In this study we aimed to investigate the effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and rotenone neurotoxins on dopaminergic (DAergic) neuronal survival using ventral mesencephalic (VM) organotypic cell culture derived from postnatal rat pups (P4-5) and immunocytochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) as a marker of DAergic cells. In addition, we examined the neuroprotective effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) on TH-ir cells exposed to MPTP and rotenone as a possible treatment for PD. The TH-ir cells in co-cultures with striatum (ST) as a target grew better then when VM was cultured alone and that TH-ir cells in co-cultures could be maintained without using conditioned and trophic media. We treated 7 day and 14 day co-cultures at different times with varying MPTP and rotenone concentrations and found 14 day old cultures were more vulnerable than 7 day old co-cultures to the effects of either neurotoxin with TH-ir cell numbers significantly lower in 14 day cultures compared to 7 day cultures. Both neurotoxins induced a dose-dependent TH-ir cell reduction in the co-cultures. In addition we compared the toxicity of MPTP and its active metabolite 1-methyl-4- phenylpyridinium (MPP+) as the neurotoxic effects of MPTP on DAergic cells depends on its conversion to MPP+ by astrocytes. We found no significant difference in TH-ir cell reduction in co-cultures treated with MPTP and MPP+. Rotenone was more toxic than MPTP with less TH-ir cell survival in the weeks post treatment. GDNF exposure produced increased cell size and significant increases in TH-ir cell branching in cocultures in a dose-dependent manner. Post treatment of GDNF against MPTP and rotenone provided significant neuroprotection as TH-ir cell survival was at the lower neurotoxin doses and not at the higher doses. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1346931 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Medical Sciences, 2008

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2002. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 2008.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Florianópolis, 2013. / Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-16T21:07:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 316598.pdf: 3894244 bytes, checksum: c7ba1a7c2802d838e875bbde4627a988 (MD5) / A doença de Parkinson (DP) é a segunda mais prevalente doença neurodegenerativa, afetando aproximadamente 1% da população acima dos 60 anos, e um aumento na incidência desta doença é esperado nos próximos anos em virtude do envelhecimento populacional. Nos estágios iniciais da DP, um comprometimento de outras áreas cerebrais e vias de neurotransmissão além da dopaminérgica, que parecem ser responsáveis por prejuízos sensoriais (olfação), emocionais (depressão e ansiedade) e cognitivos (memórias operacionais e de procedimento). Este estudo objetivou estudar o efeito neuroprotetor de alguns fármacos em relação às alterações bioquímicas e comportamentais induzidas pela administração de 1-metil-4-fenil-1,2,3,6-tetrahidropiridina (MPTP) e também de 6- idroxidopamina (6-OHDA) in vitro, utilizados como modelos experimentais da DP. Utilizamos fármacos estabilizadores do humor, lítio (Li) e valproato (VPA), bem como o inibidor da enzima 3-hidroxi-3-metilglutaril-coenzima A (HMG-COA) redutase da síntese do colesterol, a Atorvastatina (ATOR) e um antagonista dos receptores A2A para adenosina (SCH58261), além de camundongos com deleção gênica do receptor A2A para adenosina. O prétratamento com Li (47,5 mg/kg) ou VPA (200 mg/kg) por via intraperitoneal (i.p.) durante 7 dias consecutivos previniu os prejuízos olfatórios induzidos pela administração intranasal (i.n.) do MPTP em camundongos no teste de discriminação olfatória e também nos déficits de memórias de curto prazo, avaliadas pelos testes de reconhecimento social e esquiva inibitória. Apesar da ausência de respostas do tipo depressiva na dose de MPTP (0,1 mg/narina), o tratamento com Li e VPA demonstrou um perfil característico de antidepressivos, reduzindo o tempo de imobilidade no teste do nado forçado. Além disso, Li e VPA impediram a depleção de dopamina no estriado e bulbo olfatório de ratos após a infusão i.n. de MPTP. Ao avaliar o possível efeito protetor da ATOR, observou-se que o tratamento via oral com ATOR (10 mg/kg por 7 dias) previniu os prejuízos na memória social e comportamentos do tipo depressivo induzidos pela administração i.n. de MPTP (1 mg/narina). Além disso, o tratamento com ATOR foi capaz proteger os camundongos contra os prejuízos motores e degeneração de neurônios dopaminérgicos na substância negra bservados 21 dias após a infusão do MPTP. Nenhuma alteração significativa em memórias espaciais