This study analyses the possibility of introducing liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as an alternative domestic energy source to charcoal in Zambia to mitigate climate change. The study, conducted in Lusaka, used questionnaires, focus group discussions, interviews and literature study to collect data. The study revealed that the introduction of LPG is possible. However, some challenges need to be addressed in order to actualise the change. Lack of knowledge about LPG; non-availability of LPG in most parts of the country; perceived danger of LPG; high prices of LPG and accessories; changing people‟s mind-sets about charcoal; social inequity and lack of government initiative, were the main challenges identified. Social-Ecology and sustainable livelihoods were used as theoretical frameworks to ground the study and analyse the results. The study recommends that government takes the lead to make the change possible and that further research be done on sustainable livelihoods for charcoal producers and traders. / Development Studies / M. A. (Development Studies)

The purpose of this empirical study was to establish how school managers address the problem of teacher attrition in public secondary schools in Zambia with a view of developing strategies that may be used to reduce teacher attrition in schools. The objectives of the study were to examine how teacher attrition affects the functioning of public secondary schools; find out which factors influence teacher attrition in public secondary schools; and determine and describe which measures are used to sustain teacher retention in public secondary schools. The study adopted a case study design employing mainly the qualitative approach of data collection and analysis. However, quantitative methods of data collection and analysis were also employed to a lesser extent to complement the qualitative aspect. The data were collected through interviews and questionnaires. The sample consisted of 33 participants comprising 30 school managers and three (3) district education board Secretaries from Chongwe, Lusaka and Kafue Districts of Lusaka province. The qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis while the quantitative data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 20 to generate descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that teacher attrition positively correlates to poor staffing levels and poor student achievement (r=0.812). The study further established factors influencing teacher attrition in public secondary schools as being poor working conditions, lack of administrative support, low salaries, low social status accorded to teachers and lack of continuous professional development were among the major causes of teacher attrition. In terms of measures used by school managers in addressing the issue of teacher attrition, these include: high salaries, reduced workload, adequate administrative support, fair promotion and fair treatment, participatory decision making, and creating a positive school climate. Basing on the study findings, the following recommendations are made; that school managers should coordinate organisation climate, that is, they should start with transformation of their individual school’s organisational climate in order to create an enabling atmosphere which reduces teacher attrition. School managers should effect strategies for teacher retention through continuous professional development; they should ensure that all programmes and activities aim at addressing the actual continuous professional development needs of the teachers. School managers should apply sufficient school management support. The MoE provide explicit preparation for school managers by providing and showing them the significance of managing teacher attrition. / Educational Management and Leadership / D. Ed. (Education Management)

Magister Artium - MA (Women and Gender Studies) / Women with disabilities are marginalised in many aspects of societal participation. The majority of women with disabilities in Zambia do not have access to education and this has placed them amongst the poorest of people in the country. The study focuses on the experiences of women with physical disabilities and investigates the challenges they encounter in accessing education at tertiary level. The study comes at a time when the fight for gender equality has gained momentum and aims at promoting economic participation for all members of society without discrimination on the basis of sex or disability. The study engaged ten participants from a tertiary institution in Kamwala, Lusaka. I conducted a feminist qualitative research, which focused on the experiences of 19-30 year old female students with physical disabilities. I used semi-structured interviews in order to collect the data and drew on a qualitative thematic analysis to analyse the data. All standard ethical procedures were adhered to, including anonymity and confidentiality with respect to participants. The results of the study revealed that women with disabilities were often 'othered' due to myths and misconceptions that surrounded disability especially in the African- traditional context. The study also revealed that families played a very important role in ensuring that women and young girls with disabilities had a strong self-image, strong self-esteem and a strong sense of self and ensuring that they felt included within the homes and especially when accessing education. The study further revealed that where family support was lacking, participants faced challenges in accessing education compared to participants who received such support. More so, that educational opportunities in Zambia are generally gendered with more males than females in the education system, across the multiple levels. Access to the tertiary level for this group of women is compromised because challenges in accessing education start at the lower levels and have spill over effects in to the higher levels of education. Financial challenges experienced by women with disabilities and their families also led to fewer women with disabilities being able to participate in schooling. This is because where there were limited resources within the family, women, and girls with disabilities getting an education was not an option.

