The presented study investigated the Induced Density of Interface States (IDIS) model at different polymer interfaces by using photoemission spectroscopy in combination with electrospray deposition. In recent years, organic electronics have attracted considerable attention due to their advantages of low-cost and easy-fabrication. The performance of such devices crucially depends on the energy barrier that controls the interface charge transfer. A significant effort has been made to explore the mechanisms that determine the direction and magnitude of charge transfer barriers in these devices. As a result of this effort, the IDIS model was developed to predict the energy alignment at metal/organic and organic/organic interfaces. The validity of the IDIS model on molecular interfaces was confirmed by the results of a series of experiments with small molecular materials, which are in good agreement with the theoretical calculations from the IDIS model. The charge neutrality level (CNL) and screening factor for various organic materials can be determined from the linear correlation between the hole injection barrier at metal/organic interface and the work function of its corresponding metal substrate, which stands as one of the most important features of the IDIS model. The study presented here explores whether the IDIS model is also valid for polymer interfaces. Two prototypical polymer materials: poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and poly[2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) were selected for the investigation. In the first part of this study, a series of metal/polymer interfaces were prepared using electrospray and investigated with photoemission spectroscopy. The linear relationship between the hole barriers extracted from the metal/polymer interface and the work function of its respective metal substrate suggests that the IDIS model is also valid for metal/polymer interfaces. The CNLs and the screening factors of P3HT and MEH-PPV are determined respectively. The experiment results are also discussed with regard to the Integer Charge Transfer (ICT) model. The comparison between the two models suggests that the IDIS model should be applied to interfaces prepared in vacuum while the ICT model works on interfaces with an ambient contamination layer present. The second part of the dissertation discusses the photoemission results of the MEH-PPV/P3HT heterojunction from the perspectives of the two models. The results indicate that the IDIS model is valid for polymer/polymer heterojunctions. The IDIS model more accurately predicted the measured orbital line up by using its principles for organic/organic heterojunction than the ICT model.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2017-11-17T16:56:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ramon Miranda Silva - 2017.pdf: 4619433 bytes, checksum: a7833bb45829cb4df8c4216c408e70cf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-11-20T10:13:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ramon Miranda Silva - 2017.pdf: 4619433 bytes, checksum: a7833bb45829cb4df8c4216c408e70cf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-20T10:13:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ramon Miranda Silva - 2017.pdf: 4619433 bytes, checksum: a7833bb45829cb4df8c4216c408e70cf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-11 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Organic semiconductor molecules and polymers have been widely studied because they have morphological and electroluminescent properties that contribute in particular to the development of new photovoltaic systems. Among the most promising properties for this application are the high efficiency in the production of load carriers, good conductivity, ease of manipulation and low cost syntheses, therefore to know the capacity of the active layers for the production of load carriers and the way they operate in a device, is essential to determine the application and the advantages that a material can bring to the photovoltaic systems. In this work we aimed to determinethe photophysical and morphological characteristics of the combination of an electroluminescent polymer MEH-PPV (Poly [2-methoxy-5- (2- ethylhexyloxy) -1,4-phenylenevinylene]), an organic electroluminescent molecule, Rubene (5,6,11,12-tretaphenylnaphthacene) and a hybrid Perovskite semiconductor (CH3NH3SnI_Cl2 and CH3NH3SnI2_Cl), which, when deposited as thin films on the anode of ITO (Tin-doped Indium Oxide), have their new characteristics studied and the combination can be proposed as an active layer for the production of hybrid solar cells based on perovskite. Based on the evaluation of the photophysics of the isolated materials and in solution, thin films layer-by- layer were prepared by two techniques, self-assembly and spin-coating, where their morphological and photophysical characteristics were evaluated. The properties of the active layer composed of the combination of the components were evaluated and the most promising results were obtained for the perovskite composition containing MEH_PPV deposited in a monolayer by the spin-coating technique. / Moléculas e polímeros orgânicos semicondutores têm sido largamente estudados por apresentarem propriedades morfológicas e eletroluminescentes que contribuem, em especial, para o desenvolvimento de novos sistemas fotovoltaicos. Dentre as propriedades mais promissoras para essa aplicação estão a alta eficiência na produção de portadores de cargas, boa condutividade, facilidade de manipulação e sínteses de baixo custo, portanto conhecer a capacidade das camadas ativas para produção de portadores de cargas e a forma como eles operam num dispositivo, é essencial para determinar a aplicação e as vantagens que um material pode trazer aos sistemas fotovoltaicos. Neste trabalho objetivou-se determinar as características fotofísicas e morfológicas da combinação de um polímero eletroluminescente o MEH-PPV (Poli[2-metoxi-5-(2-etilhexiloxi)-1,4-fenilenovinileno]), uma molécula orgânica eletroluminescente, o Rubreno (5,6,11,12 – tretafenilnaftaceno) e um semicondutor de Perovskita híbrida (CH3NH3SnI_Cl2 e CH3NH3SnI2_Cl) para que, ao serem depositados como filmes finos sobre o ânodo de ITO (Óxido de Índio dopado com Estanho), tenham suas novas características estudadas e a combinação possa ser proposta como camada ativa para produção de células solares híbridas baseadas em perovskita. Com base na avaliação da fotofísica dos materiais isolados e em solução, filmes finos layer-by-layer foram preparados por duas técnicas, auto-montagem e spin-coating, onde suas características morfológicas e fotofísicas foram avaliadas. As propriedades da camada ativa composta pela combinação dos componentes foram avaliadas e os resultados mais promissores foram obtidos para a composição de perovskita contendo MEH_PPV, depositado em monocamada pela técnica de spin-coating.