de longo prazo e marcadores neuroinflamatórios foi observada 21 dias após a infusão i.n. do MPTP. Adicionalmente, padronizamos um modelo in vitro de toxicidade induzida por 6-OHDA em atias do hipocampo, estriado e córtex cerebral, e o efeito neuroprotetor da ATOR também foi avaliado. A incubação com 6-OHDA reduziu a viabilidade celular nas regiões cerebrais do hipocampo, estriado e córtex. A incubação com ATOR ou MK-801 (antagonista dos receptores para glutama to do tipo NMDA) per se não alterou a viabilidade celular. Observou-se uma prevenção na redução de viabilidade celular após incubação de ATOR + 6-OHDA no hipocampo, estriado e córtex. Observou-se ainda um efeito sinérgico na incubação de ATOR + MK-801 frente à toxicidade induzida por 6-OHDA. Por fim, o envolvimento dos receptores A2A (A2AR) nas alterações comportamentais e bioquímicas induzidas pela administração i.n. de MPTP foi avaliado. Demonstramos que o bloqueio farmacológico e/ou gênico dos A2AR pode atenuar prejuízos comportamentais relacionados a memórias de curto prazo e de procedimento, bem como a degeneração de neurônios dopaminérgicos na via nigroestriatal de camundongos induzidos pela administração i.n. de MPTP. Em conjunto, os resultados do presente estudo contribuem com o avanço no conhecimento acerca dos mecanismos bioquímicos associados ao processo neurodegenerativo da DP, além de sugerirem o Li, VPA, ATOR e antagonistas de A2AR como potenciais agentes neuroprotetores, sendo úteis no tratamento dos sintomas motores e não-motores da DP.<br> / Abstract : Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease affecting approximately 1% of the population above 60 years and an increase in the incidence of this disease is expected in the next year because of population aging. In earlier stages of PD suggest the commitment of other brain areas and neurotransmitters, that seem to be responsible for sensory (olfactory), emotional (depression and anxiety) and cognitive (working and procedural memories) impairments. In this study, we evaluated the neuroprotective potential of some drugs on biochemical and behavioral changes induced by administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and also 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA) in vitro, used as animal models of PD. We investigated whether the moodstabilizers drugs lithium (Li) and valproate (VPA), as well as the inhibitor of the enzyme 3-hidroxy-3-metylglutaril-coenzime A (HMG-COA) reductase in the cholesterol synthesis pathway, atorvastatin (ATOR), and the adenosine A2A receptor antagonist (SCH58261) can act as putative neuroprotective agents in PD. Our findings indicate that pretreatment with Li (47.5 mg/kg) or VPA (200 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) route during 7 consecutive days was able to prevent olfactory discrimination and shortterm memory impairments evaluated, respectively, in the social recognition and step-down inhibitory avoidance tasks in rats infused with a single intranasal (i.n.) administration of MPTP (0.1 mg/nostril). Despite the absence of clear depressive-like responses following the current MPTP dose, Li and VPA treatment presented an antidepressant profile reducing the immobility time in the forced swimming test. Importantly, at this time no significant alterations on locomotor activity of the animals were observed. Li and VPA prevented the depletion of dopamine in the striatum and olfactory bulb of rats after the infusion of MPTP. The oral atorvastatin treatment (10 mg/kg for 7 days) prevented MPTP-induced short-term social memory deficits and depressive-like behavior observed at 7 and 14 days, respectively, after MPTP administration. Moreover, at later periods (21 days) after i.n. MPTP infusion, a significant decrease of locomotor activity of rats in the activity chambers were accompanied by a marked decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining in the substantia nigra pars compacta which were also attenuated by atorvastatin treatment. Additionally, in the present study an in vitro model of 6-OHDA-induced toxicity in slices from hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex was established, and the neuroprotective effects of ATOR were confirmed. 