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / HIV and AIDS are now being considered as a chronic disease. As people live longer the possibility of physical disability increases. This study aimed to investigate the nature of physical disability among HIV/AIDS adults cared for by the Makeni home-based carers in Lusaka, Zambia. Disability was measured based on the World Health Organisation International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. This study demonstrated that mostly mild impairments and mild to moderate activity limitations and participation restrictions exists among patients in the Makeni home-based care programme. This study concluded that physiotherapists and other health professionals will have to be more involved in the community home-based programs that are suited for people living with HIV/AIDS so that they are also provided with clinical assessments and rehabilitation services. / South Africa

Master of Public Health - MPH / Background:cholera outbreaks have almost become a norm in Lusaka district with the onset of rains.The disease forms part of the preventable diarrhea diseases that have greatly contributed to the high morbidity and mortality rates especially in children under five. In an effort to mitigate the recurrence of cholera in the district of Lusaka, various strategies have been employed to resolve the crisis. However none have investigated the skill or capacity of the public health officers involved in health promotion and disease prevention,themselves. Therefore in this study, focus is turned on one of the integral officers in this public health arena who seem directly involved in preventive health, the Environmental Health Officers. The aim is to clarify their role and skills capacity with the hope of initiating a process of developing appropriate skills and therefore positively contribute to the fight to contain cholera outbreaks.Study Design:this is mainly a qualitative descriptive study that seeks to gain insight into the problem EHOs in Lusaka may be facing in averting cholera outbreaks by exploring in-depth, their attitudes, beliefs and values concerning their role and capacity with consideration to the training they receive to prepare them for their role. The sample was drawn from the EHO’s from 26 health centers under the jurisdiction of the Lusaka Urban District Health Management Team (LUDHMT).Data Collection:data was collected from the EHOs through focus group discussions to scrutinize how their knowledge and experience interact in their setting. Consequently, a few follow-up EHO interviews were done for further clarification of recorded data. Face to face, semistructured interviews were conducted with their supervisors as well as EHO trainers from the two local colleges concerned with EHO training. UWC, SOPH, mini-thesis, Hilary Chibiya, 2520505.May 2009 Analysis of Results:a qualitative approach to data analysis was employed which commenced during data collection through member checking to comparing, coding, categorizing and seeking meaningful interpretations of emerging themes.Discussion and Conclusion:while the EHOs’ perceive themselves essentially as promoters of environmental health,this study discovered that they dwell more on control measures in the matter of cholera out breaks. Even though they feel confident to contain an outbreak they expressed a lack in the level of skills they possessed to enable them to monitor, evaluate and consequently get rid of the all the factors that cause the disease to recur. Inevitably with this lack of self-assurance to eradicate cholera they seem resolved to focusing their resources to adequately prepare for the control of cholera than its prevention, instead. Very importantly, it was found that both policy development and training are to lagging behind the demands of the EHOs current role and their work is hindered by lack of funds specific to prevention activities complicated by an unhealthy donor dependency. There also is a need for all the key players in the environmental Health arena to appreciate the shift in the role of an EHO from the former traditional responsibilities because the incidence of cholera could keep recurring unless all these stakeholders could join forces in training and supporting the EHO appropriately.UWC, SOPH, mini-thesis, Hilary Chibiya, 2520505.May 2009

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This study explores Mobility, Identity and Localization of Language in Multilingual Contexts of Urban Lusaka. By examining data from different sites of language practices of Lusaka urbanites, that include, casual and formal conversations, Zambian popular music, computer mediated discourses and advertisements; the study shows how interlocutors creatively draw on their extended communicative repertoire to make meaning, transform social structures/roles and stylize modern identities. Accordingly, the study consolidates the recent sociolinguistic theoretical position that views language as social practice and privileges speakers as social actors in shaping and recreating language. In this regard, the study foregrounds language as localized social practice and argues against the idea that language is homogenous and a bounded system. In