La compréhension des interrelations entre la microstructure et les processus électroniques dans les polymères semi-conducteurs est d’une importance primordiale pour leur utilisation dans des hétérostructures volumiques. Dans cette thèse de doctorat, deux systémes diffèrents sont étudiés ; chacun de ces systèmes représente une approche diffèrente pour optimiser les matériaux en termes de leur microstructure et de leur capacité à se mettre en ordre au niveau moléculaire. Dans le premier système, j’ai effectué une analyse complète des principes de fonctionnement d’une cellule photovoltaïque hybride à base des nanocristaux d’oxyde de zinc (ZnO) et du poly (3-hexylthiophène) (P3HT) par absorption photoinduite en régime quasi-stationnaire (PIA) et la spectroscopie PIA en pompage modulé dépendant de la fréquence. L’interface entre le donneur (le polymère P3HT) et l’accepteur (les nanoparticules de ZnO), où la génération de charges se produit, joue un rôle important dans la performance des cellules photovoltaïques hybrides. Pour améliorer le mécanisme de génération de charges du P3H: ZnO, il est indispensable de modifier l’interface entre ses constituants. Nous avons démontré que la modification d’interface moléculaire avec cis-bis (4, 40 - dicarboxy-2, 20bipyridine) ruthénium (II) (N3-dye) et a-Sexithiophen-2 yl-phosphonique (6TP) a améliorée le photocourant et la performance dans les cellules P3HT: ZnO. Le 6TP et le N3 s’attachent à l’interface du ZnO, en augmentant ainsi l’aire effective de la surface donneur :accepteur, ce qui contribue à une séparation de charge accrue. De plus, le 6TP et le N3 réduisent la densité de pièges dans le ZnO, ce qui réduit le taux de recombinaison des paires de charges. Dans la deuxième partie, jai introduit une matrice hôte polymérique de polystyréne à masse molaire ulra-élevée, qui se comporte comme un solide pour piéger et protéger une solution de poly [2-méthoxy, 5- (2´-éthyl-hexoxy) -1,4-phénylènevinylène- PPV] (MEHPPV) pour utilisation dans des dispositifs optoèlectroniques quantiques. Des travaux antérieurs ont montré que MEH-PPV en solution subit une transition de conformation, d’une conformation enroulé à haute température (phase bleue) à une conformation de chaîne étendue à basse température (phase rouge). La conformation de la chaîne étendue de la solution MEH-PPV favorise les caractéristiques nécessaires à l’amélioration des dispositifs optoélectroniques quantiques, mais la solution ne peut pas être incorporées dans le dispositif. J’ai démontré que la caractéristique de la phase rouge du MEH-PPV en solution se maintient dans une matrice hôte polymérique de polystyrène transformé de masse molaire très élevée, qui se comporte comme un solide (gel de MEH-PPV/UHMW PS), par le biais de la spectroscopie de photoluminescence (PL) dépendant de la température (de 290K à 80 K). La phase rouge du gel MEH-PPV/UHMW PS se manifeste par des largeurs de raie étroites et une intensité augmentée de la transition 0-0 de la progression vibronique dans le spectre de PL ainsi qu’un petit décalage de Stokes entre la PL et le spectre d’absorption à basse température. Ces approches démontrent que la manipulation de la microstructure et des propriétés électroniques des polymères semi-conducteurs ont un impact direct sur la performance de dispositifs pour leurs développements technologiques continus. / Understanding the interrelations between microstructure and electronic processes in polymeric semiconductors is of great importance for their use in bulk heterostructures, as the active part of power-converting devices such as organic photovoltaic cells or light emitting diodes, as well as for quantum optoelectronics applications. In this doctoral thesis, two different systems are investigated; each of these systems represents a different approach to optimize materials in terms of microstructure and their ability to order on the molecular level. In the first system, by means of quasi-steady-state photoinduced absorption (PIA) and pump-modulation-frequency-dependent PIA spectroscopy, I performed a comprehensive analysis of the working principles of a hybrid photovoltaic cell based on nanocrystals of zinc oxide (ZnO) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). The interface surface area between donor (polymer P3HT) and acceptor (ZnO nanocrystals), where charge generation occurs, plays a significant role in the performance of the hybrid photovoltaic cells. To improve the charge generation mechanism of P3HT: ZnO, it is therefore essential to modify the P3HT: ZnO interface area. We demonstrated that molecular interface modification with cis-bis(4,40-dicarboxy-2,20bipyridine) ruthenium (II) (N3-dye) and a-Sexithiophen-2-yl-phosphonic Acid (6TP) as interface modifiers enhanced the photocurrent and performance in P3HT: ZnO cells. 