6-OHDA (100 uM) induced a significant reduction of cell viability in striatum, hippocampus and cortex slices of rats. The incubation with ATOR or MK-801 per se did not alter the cellular viability and ATOR prevents the reduction of cell viability and reactive oxygen species production after incubation with 6-OHDA in the hippocampus, striatum and cortex. Finally, the involvement of adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) in behavioral and biochemical changes induced by i.n. MPTP administrationwas also analyzed. The genetic or pharmacological blockade of A2AR prevented the behavioral deficits related to short-term and procedural memories, as well as the reduction of the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the striatum and substantia nigra of mice infused with MPTP. Altogether, the results of the present study contribute towards a better knowledge of the biochemical mechanisms associated with the neurodegenerative process in PD. Moreover, our findings suggest Li, VPA, ATOR and adenosine A2AR antagonists as potential neuroprotective agents, being valuable tools for the treatment of motor and non-motor symptoms of PD.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra and motor deficits. Although the majority of PD cases are sporadic, several genetic defects in rare familial cases have been identified. Animal models of these genetic defects have been created and have provided unique insights into the molecular mechanisms of the pathogenesis of PD. However, the etiology of PD is still not well understood. Here, taking advantage of the unique features offered by zebrafish, I characterized the functions of PINK1 (PTEN-induced kinase 1) gene, which is associated with recessive familial PD, in the development and survival of DA neurons. In zebrafish, antisense morpholino knockdown of pink1 did not cause a large loss of DA neurons in the ventral diencephalon (vDC), but the patterning of these neurons and their projections were perturbed. The pink1 morphants also showed impaired response to touch stimuli and reduced swimming behaviour. Moreover, the pink1 knockdown caused a significant reduction in the number of mitochondria, as well as mitochondrial morphological defects such as smaller size or loss of cristae, thus affecting mitochondrial function. These results suggest that zebrafish pink1 plays conserved important roles in the development of DA neurons and in the mitochondrial morphology and function. To better follow DA neurons after injury or administration of toxins, I generated a transgenic zebrafish line, Tg(dat:EGFP), in which the green fluorescent protein (GFP) is expressed under the control of cis-regulatory elements of dopamine transporter (dat). In Tg(dat:EGFP) fish, all major groups of DA neurons are correctly labeled with GFP, especially the ones in the vDC, which are analogous to the ascending midbrain DA neurons in mammals. In addition, we observed that the DA neurons in the vDC could partially be replaced after severe laser cell ablation. This suggests that zebrafish may have the unique capacity of regenerating DA neurons after injury. Taken together, my studies suggested that zebrafish could be a useful alternative animal model for the study of the molecular mechanisms underlying PD and for the screening of potential therapeutic compounds for PD.

Microglia activity has been detected in Parkinson’s disease (PD) post-mortem brains and experimental animal models; however the precise interplay between microglia and dopamine neurons of the SNpc is not well understood. In the blood plasma of PD patients, our laboratory found elevated levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), a proinflammatory cytokine and potent activator of microglia. Given this, we sought to untangle the immune responses relevant to PD in mice, examining IFN-γ’s involvement and signaling mechanism using an inflammatory co-culture model of microglia and midbrain neurons treated with rotenone. By means of RT-PCR, we discovered IFN-γ mRNA transcripts are produced by microglia, and this expression increases upon exposure to rotenone. We delineated IFN-γ’s signaling mechanism in co-cultures using different IFN-γ receptor deficient cells, and showed it engages receptors in an autocrine (not paracrine) manner to further microgliosis and dopamine cell loss. After exploring the innate immune response in a model of PD, we subsequently shifted focus to an in vivo system to better investigate any involvement of the delayed humoral arm of the adaptive immune system. Needing a time appropriate death paradigm, we developed a protracted low dose regimen of MPTP, which elicits dopaminergic cell death after 2 weeks of treatment. Subjected to this paradigm, Rag 2 mutant mice (deficient in both T and B cells) exhibit resistance to dopamine cell loss, microglia activation and motor impairments. Further evidence in support of immune involvement came with the resensitization of Rag2 mice to MPTP after reconstitution with WT splenocytes. Additionally, mice deficient in Fcγ receptors exhibited neuroprotection in our protracted degeneration model. Taken together, these data indicate the innate and humoral arm can modulate the microglial response to dopaminergic degeneration and may participate in Parkinson's disease.