doing so, the study adds to recent sociolinguistic theorizing calling for a paradigm shift to language studies. Therefore, the main research question that the study addresses, relates to how Lusaka urban dwellers achieve their mediated agency, voice and actorhood through linguistic choices during interactions in various social contexts of modern Lusaka. In turn, the question relates to how urbanites use language as localized social practice to maintain, transform and reproduce social structures/roles and identities in modern Lusaka. Owing to the type of data the study collected, a multifaceted methodological and analytical approach was employed for both data collection and analysis. Informed by a descriptive research design, the study used focus group discussions and individual key-informant interviews to collect data from casual and formal conversations. Data from Zambian popular music were purposively sampled from Youtube.com and music CDs. In addition, group/individual interviews with musicians were conducted in order to supplement data collected from music CDs and video sources. Data from online discourses were collected from the Facebook platform and from two Zambian based online news blogs, while data from print advertisements were collected through the capturing of images on billboards around Lusaka city as well as advertisements from newspapers and internet sites. Television and radio advertisements were recorded from the Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation TV and radio channels. All the data collected from these sources were generally analyzed using Conversational Analysis, Facework Negotiation Theory, Multimodal Discourse Analysis and its cognate analytical tools such as Resemiotisation, Semiotic Remediation, Intertextuality, Multivocality and Dialogism. The study shows that message consumption is not a function of isolated semiotic resource but a combination of semiotic material drawn from semiotics that people are familiar with. The study thus argues that social meaning is steeped into social and cultural experiences of the speakers and that any study of language practices in such contexts should take into account the multifaceted nature of human communication. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that given the advancements in communication technology and mobility of semiotic resources across modes which have largely contributed to a reconceptualization of the nature of human language, any study of language in social contexts ought to account for other meaning making semiosis in both methodological and approaches to data collection and analysis, respectively. The study further shows how interactants in late modern settings of Lusaka stylize their multiple identities by dissolving the traditional linguistic boundaries through use of the extended linguistic repertoire. In this vein, the study demonstrates that social identity is a dynamic aspect of social life which is actively negotiated and performed through speakers' linguistic choices. In this respect, the study finds that speakers simultaneously stylize translocal hybrid identities which include urban versus rural, modern versus traditional, African versus Christian (Western fused) as well as gendered ones, through their use of different linguistic choices. Furthermore, the study finds that language borders and domains of language use are permeable. In this regard, the study demonstrates how Lusaka urban speakers use localized language forms to colonize the formal spaces thereby challenging the dominant ideologies about language as a fixed, impermeable and a bounded system. In the process of colonizing formal spaces using localized language forms, the study shows how speakers perform acts of humour, role play, face saving, identity and meaning enhancement. In turn these localized repertoires are drawn upon as resources to accomplish different tasks which would not be accomplished if only a 'single' language were to be used. In this regard, the study views language as a resource that transcends the role of meaning making. In addition, the study shows how, through the use of localized repertoires in formal spaces, speakers transform traditions and modernity into a hybrid space which identifies them as having multiple identities. This demonstrates that speakers in such modern settings use language as a resource to accomplish several things at once. It also highlights speakers’ agency in recreating language as well as transforming their social spaces. The findings of the study entail contributions to recent arguments on language that view it not as an autonomous system but rather as embedded in people’s social interactions. It demonstrates that languages have no clear-cut borders.The study also contributes to methodological and analytical approaches to the study of language in recent times. In addition, the study adds new knowledge to our understanding of identity as a performative act which is actively negotiated for as people interact in different social contexts. This implies that identity is not a fixed thing as traditionally conceived. Ultimately, the study calls for a rethinking of our conception of language and identity considering modernity practices.