6TP and N3 attach to the ZnO interface, thus increasing the donor:acceptor interface area that contributes to enhanced charge separation. Furthermore, 6TP and N3 reduce the ZnO traps that reduces recombination. In the second part, I introduced a processed solid-like ultra-high-molecular-weight polystyrene polymeric host matrix to trap and protect poly [2-methoxy, 5-(2’-ethylhexoxy)- 1,4-phenylene vinylene-PPV] (MEH-PPV) solution for use in quantum optoelectronic devices. Previous work by others has shown that MEH-PPV in solution undergoes a conformation transition from coiled conformation at high temperatures (blue-phase) to a chain-extended conformation at low temperatures (red-phase). The chain-extended conformation of MEH-PPV solution favours the characteristics needed to improve quantum optoelectronic devices, however the solution cannot be incorporated into the device. We demonstrated that the red-phase feature of MEH-PPV in solution maintains in a processed solid-like ultra-high-molecular-weight polystyrene polymeric host matrix (MEH-PPV/UHMWPS gels), by means of temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy (ranged from 290K down to 80 K). The red-phase of MEH-PPV/UHMW PS gels manifest itself as narrow linewidths and enhanced 0-0 line strength in the PL spectrum as well as a small stokes shifts between the PL and absorption spectra at low temperatures. These approaches demonstrate that microstructure manipulation and electronic properties of polymeric semiconductors have a direct impact on the device performance for their continued technological developments.

Os polímeros conjugados luminescentes são materiais com grande potencial tecnológico, mas apesar de estudados desde a década de 80, algumas de suas propriedades óticas ainda não foram totalmente entendidas. Por exemplo, ainda persistem dúvidas quanto à natureza das suas excitações primárias. Nesse sentido foi feito um estudo da fotoluminescência do poli[2-metoxy-5-(2-etil-hexiloxi)-1,4-fenileno vinileno] (MEH-PPV), polímero semicondutor luminescente cujas propriedades ópticas já foram muito investigadas. Além da banda de absorção principal na região visível do espectro, ele possui três bandas no ultravioleta. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a fotoluminescência do MEH-PPV quando excitado na região do ultravioleta. Após fotoexcitação no ultravioleta, observou-se apenas a fotoluminescência usual no visível. A intensidade da emissão depende fortemente da energia de excitação, da temperatura e da estrutura morfológica do sistema polimérico, determinada pelo método de preparação das amostras. Os resultados indicam que os estados excitados no ultravioleta relaxam rapidamente de forma não-radiativa até os estados de menor energia, de onde então ocorre a luminescência. Entretanto, a eficiência da fotoluminescência excitada no ultravioleta é consideravelmente reduzida, indicando que a excitação a altas energias abre novos canais de relaxação não-radiativos. / Luminescent semiconducting polymers are technological promising materials, but although studied since the 80’s some of their optical properties have not yet been fully understood. For instance, the nature of their primary excitations is still on debate. Therefore we proposed to study the photoluminescence following photoexcitation in the ultraviolet of the polymer poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) (MEH-PPV). It is a semiconducting luminescent polymer with a main absorption band in the visible part of the spectrum, but with three other absorption bands in the ultraviolet. After ultraviolet photoexcitation it was observed only the usual visible photoluminescence. The intensity of photoluminescence depends strongly on temperature, excitation wavelength and morphological structure of the polymer, determined by the method of sample preparation. The results show that by ultraviolet excitation the excited states relax rapidly non-radiatively to the lower energy states, from where luminescence results. However, the photoluminescence efficiency with ultraviolet photoexcitation is considerably reduced, implying that the highly excited states in the polymer have more non-radiative relaxation channels available.