This report deals with the development of a wireless sensor system that measures the environmental energy and predicts if energy harvesting could be possible in different areas. It provides an overview over the hardware used to build this system and gives a detailed description of the software implementation of the system. The hardware part presents the microcontroller and platform that is used, as well as the sensors integrated in the system. The software part explains how the used hardware was put together in a program that controls the different components. It explains the possibility to save captured sensor values on an SD card or send them to a remote receiver with an XBee radio module in real time. Also the inclusion of the mbed software library, which provides a lot of useful applications and functions for the project, is an important part. The final part of the report presents the results, showing how the system works.

En opération depuis 2008, l’expérience ATLAS est la plus grande de toutes les expériences au LHC. Les détecteurs ATLAS- MPX (MPX) installés dans ATLAS sont basés sur le détecteur au silicium à pixels Medipix2 qui a été développé par la collaboration Medipix au CERN pour faire de l’imagerie en temps réel. Les détecteurs MPX peuvent être utilisés pour mesurer la luminosité. Ils ont été installés à seize différents endroits dans les zones expérimentale et technique d’ATLAS en 2008. Le réseau MPX a recueilli avec succès des données indépendamment de la chaîne d’enregistrement des données ATLAS de 2008 à 2013. Chaque détecteur MPX fournit des mesures de la luminosité intégrée du LHC. Ce mémoire décrit la méthode d’étalonnage de la luminosité absolue mesurée avec les détectors MPX et la performance des détecteurs MPX pour les données de luminosité en 2012. Une constante d’étalonnage de la luminosité a été déterminée. L’étalonnage est basé sur technique de van der Meer (vdM). Cette technique permet la mesure de la taille des deux faisceaux en recouvrement dans le plan vertical et horizontal au point d’interaction d’ATLAS (IP1). La détermination de la luminosité absolue nécessite la connaissance précise de l’intensité des faisceaux et du nombre de trains de particules. Les trois balayages d’étalonnage ont été analysés et les résultats obtenus par les détecteurs MPX ont été comparés aux autres détecteurs d’ATLAS dédiés spécifiquement à la mesure de la luminosité. La luminosité obtenue à partir des balayages vdM a été comparée à la luminosité des collisions proton- proton avant et après les balayages vdM. Le réseau des détecteurs MPX donne des informations fiables pour la détermination de la luminosité de l’expérience ATLAS sur un large intervalle (luminosité de 5 × 10^29 cm−2 s−1 jusqu’à 7 × 10^33 cm−2 s−1 . / In operation since 2008, the ATLAS experiment is the largest of all the experiments at the LHC. The ATLAS-MPX (MPX) detectors installed in ATLAS are based on the Medipix2 silicon pixelated detector which has been developed by the Medipix Collaboration at CERN to perform real-time imaging. They can be used for luminosity measurements. They were installed at sixteen different positions in the ATLAS cavern at the LHC in 2008. The MPX network successfully collected data independently of the ATLAS data recording chain from 2008 to 2013. Each MPX detector provides measurements of the integrated LHC luminosity. This thesis describes the technique for calibrating the luminosity data and performance of MPX detectors for measuring the luminosity in 2012. The calibration was performed via the van der Meer (vdM) scans technique which allows the measurement of the convolved beam sizes in the vertical and the horizontal planes at the ATLAS interaction point (IP1). The determination of the absolute luminosity requires a precise knowledge of the beam intensities and the number of beam bunches. A luminosity calibration constant was determined. The three calibration scans were analyzed and the results were cross-checked among the MPX detectors and other ATLAS sub-detectors specifically dedicated to luminosity measurement. The luminosity determined from the calibration scans was compared to the luminosity of regular runs before and after the vdM scans. The MPX network gives reliable information for the overall ATLAS luminosity determination over a wide dynamic range (luminosity from 5 × 10^29 cm−2 s−1 up to 7 × 10^33 cm−2 s−1).

