in standard and to some extent the construction had elements of already existing functions. Restrictions – Because of the lack of time the thesis only dealt with the product development process until prototype. The prototype was partially made by the writers themselves because Fagerhult AB:s prototype workshop had been busy. Neither FEM-calculations nor simulations was made to verify and optimize functions on the prototype, also this because of time constraints. / Syfte - Syftet med detta arbete var att vidareutveckla en befintlig produkt hos Fagerhult AB. Produkten är en bärskena för pendlade armaturer. Bärskenan underlättar positionering av armaturen väl monterad i undertaket som den är anpassad för. Problemet med dagens bärskena är att den inte uppfyller de krav som Fagerhult AB ställer gällande estetik och flexibilitet. En bärskena som tar mindre plats, mer estetisk tilltalande och mer flexibel efterfrågas.           Metodik - Utförandet av arbetet har följt en produktutvecklingsprocess, från förstudie till prototyp. Först gjordes en tidsplanering för att upprätta milstolpar när olika delar i projektet bör vara klara. Sedan gjordes en förstudie i form av marknadsundersökning och konkurrensanalys för att få en mer komplett bild av hur marknaden såg ut i dagsläget samt vad marknaden ville ha. Utifrån förstudien sammanställdes en definitiv kravspecifikation tillsammans med kund. Med kravspecifikationens grund påbörjades konceptgenereringen i form av brainstorming och morfologisk matris. Koncepten sållades sedan genom elimineringsmatriser och tillsammans med Fagerhult. Det slutgiltiga konceptet valdes utifrån fyra mer genomarbetade koncept. Dessa koncept är uppritade i en CAD-miljö, Solid Edge, och till viss del är fysiska prototyper framtagna för att utvärderas i olika områden. De utvärderades i estetik, installationsvänlighet och tillverkningskostnad. Det slutgiltiga konceptet utvecklades till en funktionsduglig prototyp. Resultat - Det slutgiltiga resultatet hade från början delats upp i tre olika delområden, T-clips, skena och glidblock. Den slutgiltiga prototypen bestod av ett T-clips som var tvådelat i fjäderstål och tunnplåt. Detta för att erbjuda en installationsvänlig bärskena samt möjligheten att dölja T-clipset som förr exponerats. Skenan utformades med integrerade täcklock på ändarna samt möjligheten att placera glidblocket inuti skenan, detta för att få en mer estetiskt tilltalande bärskena samt att fokus inte skulle tas från belysningsarmaturen. Glidblocket utvecklades för placering inuti skenan samt erbjöds upphängning av vajeröglan. På så sätt kunde vajeröglan, som fästs i glidblocket, döljas inuti skenan. Detta resulterade i att bärskenan doldes ytterligare. För att bärskenan skulle bibehålla målpriset behölls standardmaterial och till viss del hade konstruktionen inslag av redan befintliga funktioner. Begränsningar – På grund av tidsbristen behandlade arbetet endast produktutvecklingsprocessen fram till funktionsprototyp. En prototyp författarna själva till viss del fick ta fram därför att Fagerhult AB:s prototypverkstad varit belastad. Varken simuleringar eller FEM-beräkningar har utförts på prototypen för att verifiera funktionerna och optimera, även detta på grund av tidsbrist.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-07T18:22:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 milenafariapinto.pdf: 3767169 bytes, checksum: 1c057d68b3cee498c456fe7c7610b2c2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-25T16:53:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 milenafariapinto.pdf: 3767169 bytes, checksum: 1c057d68b3cee498c456fe7c7610b2c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T16:53:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 milenafariapinto.pdf: 3767169 bytes, checksum: 1c057d68b3cee498c456fe7c7610b2c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-22 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho propõe um sistema eletrônico que permite gerenciar, monitorar parâmetros e controlar de forma descentralizada um conjunto de luminárias à LED pertencentes a um sistema de iluminação pública. Estes parâmetros incluem nível de iluminação, consumo de energia, detecção da presença de pedestres, problemas na própria luminária e monitoração de variáveis ambientais como temperatura e umidade. Adicionalmente, o mesmo sistema é capaz também de detectar falhas