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-01-09T14:16:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigocouradias.pdf: 2508131 bytes, checksum: a85f5360d98ae17dab9812e3e61a46cd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-01-23T11:19:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigocouradias.pdf: 2508131 bytes, checksum: a85f5360d98ae17dab9812e3e61a46cd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-23T11:19:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigocouradias.pdf: 2508131 bytes, checksum: a85f5360d98ae17dab9812e3e61a46cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-24 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Um tipo de dispositivo que tem atraído atenção nos últimos anos no campo da Eletrônica Orgânica é as Células Eletroquímicas Emissoras de Luz, mais conhecidas como LECs (ou LEECs), do inglês Light Emitting Electrochemical Cells. Esses dispositivos eletrônicos têm baixa voltagem de operação, fabricação simples e barata, alto desempenho, ligeira independência dos materiais usados como eletrodo ou da espessura de suas camadas emissoras, além de terem a possibilidade de serem fabricados sobre substratos flexíveis. Por essas razões, as LECs têm sido usadas como possíveis substitutas para os já conhecidos OLEDs (Diodos Orgânicos Emissores de Luz), e o estudo de suas propriedades ópticas e elétricas e de seu princípio de funcionamento têm sido foco de trabalho de muitos cientistas. Dentre os modelos conhecidos que propõem descrever o funcionamento das LECs podemos citar três: a Teoria da Difusão, a Teoria da Dopagem Eletroquímica e a Teoria Mista. No primeiro a injeção de portadores na camada ativa seria facilitada pelos compostos iônicos presentes na blenda que a compõe, com posterior movimentação de cargas por difusão e recombinação no centro da camada. No segundo modelo ocorre a formação de três regiões dentro da blenda polimérica: uma região dopada do tipo p, uma região dopada do tipo n e uma camada isolante onde ocorre a recombinação de cargas para emissão de luz. A teoria mista assume que ambas são possíveis dependendo das condições em que se encontra o dispositivo. A fim de compreender como esses processos ocorrem e interferem no desempenho desses dispositivos propusemos diversas experiências alterando parâmetros importantes na sua fabricação. É proposto um modelo para a influência do tipo de cátion e ânion usado no sal presente na camada ativa e para descrever a influência da concentração desse sal na blenda polimérica que a compõe. Com base nas teorias descritas é colocada em evidência a influência da concentração de polímero transportador de íons na camada emissora e da espessura desta camada. Ao fim de todo o estudo obtivemos um dispositivo otimizado que é comparado com um dispositivo feito com um material novo sintetizado por colaboradores do departamento de Química da UFJF a fim de gerar expectativas para futuros trabalhos. / One type of device that has attracted attention in recent years in the field of Organic Electronics are the Light Emitting Electrochemical Cells, better known as LECs (or LEECs) These electronic devices have low operating voltage, simple and inexpensive manufacture, high-performance, light independence of the material used as electrode or the thickness of its emissive layer, besides having the possibility to be manufactured on flexible substrates. For these reasons the LECs have been used as possible substitutes for known OLEDs (Organic Light Emitting Diodes), and the study of their optical and electrical properties, and its operating principle have been working focus of many scientists. Among the known models proposed to describe the operation of LECs we can name three: the Theory of Diffusion, the Theory of Electrochemical Doping, and the Mixed Theory. In the first, injection of carriers in the active layer would be facilitated by the ionic compounds present in the blend that makes up, with subsequent movement of charges by diffusion and recombination in the center of the layer. In the second model happens the formation of three layers within the polymer blend: A p-type doped region, a n-type doped region and an insulating layer where recombination occurs for emitting light. Mixed theory assumes that both are possible depending on the conditions in which the device is. In order to understand how these processes occur and interfere with the performance of these devices we have proposed several experiments changing important parameters in its manufacture. A model is proposed for the influence of the type of cation and anion used in the salt present in the active layer, and to describe the influence of the concentration of this salt in the polymer blend that makes up. Based on the theories described it is put in evidence the influence of the concentration of the ion carrier polymer in the emitter layer and the thickness of this layer. After all the study we obtained an optimized device that is compared with a device made with a new material synthesized by employees from the Chemistry Department of UFJF to generate expectations for future work.