Medipix2 (MPX) sont des détecteurs semi-conducteurs au silicium montés sur 256x256 pixels. Chaque pixel a une aire de 55x55μm2. L’aire active d’un détecteur MPX est d’environ 2 cm2. Avec deux modes de détection, un seuil et un temps d’exposition ajustables, leur utilisation peut être optimisée pour une analyse spécifique. Seize de ces détecteurs sont présentement installés dans l’expérience ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS) au CERN (Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire). Ils mesurent en temps réel le champ de radiation dû aux collisions proton-proton, au point d’interaction IP1 (Point d’Interaction 1) du LHC (Grand Collisionneur d’Hadrons). Ces mesures ont divers buts comme par exemple la mesure du champ de neutrons dans la caverne d’ATLAS. Le réseau de détecteurs MPX est complètement indépendant du détecteur ATLAS. Le groupe ATLAS-Montréal s’est intéressé à l’analyse des données récoltées par ces détecteurs pour calculer une valeur de la luminosité du LHC au point de collision des faisceaux, autour duquel est construit le détecteur ATLAS. Cette valeur est déterminée indépendamment de la luminosité mesurée par les divers sous-détecteurs d’ATLAS dédiés spécifiquement à la mesure de la luminosité. Avec l’augmentation de la luminosité du LHC les détecteurs MPX les plus proches du point d’interaction détectent un grand nombre de particules dont les traces sont impossibles à distinguer sur les images ("frames") obtenues, à cause de leur recouvrement. Les paramètres de mesure de certains de ces détecteurs ont été optimisés pour des mesures de luminosité. Une méthode d’analyse des données permet de filtrer les pixels bruyants et de convertir les données des images, qui correspondent à des temps d’exposition propres aux détecteurs MPX, en valeur de luminosité pour chaque LumiBlock. Un LumiBlock est un intervalle de temps de mesure propre au détecteur ATLAS. On a validé les mesures de luminosité premièrement en comparant les résultats obtenus par différents détecteurs MPX, et ensuite en comparant les valeurs de luminosité relevées à celles obtenues par les sous-détecteurs d’ATLAS dédiés spécifiquement à la mesure de la luminosité. / Medipix2 (MPX) devices are silicon semiconductor detectors consisting of 256x256 pixels. Each pixel has 55x55μm2. The MPX sensitive area is ~2 cm2. With two modes of operation, an adjustable threshold, and adjustable exposure time, their use can be optimized for a specific analysis. Sixteen of these detectors are currently installed in the ATLAS detector at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). They perform real time measurement of the radiation field due to proton-proton collisions occurring at the interaction point IP1 (Interaction Point 1) of the LHC (Large Hadron Collider). These measurements have different purposes, for instance the measurement of the neutron field in the ATLAS cavern. The network of MPX detectors is completely independent from the ATLAS detector. The ATLAS-Montreal group has taken interest in analysing data provided by these detectors to calculate a value for the luminosity of the LHC at the collision point of the beams around which is build the ATLAS detector that is completely independent from the value measured by ATLAS sub-detectors specifically dedicated to luminosity measurements. With the increase of the luminosity in LHC the MPX detectors near the interaction point record a large number of particles leaving tracks with a large number of overlaps in the resulting frames. These tracks are thus difficult to separate. The measurement parameters of some of these MPX detectors have been optimised for luminosity study. A method to analyse the recorded data was developed. It first filters the noisy pixels, then converts data from a frame format (corresponding to a given MPX exposure time), into luminosity in a LumiBlock format. A LumiBlock is a time measurement period used by ATLAS detector. To verify the results, comparisons between different MPXs have been made, as well as comparison between MPX results and the results of ATLAS sub-detectors specifically dedicated to luminosity measurements.