na rede elétrica, permitindo monitorar e gerenciar os parâmetros de qualidade de rede de uma forma global. Basicamente, o sistema pode ser dividido em três partes. A primeira parte consiste de um módulo inteligente, chamado neste trabalho por SM, que é conectado a uma determinada luminária e à rede elétrica, sendo assim responsável por medir tanto os parâmetros provindos da luminária quanto da rede elétrica. Na segunda parte encontra-se o módulo controlador (CM) que possui a finalidade de coordenar as informações oriundas dos módulos inteligentes instalados nas luminárias, armazenando e posteriormente enviando os dados para um sistema supervisório. Além disso, o mesmo possui sensores de temperatura e umidade para prover informações sobre as condições climáticas, objetivando confiabilidade nos dados medidos pelos sensores dos módulos inteligentes. O sistema supervisório (SS) consiste da etapa final deste sistema proposto, o qual é responsável por salvar os dados obtidos em um certo período de tempo, analisar e monitorar possíveis falhas e enviar comandos para cada CM e/ou um respectivo SM. Com a finalidade de avaliar experimentalmente o sistema proposto neste trabalho, foram realizados experimentos para demonstrar tanto as funcionalidades do módulo bem como da avaliação dos algoritmos de processamento de sinais propostos, e obtendo ao final projeções econômicas para o protótipo. Os resultados obtidos mostraram eficiência, flexibilidade e interoperabilidade do sistema proposto. / The present paper proposes a system to manage, control and monitor a group of LED luminaires of a street lighting system, being able to control the light intensity of the luminaire and monitoring the power consumption, detection of pedestrians, fault conditions, environmental parameters such as temperature and humidity. Additionally, the system contains a voltage sensor coupled to the grid in order to monitor and manage the power quality parameters. Basically, the system can be divided in three essential parts. The first one regards the smart module, called in this work as SM, which has the responsibility to sensing the parameters stemming from power grid as well as luminaire. The second part is the control module (CM), which has the aim to coordinate the data received from each smart module, storing and subsequently sending the data to the supervisory system. Besides, the control module also has temperature and humidity sensors in order to check and register environmental conditions, providing, in this way, reliability of the measured data. The supervisory system (SS) consists of the final part of the proposed system and it is responsible to save the data in a local memory, to analyze and to monitor problems or even possible faults and sending commands to each CM and/or a respective SM. With the aim to evaluate the proposed system, it was performed experiments to demonstrate the system operation as well as the quality analysis capability. Due to the energy savings potential provided by the technology, it was also studied the economic feasibility of the prototype, aiming a future commercial product. The results have shown that the proposed system is scalable, flexible and efficient.

In the field of lighting technology, glare evaluation is one of the basic parameters of determining the quality of lighting systems. Disturbing glare is most often evaluated by UGR in internal systems. The UGR method is well described and verified for uniform glare sources. With the development of LED, non-uniform sources of glare become involved in the lighting system. Thus verification of UGR suitability for non-uniform sources is necessary and possibly modification of the method or replacement it by another more appropriate method is required. This diploma thesis focuses on evaluation methods of disturbing glare from luminaires with non-uniform radiation surface. For this purpose, the thesis includes glare analysis, methods of glare calculation and glare evaluation. Furthermore, the UGR analysis and modification for the calculation of disturbing glare from non-uniform glare sources are included. The practical part is concentrated on measurement of glare from uniform and non-uniform glare sources. For the purpose of evaluating the suitability of the measurement method, the subjective evaluation of glare from a statically significant sample is included in the thesis.

There is a high demand for implementing simulations in the design and product devel-opment processes, avoiding the execution of costly tests on prototypes and giving thechance of discarding unsuitable designs, as well as exploring possible ones without much cost added.This project assignment is to find a suitable way to simulate drop tests on two typesof PMMA sheets, a material widely used on luminaire covers. Therefore, it becomesnecessary to study the mechanical behavior of these materials, using experimental tests,in order to calibrate the material models used in the simulations.During the experimental testing, common polymer behaviors were found on the twostudied materials, such as rate dependence, non-linear elasticity, viscoelasticity and vis-coplasticy. Behaviors which presented several challenges regarding the choice and cali-bration of the material models.The two di?erent polymers were calibrated for the simulations using two di?erentmaterial models. An elastic-plastic (Drucker Prager Plasticity) model was used for oneof the materials, whereas an hyperelastic-viscoelastic model was used for the other one.Finally, several drop tests simulations were conducted and compared with experimentaltests

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-03T12:39:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 claudiorobertobarbosasimoesrodrigues.pdf: 5762936 bytes, checksum: 8a7ae73391a9d56af3c18605a924763d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-02T13:21:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 claudiorobertobarbosasimoesrodrigues.pdf: 5762936 bytes, checksum: 8a7ae73391a9d56af3c18605a924763d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-02T13:21:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 claudiorobertobarbosasimoesrodrigues.pdf: 5762936 bytes, checksum: 8a7ae73391a9d56af3c18605a924763d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-17 / No intuito de aportar contribuições ao uso de diodos emissores de luz (ou LEDs, do inglês Light Emmiting Diodes) em sistemas de iluminação pública, cobrindo lacunas existentes no cenário nacional, este trabalho traz uma ampla análise sobre este tema. São apresentados conceitos básicos da fotometria clássica e um estudo sobre adaptações da fotometria para baixos níveis de luminância, que é a condição observada nas vias públicas durante o período noturno. Propõe-se a utilização de métricas escotópicas em sistemas de iluminação pública, uma vez que estas melhor representam a real sensação visual (se comparadas às métricas clássicas – fotópicas) nas condições de iluminamento típicas observadas nestes sistemas. Aspectos gerais da iluminação pública e um histórico da evolução do sistema nacional são brevemente apresentados bem como uma discussão sobre a situação atual deste sistema e das tecnologias utilizadas. O trabalho traz também um estudo sobre características ópticas, elétricas e mecânicas dos LEDs e uma análise dos diferentes tipos de LEDs brancos mais utilizados (HB – High Brightness – e HP – High Power – LEDs). Algumas normas e recomendações aplicáveis à utilização de LEDs em iluminação pública são analisadas e discutidas, com o intuito de se investigar lacunas ainda não cobertas pela normatização existente. Análises de resultados de ensaios de laboratório e de campo, inéditos no país, realizados com alguns modelos de luminárias LED para iluminação pública disponíveis no mercado, são também apresentadas. Um estudo sobre acionamento de LEDs é realizado, abordando técnicas de equalização de corrente entre arranjos série de LEDs associados em paralelo e diferentes tipos de circuitos de acionamento para LEDs. São propostas, analisadas e implementadas uma estrutura inédita de baixo custo para a equalização de corrente e um circuito para o acionamento de LEDs baseado na integração de dois conversores cc cc não isolados. A topologia de dois estágios proposta é composta por um conversor boost no primeiro estágio, utilizado para a correção do fator de potência e por um conversor buck no segundo estágio, utilizado para o controle da corrente nos LEDs. Por fim, o acompanhamento da implantação e do desempenho, ao longo de dez meses, do projeto piloto de iluminação pública empregando LEDs instalado no anel viário da Faculdade de Engenharia da UFJF é apresentado. / In order to present contributions to the use of light emitting diodes (LEDs) in public lighting systems, covering gaps on the national scenario, this work encompasses abroad analysis related to this issue. Basic concepts of classical photometry are presented and so a study of photometry’s adaptations for low luminance levels. It is proposed the use of scotopic metrics for street lighting systems, since they can better represent the actual visual sensation (when compared to the classical one – photopic metrics) on its typical nighty conditions. General aspects of street lighting and the history of the national’s public lighting system are briefly presented as well as a discussion about the current situation of the Brazilian system and technologies adopted. The work also brings a study of mechanical, electrical and optical characteristics of LEDs and an analysis of the two different types of commonly used white LEDs (HB – High Brightness – and HP – High Power - LEDs). Some standards and recommendations related to the use of LEDs in street lighting are analyzed and criticized, with the aim of show some gaps not yet covered by the existent standards. An unprecedented analysis regarding laboratory and field test benchmarking, taken for some luminaires available in commerce, is also presented. A study of LED driving is presented, covering equalization techniques for parallel LEDs strings and different types of LED driving circuits. It was proposed, analyzed and implemented a novel and low cost structure for current equalization and an LED driver, based on the integration of two non-isolated dc dc converters. This proposed two stages topology is composed by a boost converter, on the first stage, employed to the power factor correction and a buck converter, on the second stage, to control the LED’s current. Finally, the process of monitoring the installation and the performance, during ten months, of the LEDs public lighting pilot project, on the roadway belt of Engineering Faculty of UFJF is presented.