Os polímeros conjugados luminescentes são materiais com grande potencial tecnológico, mas apesar de estudados desde a década de 80, algumas de suas propriedades óticas ainda não foram totalmente entendidas. Por exemplo, ainda persistem dúvidas quanto à natureza das suas excitações primárias. Nesse sentido foi feito um estudo da fotoluminescência do poli[2-metoxy-5-(2-etil-hexiloxi)-1,4-fenileno vinileno] (MEH-PPV), polímero semicondutor luminescente cujas propriedades ópticas já foram muito investigadas. Além da banda de absorção principal na região visível do espectro, ele possui três bandas no ultravioleta. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a fotoluminescência do MEH-PPV quando excitado na região do ultravioleta. Após fotoexcitação no ultravioleta, observou-se apenas a fotoluminescência usual no visível. A intensidade da emissão depende fortemente da energia de excitação, da temperatura e da estrutura morfológica do sistema polimérico, determinada pelo método de preparação das amostras. Os resultados indicam que os estados excitados no ultravioleta relaxam rapidamente de forma não-radiativa até os estados de menor energia, de onde então ocorre a luminescência. Entretanto, a eficiência da fotoluminescência excitada no ultravioleta é consideravelmente reduzida, indicando que a excitação a altas energias abre novos canais de relaxação não-radiativos. / Luminescent semiconducting polymers are technological promising materials, but although studied since the 80’s some of their optical properties have not yet been fully understood. For instance, the nature of their primary excitations is still on debate. Therefore we proposed to study the photoluminescence following photoexcitation in the ultraviolet of the polymer poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) (MEH-PPV). It is a semiconducting luminescent polymer with a main absorption band in the visible part of the spectrum, but with three other absorption bands in the ultraviolet. After ultraviolet photoexcitation it was observed only the usual visible photoluminescence. The intensity of photoluminescence depends strongly on temperature, excitation wavelength and morphological structure of the polymer, determined by the method of sample preparation. The results show that by ultraviolet excitation the excited states relax rapidly non-radiatively to the lower energy states, from where luminescence results. However, the photoluminescence efficiency with ultraviolet photoexcitation is considerably reduced, implying that the highly excited states in the polymer have more non-radiative relaxation channels available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 aneliserusso_dissert.pdf: 4806118 bytes, checksum: 0ae19d04c260950faf6788fde7ad65a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-24 / Some individuals may be present increased risk of developing cancer due to differences in biometabolism. Polymorphisms in xenobiotic metabolizing genes, such as family members of Cytochrome P450 (CYP), of Glutathione-S-Transferases (GSTs) and Microsomal Epoxide Hydrolase (mEH) show association with the carcinogenesis of head and neck. Objective: Identify the frequency of genes polymorphisms CYP1A1 (CYP1A1*2A and CYP1A1*2C), CYP2E1 (CYP2E1*5B and CYP2E*6), GSTT1 (null genotype), GSTM1 (null genotype), GSTP1 (A313G and C341T) and mEH (Tyr113His and His139Arg) in patients with head and neck cancer and in individuals with no cancer history (controls), to identify susceptibility biomarkers of this type of cancer. Methods: included 1,100 individuals, 375 patients with pathological diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck cancer and 725 controls. The variables analyzed were: age, sex, alcohol and tobacco, the occurrence primary site and progression of tumor. Genotyping of polymorphisms was performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction - Length Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment (PCR-RFLP), Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR) and multiplex PCR. Datas were evaluated by chi-square, univariate and multiple logistic regression. Results: Advanced age, smoking habits and alcohol consumption were predictors for the development of the head and neck tumors. The polymorphisms CYP2E1*5B (CYP2E1-PstI) and GSTP1 A313G were associated with this disease in univariable analysis. In multirariable analysis the interaction among CYP1A1*2C polymorphism with the female gender (OR= 0.10; 95% CI=0.01-0.72; p< 0.05) and alcohol no-habit (OR= 0.21; 95% CI=0.07-0.67; p< 0.05), mEH His139Arg and alcohol habit (OR= 0.49; 95% CI=0.27-0.90; p< 0.05), CYP2E1* 5B and habits tobacco and alcohol and &#8805;49 age (OR = 4.10; CI 95% 