Injection in the LHC is a delicate moment, since the LHC collimation system cannot offer adequate protection during beam transfer. For this reason, a complex chain of injection protection devices has been put in place. Among them, the SPS scrapers are the multi-turn cleaning system installed in the SPS aimed at halo removal immediately before injection in the LHC. The upgrade in luminosity of the LHC foresees beams brighter than those currently available in machine, posing serious problems to the performance of the existing injection protection systems. In particular, the integrity of beam-intercepting devices is challenged by unprecedented beam parameters, leading to interactions potentially destructive. In this context, a new design of scrapers has been proposed, aimed at improved robustness and performance. This thesis compares the two scraping systems, i.e. the existing one and the one proposed for upgrade. Unlike any other collimation system for regular halo cleaning, both are "fast" systems, characterised by the variation of the relative distance between the beam and the absorbing medium during cleaning, which enhances the challenge on energy deposition values. Assets/liabilities of the two systems are highlighted by means of numerical simulations and discussed, with particular emphasis on energy deposition in the absorbing medium, time evolution of the beam current during scraping and losses in the machine. Advantages of the system proposed for upgrade over the existing one are highlighted. The analysis of the existing system takes into account present operational conditions and addresses the sensitivity to settings previously not considered, updating and extending past studies. The work carried out on the upgraded system represents the first extensive characterisation of a multi-turn cleaning system based on a magnetic bump. Results have been obtained with the Fluka-SixTrack coupling, developed during this PhD activity from its initial version to being a state-of-art tracking tool for cleaning studies in circular machines. Relevant contributions to the development involve the handling of time-varying impact conditions. An extensive benchmark against a test of the scraper blades with beam has been carried out, to verify the reliability of results. Effcts induced in the tested blades confirm the high values of energy deposition predicted by the simulation. Moreover, the comparison with the time profile of the beam intensity measured during scraping allowed the reconstruction of the actual settings of the blades during the test. Finally, the good agreement of the quantitative benchmark against readouts of beam loss monitors finally proves the quality of the analyses and the maturity of the coupling.

Les mesures de la luminosité intégrée pour les expériences auprés de collisionneur ont un intérêt majeur. Ces mesures participent à la détermination des sections efficaces de production des processus étudiés, elles quantifient également les performances de l'accélérateur et des expériences. Deux méthodes ont été utilisées par l'expérience LHCb pour déterminer la mesure de la luminosité absolue enregistrée durant la campagne 2010 de prise de données des collisions proton-proton à une énergie de 7 TeV dans le centre de masse: outre la méthode classique applelée "Van der Meer scan" une nouvelle technique est développée permettant une détermination directe des paramètres de chaque faisceau en localisant les interactions faisceau-faisceau et les interactions faisceau-gaz résiduel. Cette méthode n'est possible que grace à la résolution du détecteur de vertex de LHCb et sa proximité avec la zone des faisceaux de protons et les paramètres tels la position, les angles et les largeurs des faisceaux peuvent être mesurés. Les deux methodes sont décrites et leurs résultats discutés. De plus les techniques utilisées pour étendre les mesures de luminosité absolue à l'ensemble de la prise de données 2010 sont décrites. / Absolute luminosity measurements are of general interest for colliding-beam experiments at storage rings. These measurements are necessary to determine the absolute cross-sections of reaction processes and are valuable to quantify the performance of the accelerator. LHCb has applied two methods to determine the absolute scale of its luminosity measurements for proton-proton collisions at the 2010 LHC run at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV. In addition to the classic ``van der Meer'' scan method a novel technique has been developed which allows a direct imaging of the individual beams to be made by measuring both proton-gas and proton-proton interactions. The beam imaging method is made possible by the high resolution of the LHCb vertex detector and the close proximity of the detector to the beams, and allows beam parameters such as positions, angles and widths to be determined. We describe both methods and compare the two results. In addition, we present the techniques used to transport the absolute luminosity measurement to the full data-taking period.