Master of Public Health - MPH / Background: HIV/AIDS remains a major public health issue that is affecting all population groups and communities in Zambia. Among the most affected groups are key populations (KPs) such as female sex workers. KPs are considered at high risk of contracting HIV but have limited access to HIV services and retention in care due to internalized stigma, discrimination, criminalization, and negative attitudes towards HIV treatment. Under the USAID Open Doors project in Zambia, KPs access comprehensive HIV prevention, care and treatment services. The test and treat strategy is implemented by the project in support of the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets by 2020 to diagnose 90% of people living with HIV, put 90% of them on treatment, and for 90% of them to have suppressed viral load. Aim: This study aimed to determine retention in care among female sex workers (FSWs) in the first six months after ART initiation using the HIV care cascade. Methodology: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of all new HIV positive female sex workers (FSWs) initiated on ART between October 2018 and June 2019 (9 months period) based on the electronic records. Data were extracted from SmartCare, an electronic health record system used by the ART clinic. Microsoft Excel and Epi-Info 7 software were used for data entry and analysis. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was conducted to examine differences in retention rates. Results: A total of 205 FSWs were initiated on ART, out of which 180 were active on ART (36 youths and 144 adults) and 25 were lost to follow-up (four youths and 21 adults) during the 9 months study period. Of the 180 FSWs active on ART, 36 were FSWs aged 18 – 24 years (youths) representing 90% retained in care while 144 were FSWs aged 25 – 42 years (adults) with 87% being retained on ART treatment. Retention in ART care was not significantly different in the survival curves between the age groups of FSW youths and FSW adults during the study period (p-value = 0.637). Retention in ART care was not statistically significant for education (p-value = 0.481), marital status (p-value = 0.545), and occupation (p-value = 0.169). Conclusion: Retention in ART care among FSWs was 88%. However, there were no significant differences by age group identified in this study. While this study shows 88% retention rate among FSWs, it will be used as a baseline in meeting the UNAIDS 90-90-90 goals.

The Internet and World Wide Web have become dominant newsgathering tools in a sholi period of time. While the body of research, particularly in the First World, has developed quickly along with the Web, many unanswered questions remain on how journalists in developing countries make use of the Internet for newsgathering purposes. This study combined social constructivist theory with the socio-organisational and cultural approaches to news production in order to critically investigate how journalists at The Post newspaper in Zambia relate to, and make use of, the Internet as a newsgathering resource, in the context of Third World conditions. The study critiqued technological detelminism perspectives on journalists' use of the new information technology. The technological determinism theory, which has largely been advanced by some scholars from the developed world, takes a celebratory approach to journalists' use of the Internet in the newsroom. Using qualitative semi-structured interviews and observations, the study established that while journalists at The Post acknowledged the lnternet's potential in news gathering, factors such as unreliable telecommunications infrastructure, poor Internet skills, lack of local content on the World Wide Web, and organisational and occupational demands inhibited the use of the Internet as a journalistic newsgathering resource. The study established further that online reporting is only a tool within the broader news gathering and production process; and in the case of The Post, it does not replace the traditional news gathering techniques used by journalists, particularly direct contacts with human sources. The respondents cited face-to-face interviews, a traditional means of newsgathering, as the main driving force in news gathering routines at the newspaper. However, although the respondents saw some mixed blessings in the Internet as a reporting tool, they also believed that the benefits outweighed the problems. / KMBT_363 / Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / The whole purpose of this research was to determine an appropriate approach to development in Zambia by the Reformed Church in Zambia (RCZ) under the theme: ‘A Biblical Framework for Sustainable Development in the Reformed Church in Zambia – The story of George Compound in Lusaka.’ George Compound located on the West of Matero Township, poverty manifests itself in many ways such as lack of good food, poor shelter, high illiteracy levels, lack of good road network, poor health, high crime rate, high levels of unemployment especially the youth who now spend most time drinking beer, high levels of prostitution, and poor sanitation. Holistic ministry has for some time now remained a great challenge for the church, the trend that was never the case with the early church as it took the issue of development seriously and effectively met needs of the poor and vulnerable people of that time. However, with time the church has either consciously or unconsciously allowed to be dictated by the Greek dualism theory (separating the spiritual from physical) in how to go about with ministry. This separation has taken such a long time that it has now become accepted by the church and secular world that the role of the church for humanity was only to concentrate on matters concerning spirituality, while leaving the social part to secular organisations. This is an affront to God who created humanity in His own image and likeness (Gen. 1: 26 – 29; 2: 7) and mandated to rule on His behalf; added to that it is in itself a distortion of Scriptures. Otherwise from the Biblical perspective humanity constitutes both the soul and body, thereby providing no justification for separating needs of the soul from those of the body because human life is a unit. The Scriptures have also revealed that at the time of creation, a living relationship was established between God and humanity, which includes the entire creation. The relationship between God and humanity is known as the vertical relationship (this involves worshipping God); while the relationship between humanity and the rest of the creation is known as the horizontal relationship (this involves caring for God’s creation). It is on record in the Scriptures that the good creation that was created by the good God was spoilt with the fall of humanity. It is the fall of humanity that has led to the unfortunate separation of responsibilities between the church and the secular world. It is in this context that the research wrestled with the question of how the RCZ could apply a Biblical framework for sustainable development in the country, but with particular attention to the story of George Compound in Lusaka. The researcher has argued that meaningful development will only take place when the church takes its strategic position in development and does it from the Biblical perspective that addresses humanity holistically. Development done from the Biblical perspective acknowledges God as the creator, sustainer and destiny of the whole creation and at the same time places humanity at the centre of it as the main objective. The hypothesis is based on the fact that poverty will be alleviated once the RCZ in the first place comes to terms with the reality of poverty and its impact on human life in the country, and then using its mandate to get involved in national development to transform people’s wellbeing. It is interesting that when missionaries from the Dutch Reformed Church Mission (DRCM) of the Orange Free State in South Africa started mission work in the Eastern Province of Northern Rhodesia then, they adopted a comprehensive approach to ministry and that enabled them to address both the spiritual and social needs of people. The DRCM missionaries passed on this understanding of development to the RCZ, but then one wonders why the RCZ after autonomy (self-governing) in 1966, gradually and without realising began to change its focus of doing ministry by concentrating so much on building people’s spiritual lives and neglecting their social needs. This research is challenging the RCZ to revisit its mandate for ministry which should lead to adopting the Biblical understanding for development. This kind of development is holistic in nature and results in transforming people’s living standards that are currently in deplorable condition. The research further suggests that for development to take place the RCZ needs to work towards transforming the world view of its members about poverty and development. This approach will invaluably help people gain better understanding on the actual causes and effects of poverty and what must be done to alleviate it, before reaching out in the communities.

<p>Zambia is a highly urbanized country with 60% of its urban population residing in low cost areas also called peri-urban, slum or informal settlements. The increase in urban population attributed to rapid migration and urbanization due to political and economic changes has taken a toll on service provision as the infrastructure development and service provision has failed to meet the demand. For the 33 peri-urban areas in Lusaka, the water supply and sanitation has been poor, inadequate and unreliable with the coverage being slightly above 50% for water while 90% of the urban population does not have access to the much needed sanitation. The low coverage is a result of lack the financial capacity on the part of the service providers to extend services to un served areas.</p><p>This research focuses on the strategies to provide sustainable water and sanitation services to peri-urban areas to ensure improved accessibility through the expansion of infrastructure and attainment of full cost recovery. In this era of increasing migration to unplanned settlements where the services are inadequate, alternatives to public provision of water and sanitation services need to be put in place. One of the alternatives is the public-private partnership which encompasses the society, private and the civil society. As has been found in the study the best alternative should not only be completely bottom up but should also be more demand driven and be able to provide for greater contributions from the affected communities.</p><p>The hypothesis of the study is to ascertain if provision of water supply to the Peri-Urban Areas (PUAs) can be achieved through the partnership between the water utility and the small scale water providers. Therefore, the objectives of the research are to: evaluate and compare the current service provision to the peri-urban areas by the utility and small scale providers in terms of technical, social and institutional arrangements and determine the best way of ensuring sustained service provision to peri urban areas and show how partnership can be the best solution to improving service delivery to these areas.</p><p>Service provision in PUAs can not be achieved without the involvement of all the stakeholders especially the community who are also the users and whose major role is paying for the service to enhance sustainability. In this study the Small Scale Water Providers (SSWP) users were found to be satisfied with the service provided than the utility users who felt that more needed to be done. The two providers are found to have different strengths which when combined would enhance service provision. The collaboration between utility with its competence in water supply, technical installations, water quality testing and SSWP with theirs in community involvement, cost recovery, effective operation and maintenance and demand driven water schemes have to be merged to achieve the intended goal and it is also an indication that the two can complement each other. Utility should therefore consider opening investment accounts for all the areas so as to detach PUAs needs from the general plan and eventually budget as they would be self sustaining and enhance willingness to pay for the users. The SSWP should therefore be viewed as partners by all and licensing should be considered by the government for the benefit of the urban poor.</p>