2.44-6.89; p < 0.001; OR = 1.93; CI 95% 1.18-3.16; p=0.0084; OR=9,10; CI 95% 5,86-14,14; p< 0,001, respectively) and GSTP1 A313G and tobacco and alcohol habits, &#8805;48 agea and male gender (OR=4.21; IC 95% 2.71-6.55; p<0.0001; OR=1.65; IC 95% 1.07-2.55; p=0.023; OR=12.37; IC 95% 7.89-19.38; p<0.0001, respectively); decrease the head and neck cancer risk; while CYP1A1*2A and tobacco and alcohol no-habits (OR= 2.84; 95% CI=1.01-7.97; p< 0.05; OR= 2.43; 95% CI=1.00-5.87; p< 0.05, respectively) increase this risk. The CYP2E1*5B polymorphism and tobacco no-habit (OR= 3.75; 95% CI=1.25-11.23; p< 0.05) also increases the risk for this disease. Showed high frequency of the polymorphisms CYP1A1*2C (OR= 2.48; 95% CI=1.00-6.20; p < 0.05) GSTT1 (OR= 3.35; 95% CI=1.67-6.72; p < 0.05) in patients group with primary tumors of larynx; while those who have the pharynx as the primary site GSTT1 (OR=0.29; 95% CI=0.12-0.71; p < 0.05) was less frequent. CYP1A1*2A (CYP1A1-MspI) polymorphism was associated with lymph node involvement and increased risk for cancer (OR =2.45; 95% CI= 1.07-5.64). Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that the interaction between polymorphisms in genes that encode enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism and the demographic and risk factors may modulate the development of head and neck cancer. / Alguns indivíduos podem apresentar risco aumentado de desenvolver o câncer devido às diferenças no biometabolismo. Polimorfismos em genes metabolizadores de xenobióticos, tais como os membros da família do Cytocromo P450 (CYP), das Glutatião-S-Transferases (GSTs) e Epóxido Hidrolase Microssomal (mEH) mostram associação com a carcinogênese de cabeça e pescoço. Objetivo: Identificar a frequência de polimorfismos dos genes CYP1A1 (CYP1A1*2A e CYP1A1*2C), CYP2E1 (CYP2E1*5B e CYP2E*6), GSTT1 (genótipo nulo), GSTM1 (genótipo nulo), GSTP1 (A313G e C341T) e mEH (Tyr113His e His139Arg) em pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço e em indivíduos sem história de neoplasia (controles), visando identificar biomarcadores de suscetibilidade para este tipo de câncer. Casuística e Métodos: Foram incluídos no estudo 1.100 indivíduos, 375 pacientes com diagnóstico patológico de carcinoma de células escamosas de cabeça e pescoço e 725 controles. As variáveis analisadas foram: idade, sexo, consumo de álcool e tabaco, sítio primário de ocorrência de tumor e evolução da doença. A genotipagem dos polimorfismos foi realizada por Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Polimorfismos de Comprimentos de Fragmento de Restrição (PCR-RFLP), PCR em Tempo Real (PCR-RT) e PCR multiplex. Os dados foram avaliados por Qui-quadrado e Regressão logística univariada e múltipla. Resultados: Idade acima de 49 anos, hábitos tabagista e etilista foram preditores para o desenvolvimento de neoplasias de cabeça e pescoço. Os polimorfismos CYP2E1*6 (CYP2E1-DraI) e GSTP1 A313G foram associados com esta doença na análise univariada. Na análise múltipla, a interação entre polimorfismo CYP1A1*2C com o gênero feminino (OR= 0,10; 95% CI=0,01-0,72; p< 0,05) e hábito não etilista (OR= 0,21; 95% CI=0,07-0,67; p< 0,05), mEH His139Arg e hábito etitlista (OR= 0,49; 95% CI=0,27-0,90; p< 0,05), CYP2E1* 5B e hábitos tabagista e etilista e idade &#8805;49 (OR = 4,10; CI 95% 2,44-6,89; p < 0,001; OR = 1,93; CI 95% 1,18-3,16; p = 0,0084; OR = 9,10; CI 95% 5,86-14,14; p < 0,001, respectivamente) e GSTP1 A313G e hábitos tabagista e etilista, idade &#8805;48 anos e gênero masculino (OR=4,21; IC 95% 2,71-6,55; p<0,0001; OR=1,65; IC 95% 1,07-2,55; p=0,023; OR=12,37; IC 95% 7,89-19,38; p<0,0001, respectivamente); diminui o risco de câncer de cabeça e pescoço; enquanto CYP1A1*2A e hábitos não tabagista e não etilista (OR= 2,84; 95% CI=1,01-7,97; p< 0,05; OR= 2,43; 95% CI=1,00-5,87; p< 0,05, respectivamente) aumentam este risco. O polimorfismo CYP2E1*5B e hábito não tabagista (OR= 3,75; 95% CI=1,25-11,23; p< 0,05) também aumenta o risco para esta doença. Foi observada uma alta frequência dos polimorfismos CYP1A1*2C (OR= 2,48; 95% CI=1,00-6,20; p < 0,05) GSTT1 (OR= 3,35; 95% CI=1,67-6,72; p < 0,05) no grupo de pacientes com tumores primários de laringe; enquanto naqueles que tem a faringe como sítio primário o polimorfismo GSTT1 (OR=0,29; 95% CI=0,12-0,71; p < 0,05) foi menos freqüente. O polimorfismo CYP1A1*2A foi associado com o envolvimento de linfonodo e risco aumentado para o câncer (OR=2,45; 95% CI=1,07-5,64). Conclusão: Nossos dados demonstram que a interação entre os polimorfismos em genes que codificam enzimas envolvidas no metabolismo de xenobióticos e os fatores demográficos e de risco podem modular o desenvolvimento do câncer de cabeça e pescoço.

Emissive conjugated polymers, namely PPV, PPP, polyfluorenes, etc, have gained considerable attention in recent times, specifically because of their potential application in the fields of PLED’s, displays, FET’s and sensors. The main target of the present work is the synthesis and utilization of dithiocarbamate (DTC) precursor polymers for: (a) generation of segmented conjugated polymers of poly[2-methoxy-5-((2'-ethylhexyl)oxy)-1,4- phenylenevinylene], MEHPPV-x, for color control and the study of their thermal elimination kinetics, (b) modulating phase separation and energy transfer in MEHPPV-x blends, (c) generation of tunable two-color patterns of conjugated polymers and (d) modification of the precursor polymer backbone by grafting and the study of its fluorescence modulation in the presence of different probe molecules. In the first part of this work, various dithiocarbamate (DTC) precursor copolymers, MDP-x, containing two types of leaving groups viz. methoxy and diethyldithiocarbamate with precise control over the DTC composition, were synthesized. Thermal elimination of these precursor polymers generated segmented MEHPPV with controlled conjugation, and hence the tuning of color from green to red is achieved (figure 1). These copolymers were synthesized via a modified Wessling’s route previously developed in our laboratory.1 The advantage of the DTC precursor over the acetate and xanthate precursor routes was that the elimination can be carried out at lower temperature (160OC) for the generation of segmented MEHPPV-x.2 (Figure 1) Kinetic parameters, namely activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor (A), associated with the thermal elimination process of MDP-x to MEHPPV-x were determined in solution and as well as in thin films by following the evolution of the absorption spectra during the elimination process (figure 2). It was seen that the activation energy required for the elimination process was similar in both thin film and solution, whereas the pre-exponential factor was two order magnitude higher in thin films.2 This fact holds good for all the DTC compositions investigated. The thermal degradation products, carbon disulphide and diethyl amine, were analyzed using a mass spectrometer coupled with TGA instrument, confirming the selective elimination of the DTC groups. (Figure 2) Phase separation and energy transfer characteristics of segmented MEHPPV blends containing two different distributions of conjugation lengths, namely MEHPPV-8 (LC) and MEHPPV-100 (HC), were investigated using FL, UV and confocal fluorescence microscopic studies (figure 3). The phase separation and energy transfer in blends of the HC and LC were (Figure 3) modulated by addition of selective non-solvent for HC, namely cyclohexane, to the film casting solution. Typically, the extent of energy transfer to HC from LC is reduced in the presence of high volume fraction of cyclohexane.3 A novel way to generate two-color patterned substrates of MEHPPV was developed based on the control of “molecular conjugation length” using standard photo-acid generator based photolithographic methods (figure 4). This approach relies on the use of a single precursor containing controllable amounts of two types of thermally eliminatable groups, only one of which eliminates in the presence of an acid while the other that is labile even in its absence. An important feature of this approach is that the colour of the unexposed regions can be controlled by varying the composition of the MDP-x precursor. (Figure 4) Benzyl diethyl dithiocarbamate (BDTC) is known to act as iniferter (initiator-transfer agent and terminator). MDP-x precursor polymers, which contain similar benzyl dithiocarbamate groups, were used as macro-iniferter for grafting various acrylates, viz, (Figure 5) methyl acrylate, benzoyloxy ethyl acrylate and t-butyl acrylate, on to the precursor backbone, which resulted in MEHPPV-g-polyacrylate after acid catalyzed thermal elimination of the residual methoxy groups (figure 5).4 The t-butyl acrylate-grafted precursor polymers, namely, MDP-g-PtBA on thermal elimination in presence of acid underwent simultaneous acid-catalyzed thermal elimination as well as the complete hydrolysis of the t-butyl groups, leading to the formation of water soluble MEHPPV-grafted with polyacrylic acid chains, namely MEHPPV-g-PAA (figure 6). These PAA-grafted MEHPPV’s were shown to respond to various probe molecules and their optical responses were studied using fluorescence spectroscopy. These polymers could sense methyl viologen at very low concentrations. Single-tail ammonium surfactants and non-ionic surfactant, like triton-X-100, caused a dramatic enhancement of fluorescence in solution, due to the modulation of the conjugated backbone conformation, and as a consequence the break up of intra-chain inter-chromophore excitons (figure 6). (Figure 6) Fof figures and molecular formula pl see the original thesis)

Fluorescence energy transfer from poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) to polymeric energy acceptors that include head-to-tail regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene or P3HT) and poly(2-methoxy-5(2 -ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) or MEH-PPV and monomeric acceptor meso-tetraphenylporphyrin or TPP was studied and correlated with the underlying morphology when the donor-acceptor blends were prepared as drop-coated films or breath-figure structures. It was found that the phase-separate morphology in films and breath figures was influenced by a number of factors, including material transport dynamics, solubility of the blend components in a solvent, interaction of the solvent with the substrate, and the diffusion rate of the blend components.