The objects discovered in Tomb 79 at the necropolis of Salamis, Cyprus have garnered much attention since their discovery. The material from this tomb, however, needs an in-depth, object-by-object analysis that will lead to a greater understanding of the burial as a whole. In my thesis, I offer a detailed case study of a single item, an ivory-covered wooden chair—so-called Throne Γ—as exemplifying an approach to this analysis. Based on the excavation team’s exacting reconstruction, the chair is four-legged with armrests and a slightly curved backrest. Ivory overlays the entirety of the chair except on a few sections of the backrest where the wood shows through. Here as well, both figural and geometric designs decorate the ivory, and the top bar was originally overlaid with gold. As a whole, Throne Γ would have appeared as a solid ivory object, embellished with wood and gold, and was likely draped with textiles. In this study, I analyze Throne Γ as an agent of identity. To do so, I follow the example of other scholars such as Irene Winter and Marian Feldman and employ the theory of object agency, addressing Throne Γ as an affective entity. When placed in a social context—i.e., when involved in human interaction—such agentive objects actively influence their surroundings. In this case, I analyze how Throne Γ affected the individual in whose tomb it was buried. I argue that through its various affective “mechanisms”—its nature as a luxury object, the value of its ivory material, its sensory qualities (including luminosity, texture, and fragrance), its iconography, and its ritual function—Throne Γ projected a king-like identity upon the deceased individual from Tomb 79. His actual political and social power during his lifetime, however, may have been less than that suggested by the mechanisms of the chair. The inclusion of Throne Γ in the burial was therefore a conscious choice and the identity the chair projected deliberate. It was meant to agentively mark, and thus legitimize, the deceased as a politically-able, diplomatically-savvy, and divinely-touched figure in the early days of monarchy on Cyprus. / text

En opération depuis 2008, l’expérience ATLAS est la plus grande de toutes les expériences au LHC. Les détecteurs ATLAS- MPX (MPX) installés dans ATLAS sont basés sur le détecteur au silicium à pixels Medipix2 qui a été développé par la collaboration Medipix au CERN pour faire de l’imagerie en temps réel. Les détecteurs MPX peuvent être utilisés pour mesurer la luminosité. Ils ont été installés à seize différents endroits dans les zones expérimentale et technique d’ATLAS en 2008. Le réseau MPX a recueilli avec succès des données indépendamment de la chaîne d’enregistrement des données ATLAS de 2008 à 2013. Chaque détecteur MPX fournit des mesures de la luminosité intégrée du LHC. Ce mémoire décrit la méthode d’étalonnage de la luminosité absolue mesurée avec les détectors MPX et la performance des détecteurs MPX pour les données de luminosité en 2012. Une constante d’étalonnage de la luminosité a été déterminée. L’étalonnage est basé sur technique de van der Meer (vdM). Cette technique permet la mesure de la taille des deux faisceaux en recouvrement dans le plan vertical et horizontal au point d’interaction d’ATLAS (IP1). La détermination de la luminosité absolue nécessite la connaissance précise de l’intensité des faisceaux et du nombre de trains de particules. Les trois balayages d’étalonnage ont été analysés et les résultats obtenus par les détecteurs MPX ont été comparés aux autres détecteurs d’ATLAS dédiés spécifiquement à la mesure de la luminosité. La luminosité obtenue à partir des balayages vdM a été comparée à la luminosité des collisions proton- proton avant et après les balayages vdM. Le réseau des détecteurs MPX donne des informations fiables pour la détermination de la luminosité de l’expérience ATLAS sur un large intervalle (luminosité de 5 × 10^29 cm−2 s−1 jusqu’à 7 × 10^33 cm−2 s−1 . / In operation since 2008, the ATLAS experiment is the largest of all the experiments at the LHC. The ATLAS-MPX (MPX) detectors installed in ATLAS are based on the Medipix2 silicon pixelated detector which has been developed by the Medipix Collaboration at CERN to perform real-time imaging. They can be used for luminosity measurements. They were installed at sixteen different positions in the ATLAS cavern at the LHC in 2008. The MPX network successfully collected data independently of the ATLAS data recording chain from 2008 to 2013. Each MPX detector provides measurements of the integrated LHC luminosity. This thesis describes the technique for calibrating the luminosity data and performance of MPX detectors for measuring the luminosity in 2012. The calibration was performed via the van der Meer (vdM) scans technique which allows the measurement of the convolved beam sizes in the vertical and the horizontal planes at the ATLAS interaction point (IP1). The determination of the absolute luminosity requires a precise knowledge of the beam intensities and the number of beam bunches. A luminosity calibration constant was determined. The three calibration scans were analyzed and the results were cross-checked among the MPX detectors and other ATLAS sub-detectors specifically dedicated to luminosity measurement. The luminosity determined from the calibration scans was compared to the luminosity of regular runs before and after the vdM scans. The MPX network gives reliable information for the overall ATLAS luminosity determination over a wide dynamic range (luminosity from 5 × 10^29 cm−2 s−1 up to 7 × 10^33 cm−2 s−1).