A major challenge in developing disease altering therapeutics for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) has been the delivery of compounds across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to the central nervous system (CNS). While direct surgical infusion has been utilized to deliver compounds to the brain that don’t cross the BBB, issues of poor biodistribution in the CNS due in part to properties of the molecules being delivered and/or infusion device protocols have limited the widespread success of this invasive approach. To avoid the issues of surgically delivering compounds to the CNS, numerous studies have examined the use of intranasal administration as a non-invasive delivery method. The data presented in this dissertation examines intranasal administration of dopamine neuron stimulating peptide-11 (DNSP-11), a small, amidated peptide with neuroprotective and restorative properties, and its effects on the nigrostriatal system in animal models of PD. Here we demonstrate that severely lesioned 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) F344 rats repeatedly administered DNSP-11 intranasally exhibited a decrease in damphetamine- induced rotation, dopamine (DA) turnover, and an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase positive neuronal sparing. Additionally, tracer studies indicated rapid distributed throughout the CNS and CSF following a one-time bilateral intranasal dose of 125I-labeled DNSP-11. These results demonstrate that DNSP-11 can be delivered to the CNS intranasally, and maintains its neuroactive properties on the nigrostriatal system in a rat model of PD. In a dose escalation study of DNSP-11, we evaluated the efficacy of repeated intranasal administration in awake, vertically chaired trained, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) hemiparkinsonian rhesus macaques using an atomizer system over a 10-week period. Here we report that animals did not exhibit observable adverse effects at the DNSP-11 concentrations examined, bilateral increases in fine motor performance of the upper limbs, and changes in tissue levels of DA and its metabolites. Finally, tracer studies indicated signal present throughout the CNS and CSF following a one-time bilateral intranasal dose of 125I-labeled DNSP-11. These studies support the efficacy of the repeated intranasal administration of DNSP-11 in awake Rhesus macaques over 10-weeks, while also enhancing motor performance and striatal neurochemistry in a non-human primate model of PD.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a commonly diagnosed disorder in children. Methylphenidate (MPH) or Ritalin, is a psychostimulant widely prescribed to treat ADHD from childhood to adulthood. Although patients take MPH for years, studies investigating long-term MPH use are lacking. Additionally, abuse of MPH is a growing problem in young adults. MPH blocks dopamine and norepinephrine transporters, which extends these neurotransmitters’ actions by preventing their reuptake from the cleft. Previous research has shown that long-term exposure to MPH causes dopamine-releasing neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway to become more susceptible to the Parkinsonian toxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Here, the mechanism by which MPH sensitizes neurons to MPTP in a female model was investigated. The hypothesis was that oxidation of excess dopamine to a quinone causes neurons within this pathway to become more susceptible to MPTP. This dopamine quinone may be conjugated by the antioxidant glutathione (GSH); however, with an excess of dopamine and therefore quinones, GSH levels will become depleted. Without protection from GSH, quinones may lead to production of highly reactive free radicals, precipitating cell death. Estrogen is thought to be neuroprotective to MPTP, so it was further hypothesized that anestrus (low estrogen) females will show more dopamine cell loss, more quinone production, and more GSH depletion than proestrus (high estrogen) females. To test this hypothesis, MPTP-resistant adolescent female Swiss-Webster mice were divided into 3 treatment groups: saline (control), 1 mg/kg MPH (therapeutic dose), or 10 mg/kg (abusive dose). Within each group, mice were divided into proestrus and anestrus subgroups. All mice were injected twice daily with MPH or saline. After 12 weeks of injections followed by a 7 day washout period, half of each grouping received MPTP injections (4 x 20 mg/kg every 2 hours), while the other half received 4 injections of sterile saline. Mice were sacrificed either 3 or 7 days post-MPTP or saline injection. The substantia nigra and striatum of the nigrostriatal pathway that are affected by Parkinson’s disease were collected. Proestrus females in the saline group showed a significant (pmore dopamine quinone production (*p

No description available.

The effect of chronic treatment with vitamin E (VE) on acute l-methyl-4-phenyl-l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neurotoxicity, as assessed by striatal dopamine (DA) depletion, was studied. Male C57B1/6J mice were fed VE (48 mg kg-1 per day, intragastric) for 4, 8, or 12 weeks prior to administration of MPTP (20 mg kg-1, i.p. X 3, 2 h intervals) or its diluent. Brain VE concentration was increased by exogenous supplements for 12 weeks. Striatal DA content was reduced by 85% to 90% after MPTP in control and VE-treated mice. Mice with elevated cerebral VE were not protected from MPTP toxicity, with DA content as an indicator. In conclusion, these findings indicate that moderate elevation of brain VE is not adequate for protecting DA-containing neurons against the toxic actions of a high dose of MPTP.