MicroRNAs são pequenos RNAs que desempenham papel importante como reguladores da expressão gênica em processos de iniciação e progressão do câncer. Achados recentes demonstram que microRNAs estão presentes em biofluidos, podendo ser encontrados na corrente sanguínea Especula-se que alterações nos níveis de expressão dos microRNAs em tecidos tumorais podem ser identificadas em plasma. Apesar de desafios relacionados a variáveis analíticas e pré-analíticas desta abordagem, há um grande interesse clínico em identificar microRNAs circulantes como biomarcadores em câncer dada a simplicidade e baixo risco de um exame como este. O carcinoma de cabeça e pescoço está entre as principais neoplasias no mundo. Ele está associado ao uso crônico de tabaco e álcool e a taxa de sobrevida média fica em torno de 50% em 5 anos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer parâmetros adequados para processamento e detecção de microRNAs circulantes, assim como identificar microRNAs circulantes que pudessem caracterizar indivíduos portadores de carcinoma de cavidade oral e de orofaringe e, em particular, distinguir aqueles que apresentavam metástase linfonodal ao diagnóstico daqueles livres de comprometimento linfonodal. A expressão de 179 microRNAs foi analisada por PCR em tempo real no plasma de 45 indivíduos portadores de carcinoma epidermóide (28 com metástase linfonodal ao diagnóstico e 17 sem metástases linfonodais) e 15 indivíduos sadios. As amostras foram pareadas quanto a sexo, idade e quanto ao uso de tabaco. Identificamos microRNAs preferencialmente expressos em amostras de plasma de portadores do tumor, dentre os quais microRNAs já descritos como relevantes em carcinoma epidermóide oral, como miR-210, e miRNAs ainda pouco estudados, como miR-543. Diferenças importantes foram observadas quando tumores de cavidade oral foram analisados separadamente dos tumores de orofaringe, de acordo com diferenças moleculares existentes entre estes sub-sítios tumorais. MicroRNAs possivelmente envolvidos com o processo metastático foram identificados quando amostras de plasma de pacientes que apresentavam metástases em linfonodos foram comparadas com amostras de pacientes sem comprometimento linfonodal. Dentre estes miRNAs destacam-se miR-192 e miR-574, mais expressos em plasma de indivíduos portadores de tumores metastáticos de orofaringe e esses dados estão de acordo com ,a literatura onde formam identificados com perfil semelhante em amostras de plasma associadas a outros tipos de tumor. Concluímos que os miRNAs circulantes presentes em plasma podem refletir características moleculares do tumor, e que a desregulação da sua expressão em contextos específicos, como subsítios tumorais e condições clínicas distintas, como a presença ou ausência de metástase, poderiam auxiliar no diagnóstico e na avaliação do prognóstico de portadores de carcinoma epidermoide de cabeça e pescoço. / MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules with roles in gene regulation and implications in cancer initiation and progression. Cell-free microRNAs detected in body fluids are of clinical interest due to their possible application as biomarkers. The stability of microRNAs in plasma has been demonstrated and it seems that alterations in cancer tissue may be detected in plasma from patients. Despite the fact that their reliable quantification depends on several technical parameters there is great clinical interest in this approach due to its simplicity and low risk to the patient. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common cancer types worldwide. Tobacco and alcohol consumption are the most important risk factors and survival rates are about 50% in 5 years. The aim of this study was to establish reliable parameters for the detection of microRNAs in plasma and to identify plasma microRNAs associated with squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx as well as with the presence of cervical lymph node metastases. With this purpose we evaluated the expression of 179 microRNAs in plasma from 45 patients (28 presenting cervical lymph node metastases at diagnosis and 17 with no lymph node metastasis) and 15 healthy controls. Samples were matched according to age, sex, drinking and smoking habits. We identified microRNAs mostly expressed in tumor samples, some of which already described in oral squamous cell carcinoma, such as miR-210, and microRNAs poorly studied, such as miR-573. Comparisons between oral and oropharynx carcinomas yielded several differences, in accordance with molecular differences known between these cancer types. MicroRNAs possibly involved in the metastatic process were identified between plasma samples from individuals presenting lymph node metastasis at diagnosis and plasma from patients who were metastasis-free. Among these molecules, miR-192 and miR-574 were identified as more expressed in plasma from individuals with metastatic oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma. We conclude that plasma microRNAs may indicate molecular characteristics of the tumor and that its differential detection in association with specific clinical conditions or sub-sites may be considered as a potential tool to help in the diagnosis and prognosis assessment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

INTRODUÇÃO: O aprimoramento dos métodos de rastreamento e a conscientização da população geral contribuíram para o diagnóstico cada vez mais precoce do câncer de mama e proporcionou, juntamente com o avanço na terapêutica, altas taxas de sobrevida. O estado do acometimento axilar por metástase é um dos principais fatores prognósticos em pacientes com câncer de mama, particularmente naquelas com diagnóstico em estádio inicial. Na última década, esforços científicos foram direcionados para simplificar a amostragem dos linfonodos axilares, diminuindo a morbidade, mas respeitando os princípios oncológicos. Nesse sentindo, a biópsia do linfonodo sentinela foi considerada o avanço mais importante. Ao se obter um método preditor do estado axilar, que apresente os benefícios da abordagem padrão dissecção axilar e biópsia de linfonodo sentinela porém sem seus efeitos colaterais e que seja facilmente reproduzível, realizaremos um grande avanço na avaliação e terapêutica do câncer de mama inicial. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo transversal retrospectivo com base nos prontuários de pacientes com câncer de mama invasivo, não metastático, com qualquer idade, atendidas entre 1999 e 2007 no Setor de Mastologia da Disciplina de Ginecologia do Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo e Clínica Professor José Aristodemo Pinotti, cujo estudo histopatológico e imunoistoquímico foi supervisionado por um único médico patologista. Realizamos uma subdivisão imunoistoquímica dos tumores, sendo considerado luminal A os tumores com receptores hormonais positivos e HER 2 negativo; luminal B os com receptores hormonais positivos e HER 2 positivo; HER 2 as pacientes com receptores hormonais negativos e HER 2 positivo e triplo negativo aquelas com receptores hormonais e HER 2 negativos. Correlacionamos esses subtipos com as variáveis clínicas idade e tamanho tumoral para predizer a probabilidade de acometimento linfonodal axilar. RESULTADOS: Duzentos e trinta e nove casos foram analisados. No subtipo luminal A, a possibilidade de metástase foi maior quanto menor a idade da paciente e maior o tamanho do tumor. Essa foi a única associação que apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante. As pacientes que possuíam tumores triplo negativo tiveram, aproximadamente, 90% menos chance de metástase linfonodal que as pacientes com tumor luminal A. CONCLUSÕES: As pacientes com tumor luminal A apresentaram, significativamente, maior probabilidade de metástase linfonodal axilar. As pacientes com de tumores triplo negativo, com idade superior a 55 anos ou tumores menores que 2 cm, revelaram menor probabilidade de metástase axilar / INTRODUTION: The improvement of screening methods and awareness of general population contributed to the increasingly early diagnosis of breast cancer and provided, together with advances in therapy, high survival rates. The status of axillary involvement is a major prognostic factor in patients with breast cancer, particularly those with early stage. In the last decade, research efforts were directed to simplify the sampling of axillary lymph nodes, decreasing the morbidity, but respecting the oncological principles. In this sense, the sentinel lymph node biopsy was considered the most important advance. If we obtain a method to predict the axillary status, with the benefits of the standard approach - axillary dissection and sentinel lymph node biopsy - without its side effects and easily reproducible, we will hold a major advance in the assessment and treatment of early breast cancer. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study based on records of patients with invasive breast cancer, non metastatic, with any age, treated between 1999 and 2007 in the breast cancer Sector of the Gynecology Discilpine of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo and Private Clinic of Professor José Aristodemo Pinotti, whose histopathological studies were supervised by a single pathologist. We performed an immunohistochemical subdivision of the tumors, and considered luminal A tumors with positive hormonal receptors and negative HER 2, luminal B with positive hormonal receptors and positive HER 2, HER 2 patients with negative hormonal receptors and positive HER 2 and the triple-negative those with negative hormonal receptors and HER 2. Those subtypes were correlated with the clinical variables age and tumor size in predicting the likelihood of axillary lymph node involvement. RESULTS: Two hundred and nine cases were analyzed. In the luminal A, the possibility of axillary metastasis was higher in the younger patients and larger tumors. That was the only combination that showed statistically significant difference. The patients who had triplenegative tumors had approximately 90% less chance of lymph node metastasis than patients with tumors luminal A. CONCLUSIONS: The patients with luminal A tumors showed a significantly association with greater likelihood of axillary lymph node metastasis. The patients with triple negative tumors, age over 55 years or tumors smaller than 2 cm showed a lower likelihood of axillary lymph node metastasis

Le mélanome est le cancer de la peau le plus dangereux : il est capable de métastaser rapidement vers les ganglions et les viscères, et est réfractaire aux chimio/radiothérapies. De nouvelles thérapies ciblant la kinase BRAFV600 retrouvée dans 60% des mélanomes ont montré des effets spectaculaires en termes de survie globale et sans progression de la maladie. L’efficacité de ces thérapies est compromise par l’apparition fréquente de résistances. Les cellules cancéreuses sont ancrées au sein d’un microenvironnement avec lequel elles interagissent. Elles profitent de facteurs solubles du stroma et de l’adhésion à la matrice extracellulaire (MEC) pour survivre face aux thérapies. La protéine matricellulaire SPARC orchestre les interactions entre les cellules saines ou cancéreuses et leur microenvironnement. Absente dans les mélanocytes, son expression est initiée et augmentée dans les mélanomes, corrélée à la progression tumorale et à un mauvais pronostic clinique. Lorsqu’elle est sécrétée par les cellules de mélanome, elle active la kinase AKT, déstabilise le suppresseur de tumeur p53 et favorise la prolifération/survie tumorale. Nous avons montré que le module SPARC/AKT est un nouveau déterminant de la résistance innée ou acquise des mélanomes mutés BRAFV600 aux anti-BRAF, et mis en évidence l’intérêt du ciblage de SPARC en combinaison avec des anti-BRAF ou -MEK pour optimiser/restaurer la sensibilité des mélanomes à ces inhibiteurs. Nous avons aussi montré que les fibroblastes ganglionnaires ont des caractéristiques de fibroblastes activés, et confèrent une résistance aux anti-BRAF aux cellules de mélanomes en générant une MEC permissive à laquelle elles adhérent. / Melanoma is the most dangerous form of skin cancer due to its high metastatic potential and its resistance to both classical chemo- and radiotherapies. New targeted therapies directed against the V600E oncogenic form of BRAF found in about 60% of patients have demonstrated spectacular efficacy both in terms of progression free and overall survival. However most patients invariably relapse after a few months due to resistance mechanisms. Cancer cells are anchored and interact constantly with their microenvironment. Both soluble factors and the extracellular matrix produced by stromal cells have been shown to contribute to cancer cell resistance to therapies. SPARC is a matricellular protein that orchestrates interactions between normal and/or cancer cells and their microenvironment. While it is absent in melanocytes, SPARC expression increases in melanoma and is correlated with both tumoral progression and a bad prognosis. When SPARC is secreted by melanoma cells, it activates the AKT kinase, destabilizes the p53 tumor suppressor and promotes proliferation and survival. Here we identify the couple SPARC/AKT as a new actor contributing to both innate and acquired resistance to BRAFV600E inhibitors. In addition, we demonstrate that targeting SPARC in melanoma cells increases their sensitivity to both BRAF and MEK inhibitors. Finally we show that lymph node fibroblasts share features of activated fibroblasts and confer resistance to BRAF inhibitors to melanoma cells through the production of a permissive extracellular matrix.

The use of positron emission tomography (PET) for imaging in oncology has grown rapidly in recent years. 2-[18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is the most common tracer of PET, although drawbacks exist. Radiolabeled 1-[11C]-acetate (C-AC) is a simple probe for evaluation of perfusion, anabolism (lipogenesis) and catabolism (oxidative metabolism) in all living tissues. This study explored the potential of AC PET in head and neck cancer, benign and malignant lymph nodes in prostate cancer and normal distribution.  In head and neck cancer, C-AC PET detected more primaries and lymph node metastases than FDG PET. The mean primary tumor volumes delineated by C-AC was 51% larger than that of FDG before radiotherapy (RT). Both FDG and C-AC PET tumor volumes must be carefully validated before used in clinical routine. Baseline tumor clearance rate (kmono) was higher in complete responders (CR) than that in partial responders (PR). kmono tended to correlate inversely with FDG SUV at baseline. Radiosensitive tumors might rely predominantly on oxidative metabolism for their biogenetic needs. kmono increased in PR during RT. The potential reversibility of impaired kmono in radioresistant tumors imply that treatment targeting the intermediary metabolism might improve the outcome. Tumor relative perfusion index (rF) and kmono were coupled in CR throughout the RT, but not in PR. Dynamic C-AC PET provides a new non-invasive method to simultaneously evaluate the tumor oxidative metabolism and perfusion which link the RT response in patients by a single tracer injection. In prostate cancer, elevated C-AC accumulation is common in benign inguinal lymph nodes, probably due to increased lipogenesis rather than lymphatic drainage. CT Hounsfield unit of benign nodes was lower than that of metastases, suggesting that density measurement using CT might improve the specificity of nodal staging of prostate cancer. A novel tracer 2-[18F]-fluoroacetate (F-AC) was synthesized and used for dynamic PET-CT imaging in animals. Compared with C-AC PET-CT, F-AC showed prolonged blood retention, no detectable trapping in myocardium and salivary glands, rapid excretion from liver to bile and urine and de-fluorination resulting in intensive skeletal activity. F-AC does not mimic the normal physiologic path of C-AC and appears to be of little use for assessment of perfusion, intermediary metabolism or lipogenesis.

No description available.

<p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2002</p> / digitalisering@umu

No description available.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

B lymphocytes play a significant role in autoimmune arthritis, with their function stretching beyond autoantibody production to cytokine secretion and presentation of autoantigen. However, the involvement and activation of different B-cell subset in the autoimmune response is not fully clear. The main focus of this thesis has been to understand the contribution of marginal zone (MZ) B cells in the induction of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a mouse model for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We show that MZ B cells in the spleen of naïve mice display a natural self-reactivity to collagen type II (CII), the autoantigen used for immunization of CIA. The CII-reactive MZ B cells expand rapidly following immunization with CII, and produce IgM and IgG antibodies to CII. They also very efficiently present CII to cognate T cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, absence of regulatory receptors such as CR1/2 or FcγRIIb on the MZ B cells increases their proliferation and cytokine production in response to toll-like receptor, but not B-cell receptor, activation. Further, FcγRIIb-deficient MZ B cells present CII to T cells more efficiently than wild-type MZ B cells. We additionally demonstrate for the first time the existence of a small population of nodal MZ B cells in mouse lymph nodes. Similar to splenic MZ B cells, the nodal MZ B cells expand after CIA induction, secrete IgM anti-CII antibodies and can present CII to cognate T cells. Finally, we show that mast cells, associated with ectopic B cell follicles in inflamed RA joints, in coculture with B cells promote their expansion, production of IgM and IgG antibodies as well as upregulation of CD19 and L-selectin. Coculture with mast cells further causes the B cells to upregulate costimulators and class II MHC, important molecules for antigen-presenting function. In summary, my findings suggest that splenic and nodal self-reactive MZ B cells participate in breaking T-cell tolerance to CII in CIA. B-cell intrinsic regulation is needed to keep such autoreactive B cells quiescent. Mast cells can potentiate B-cell responses locally in the arthritic joint, thus feeding the autoimmune reaction.

Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome or Kawasaki syndrome is very severe disease. The most common symptom includes a high fever which is probably due to inflammation of blood vessels so-called vasculitis. The characteristic statement is that the etiology of disease remains unknown and the origin is not clarified. Several months old babies to preschool children are the most often affected group of patients. It is relatively rare, modern and mystery disease in contemporary and industrial developed society. The first appearance of this disorder is in 20th century. The disorder was first described by well-known Tokyo origin pediatrician Tomisaku Kawasaki in Japan, who studied this disease very thoroughly. This rare disease is considered autoimmune in origin triggering by an infectious agent especially in those who are genetically predisposed. Specific and typical symptoms of Kawasaki disease include long term fever, conjunctivitis, erythema,lymphadenopathy, mucosal changes as red swollen lips and strawberry tongue and multiple rashes. Related cardiovascular complications should be pointed out especially coronary or other major arteries aneurysms and their ruptures, pericardial effusion, heart inflammations, coronary thrombosis, pericardial exudates, arrhythmias, or mitral valve disease. There is no specific test for identification of Kawasaki disease despite the contemporary technological and diagnostic options. So, the easiest way to establish diagnosis is to recognize typical symptoms, blood/urine/spinal fluid testing and then performing X-ray, electrocardiogram and echocardiogram. This disease has very low mortality, the short-term prognosis is excellent and relapse of symptoms is rare. In total, 337 children were diagnosed with Kawasaki disease and admitted to hospital during the evaluation period (2007-2015) in the Czech Republic. This is significantly lower incidence comparing to the other countries in the world. Diploma thesis "Kawasaki syndrome in contemporary society from a nurse´s point of view" was designed as theoretical with a supplement of short case study. The goal of presence of this case study is to better comprehend presented topic. The scope of problem is described from theoretical point of view in partial chapters of this diploma thesis. All the information mentioned in this thesis quotes verified sources, publications written by the Czech and foreign specialists in this particular field. The goal of the thesis was to describe, based on available literature, the issue of Kawasaki disease in children focused on specifics of nursing. All the information was searched in bibliographical issued writings, in databases, or on the Internet. Based on the goal determined in advance, scientific methods such as explanation, analysis, synthesis and demonstration of data were chosen for composing this diploma thesis. The output of theoretical work is to present complex view on the issue of Kawasaki syndrome particularly for non-medical professionals. It came out that the profession of nurse has its own irreplaceable place in the context of Kawasaki disease. As well as competences of nurse are essential. These competences are provided for improving quality of life of children with this unfamiliar and life-threatening disease.