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-11-05T20:06:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao - Victor Ribeiro Silva - 2014.pdf: 7418797 bytes, checksum: 1f1e74ebd9bcbee3edad628e799ca9e6 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-11-06T11:00:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao - Victor Ribeiro Silva - 2014.pdf: 7418797 bytes, checksum: 1f1e74ebd9bcbee3edad628e799ca9e6 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-06T11:00:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao - Victor Ribeiro Silva - 2014.pdf: 7418797 bytes, checksum: 1f1e74ebd9bcbee3edad628e799ca9e6 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-13 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / A wireless sensor network was used to monitor the light interception in pastures. The focusoftheworkwastheconstructionofalightmeterlowcostasaalternativetotheLICORLI-1776,high-costequipmentcurrentlyusedbyEmbrapa,andalsotheconstruction ofasensornodethatfunctionedproperlyinpastures,withouttheneedforskilledlaborto operateit. It have been analysed prototypes of luminosity meters of existing low cost and proposed ameter,withitscorrespondingsensor node , suitable low cost. This work presents theoretical and practical studies, implementing two prototypes of sensor nodesusingthephotoelectriccomponentphotodiodeS7686. Tests were performed and evaluated experimentally the performance of a wireless sensor network with star topology. In these tests, the proposed network showed the expected resultsandtheprototypedevelopedshowedsatisfactoryresultswithrespecttothecostof its production. / Uma rede de sensores sem fio foi utilizada para o monitoramento da interceptação luminosa em pastagens. O foco do trabalho foi a construção de um medidor de luminosidade debaixocustocomoalternativaaoLI-CORLI-1776,equipamentodealtocustoutilizado atualmente pela Embrapa, e também a construção de um nó sensor que funcionasse de maneiraadequadaempastagens,semteranecessidadedeumamãodeobraespecializada paraoperá-lo. Foram analisados os protótipos de medidores de luminosidade de baixo custo existentes epropostoummedidor,com seu respectivo nó sensor, de baixo custo adequado. Estetrabalhoapresentaestudosteóricosepráticos,implementandodoisprotótiposdenós sensores queutilizamocomponente fotoelétricofotodiodoS7686. Foram realizados testes e avaliado experimentalmente o desempenho de uma rede de sensores sem fio com topologia estrela. Nestes testes, a rede proposta apresentou os resultados esperados e protótipo desenvolvido apresentou resultados satisfatórios com relaçãoaocustodesuaprodução.