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Na investigação científica, o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas de produção de filmes com boas propriedades físicas é de grande importância para áreas de pesquisas como a eletrônica orgânica. No entanto, as implicações causadas por campo elétrico, temperatura e pressão positiva em materiais orgânicos constitui um dos pontos importantes a serem bem compreendidos a fim de evitar problemas na eficiência de emissão em diodos emissores de luz poliméricos (PLEDs). Entender e esclarecer os efeitos de interfaces eletrodo/polímero e polímero/polímero, bem como também a aplicação de pressão externa sobre a estabilidade óptica e elétrica dos dispositivos são passos essenciais para a compreensão, e consequentemente desenvolvimento de dispositivos com melhores desempenhos.1 Por este ângulo, neste trabalho investigamos os efeitos de processos externos como: campo elétrico, temperatura e pressão externa sobre a eficiência de emissão do polímero poli(2-metoxi-5-(2'- etil-hexiloxi)-1,4-fenilenovinileno) (MEH-PPV) em filme na estrutura de PLED. Foi possível correlacionar a dependência da fotoluminescência (PL) para diferentes polarizações do laser (linear ou circular), polarização da tensão aplicada (direta ou reversa) e sobre as temperaturas de relaxação molecular (Tß ~220K e Tα ~330K). Além disso, foram investigados os efeitos induzidos pela aplicação de pressão positiva sobre o dispositivo na temperatura próximo da Tß do MEH-PPV, demonstrando uma quebra na simetria de filme amorfo de MEH-PPV spin- coated, cujo efeito pode ser evitado através de tratamentos de annealing dos dispositivos (T > Tg) ou alterando a interface polímero/polímero. Também investigamos o efeito do campo elétrico na estabilidade térmica de dispositivo PLED utilizado o polímero luminescente poli(9,9'-n-dihexil-2,7-fluorenodiilvinileno-alt-1,4-fenilenovinileno) (LAPPS16) como camada ativa. Demonstramos que os perfis dos espectros da fotoluminescência e eletroluminescência são semelhantes, mostrando que os mecanismos envolvidos na geração dos estados excitados não mudam significativamente o processo de recombinação radiativa. No entanto, apesar de terem o mesmo processo fotofísico, mostramos que os processos não radiativos ativados termicamente são bastante diferentes entre a PL e EL, demonstrando que esses dois processos de emissão não são diretamente relacionados. Por fim, realizamos caracterizações ópticas e elétricas de filmes finos, transparentes e flexíveis de seleneto de cobre (Cu2-XSe) demonstrando que é possível sua aplicação como eletrodo injetor de buraco em dispositivos PLEDs apresentando boas propriedades, sendo obtidos através de técnicas simples e de baixo custo. Os diodos emissores foram processados utilizando o Cu2-XSe como eletrodo ânodo e como camada ativa utilizamos o polímero MEH-PPV. Demonstramos que o filme de Cu2-xSe apresentou boa estabilidade elétrica com valores de resistência de folha de ~148 Ω/❑ e energia de bandgap de ~2,3eV, cujos valores são propícios para aplicações em dispositivos eletrônicos. Também mostramos via fotoluminescência e eletroluminescência que os filmes de Cu2-xSe possuem propriedades de emissão e através dos PLEDs utilizando o Cu2- xSe como eletrodo investigamos a barreira de energia para os portadores de carga na interface eletrodo/polímero e analisamos os mecanismos de transportes de cargas presentes nestes dispositivos. / Scientific research to development of new film production techniques with good physical properties is of great importance to research areas such as organic electronics. However, the implications caused by electric field, temperature and positive pressure on organic materials is an important point to be understood in order to avoid problems in the emission efficiency of polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs). Understand and clarify the effects of electrode/polymer and polymer/polymer interfaces as well as the application of external pressure on the optical and electrical stability of the devices are essential steps towards understanding, and consequently the development of devices with better performances.1 In this sense, this study we investigated the effects of external processes such as: electric field, temperature and external pressure on the emission efficiency poly (2- methoxy-5- (2'-ethyl-hexyloxy) -1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) film in PLED structure. It was possible to correlate the photoluminescence (PL) depends for different laser polarization (linear or circular), on the polarization voltage (forward and reverse) and on MEH-PPV molecular ß-relaxation (Tß~ 220K) and α-relaxation (Tα ~ 330K) temperatures. Furthermore, we investigated the effects induced by application of positive pressure on device at next temperature Tß MEH-PPV, it showing a break in the symmetry of amorphous film of MEH-PPV spin-coated, the effect can be avoided by annealing treatment the device (T> Tg) or altering the polymer/polymer interface. We also investigated the effect of electric field in the thermal stability of PLED device based on light-emitting polymer poly[(9,9-dihexyl-9H- fluorene-2,7diyl)-1,2-ethenediyl-1,4-phenylene-1,2-ethenediyl] (LAPPS16) as active layer. We showed that profiles of the photoluminescence and electroluminescence spectra are similar, showing that mechanisms involved in the generation of excited states do not significantly change the radiative recombination process. However, despite they have the same photophysical process, we showed that non-radiative processes thermally activated are quite different between the PL and EL, demonstrating that these two emission processes are not directly related. Finally, we performed optical and electrical characterization of thin films, transparent and flexible copper selenide (Cu2-xSe) demonstrating that it is possible its application as hole injector electrode for PLEDs devices exhibiting good properties, being obtained through simple techniques at low cost. Emitting diodes were processed using the Cu2-xSe as anode electrode and as active layer we use the MEH-PPV polymer. We showed that Cu2-xSe film exhibited good electrical stability with sheet resistance values of ~148 Ω/□ and bandgap energy of ~2,3eV, whose values are suitable for applications in electronic devices. We also showed through photoluminescence and electroluminescence that Cu2-xSe films have emission properties and by PLEDs using Cu2-xSe as electrode, we investigated the energy barrier for charge carriers at electrode/polymer interface and we analyzed charge transport mechanisms present in these devices. / Tese (Doutorado)