Le travail présenté dans cette thèse a été effectué au sein de la collaboration internationale LHCb qui a conçue et qui exploite un détecteur pour la physique des particules auprès de l’accélérateur proton-proton, le LHC, au CERN à Genève. Ces travaux concerne l’opération de l’expérience dans son ensemble. Ils ont montré toutes leurs forces pendant la première année de prise de données qui a débutée fin 2009. Ils couvrent plusieurs systèmes qui sont très dépendant les uns des autres. Deux systèmes sont plus particulièrement étudiés. Le premier est en charge de la surveillance des faisceaux, du niveau des bruits de fond et de la luminosité. Le second permet la visualisation, l’analyse et l’optimisation des conditions expérimentales. Ces deux systèmes sont fortement interconnectés. En effet, l’amélioration de la qualité des faisceaux de la machine et la diminution du bruit de fond augmentent le nombre de collisions utiles pour la physique. En même temps, comprendre les paramètres clefs qui gouvernent l’opération de l’expérience permet de les optimiser et d’améliorer la qualité des données collectées. / There are two main central topics in the thesis: the LHCb beam, background and luminosity monitoring systems and the LHCb optimization systems of experimental conditions. These systems are heavily connected to each other, as improving the machine beam, background and luminosity conditions will automatically improve global operation by maximizing the ratio of luminosity recorded over signal background. At the same time, improving the operation of the experiment will help improve luminosity, by studying more accurately the beam and background conditions and therefore improving the LHC machine settings. In this thesis, the systems to accomplish the requirements of these two main topics are described in detail.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Hector Flechtmann / Banca: Maria Conceição Zocoller Seno / Banca: Júlio Mendes / Resumo: A atividade de vôo em besouros coprófagos é de extrema importância pois é neste momento em que estes encontram seu alimento, a massa fecal, através de odores liberados por estas. O horário de vôo é importante devido à grande competição que ocorre entre as espécies. Tanto fatores abióticos quanto bióticos influenciam essa atividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o horário de vôo de e a influência de ambos os fatores na regulação deste, em área de fragmento de Mata Atlântica e pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens, na Fazenda da UNESP, em Selvíria/MS. Utilizou-se de armadilhas pitfall em ambas as áreas, iscadas com massa fecal bovina, colocadas às 7:00 h e às 18:00 h, e luminosa, localizada na área de pastagem. A coleta dos besouros coprófagos foi feita a cada 20 min, durante 24 horas, uma vez por semana, e dos dados climáticos a cada 10 min. De outubro de 2006 a março de 2007 foram coletados 14205 indivíduos, sendo 11737 em luminosa, 1635 em pitfall no pasto e 835 em pitfall na mata e identificando-se 61 espécies de besouros coprófagos. Em relação aos tipos de armadilhas utilizadas, luminosa foi mais eficiente na captura de espécies endocoprídeas que a armadilha pitfall. Em condições de alta densidade populacional a armadilha luminosa expressou de forma similar às armadilhas pitfall os padrões de vôo das espécies paracoprídeas noturnas, porém quando em baixa densidade, em função do maior número de repetições, as armadilhas pitfall foram melhores. Quanto ao período de vôo, a maioria das espécies coletadas foi de hábito noturno, este talvez determinado pelas altas temperaturas do ar reinantes durante o período diurno, das quais estas procuram escapar, em especial aquelas paracoprídeas. A intensidade luminosa foi a variável meteorológica responsável pelo início do vôo tanto em espécies noturnas endocoprídeas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Flight activity in dung beetles is of extreme importance, for this is the time when they find their food, the dung pad, by volatiles released by them. The time of flight is important due to a high degree of competition that occurs among dung beetle species. Both abiotic and biotic factors influence this activity. The objective of this research was to determine the time of flight of dung beetles and the influence of both abiotic/biotic factors on its regulation, in a fragment of Atlantic forest and Brachiaria decumbens pasture, at the UNESP Farm, located in Selvíria, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Pitfall traps were used in both areas, baited with fresh bovine dung pads, at 7:00 AM and replaced by fresh ones again at 6:00 PM, and also a black light flight intercept trap in the pasture area. Trapped beetles were collected every 20 min for 24 hours straight, once a week, while climatic data were gathered every 10 min, from October 2006 until March 2007. A total of 14,205 specimens were trapped, 11,737 in the flight trap, while in pitfall traps 1,635 and 835 beetles were trapped in the pasture and fragment areas, respectively, corresponding to 61 different species. The flight trap was more efficient in trapping endocoprid species. When in high population, the flight pattern of nocturnal paracoprid beetles was equally well expressed by both trap types, while in low densities pitfall traps performed better, probably due to a larger number of replications. Most trapped species proved to be nocturnal, perhaps due to the high daily air temperatures, from which they could be avoiding, especially so for the paracoprid species. The light intensity was the meteorological factor responsible for flight initiation, in both endocoprid and paracoprid species. The flight in nocturnal endocoprid species was of short duration (ca. 80 min), probably because of their greater inability of regulating their... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre