Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The construction of macro-structures. Four reading-improvement courses were offered to grade ten pupils in an attempt to improve their general reading skills and more specifically their ability to abstract the gist (macrostructure - Van Dijk and Kintsch, 1983) of texts as well as their ability to recall detail about texts. The macro-structures that learners constructed and the number of propositions recalled from a specific section of the text during a pre-test were compared to the macrostructures they formulated and the number of propositions that they recalled during a post-test. The courses were presented in Afrikaans to four of the five grade 10 classes in a Western Cape school. (The course was also presented in English to the fifth class but that course was not taken into consideration.) The courses were conducted over eight periods of approximately 40 minutes. The content of the first three periods were the same for all four courses. During the first period the learners did a reading exercise in order to determine their reading speed and reading index. During the second and third periods they were taught skimming and study skills respectively. The first course focused on questioning skills in the last five sessions. The second course was presented in order to improve learners' structuring skills. The third course was a combination of the first two courses. A conventional speed reading course was presented to learners who did the fourth course. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine whether (1) the construction of macro-structures and (2) the recall of propositions from the texts could be ascribed to questioning skills, structuring skills or the combination of those skills. This was done after variance in the dependant variables brought about by differences in intelligence was controlled statistically. The results of this study indicate a statistically significant improvement to construct macro-structures for the learners who completed the courses aimed at improving structuring and questioning/structuring abilities. This improvement can be ascribed to the skills that they acquired during the courses. Traditional schema theories regard schemas or schemata as pre-fabricated structures that need only to be activated by readers. In these courses, however the emphasis was placed on the formation of a structure by the reader; on the activity performed by the reader. Hence it was referred to as a structuring course. During the courses the learners were encouraged not only to "chunk" the content of the texts, but to generalize and to construct the structure of the texts. They were encouraged to use their own words or categories. Several studies indicated that an improvement in the ability to structure texts lead to an improvement in text comprehension. There are five other reasons why structuring the content of texts will facilitate the construction of macro-structures. The first is that when subjects are given the task to remember unorganized material they structure the material to be remembered spontaneously. The second is that the semantic organization of material facilitate recall and the third that normal perception is highly structured. The fourth argument is that experts make effective use of schemes. The fifth argument is that the activity of structuring forces the reader to process the text at a deeper level of processmg. Since it was assumed that top achievers are good readers who have mastered the ability to construct macro-structures efficiently, it was argued that they would benefit more from a course that aimed at improving their question-generating skills. Thus, the fact that there was not a statistically significant improvement in their ability to construct macrostructures can be attributed to the fact that they have already mastered that ability sufficiently. It is also possible to attribute the fact that there was not a statistically significant improvement to the fact that they did not master the question-generating activities. The results of this study also indicated that learners who did the structuring, questioning and questioning/structuring courses improved their ability to recall propositions from the texts in a pre-test to a post-test. Their improved ability to recall propositions, can be ascribed to the fact that detail can be inferred from a hierarchical structure since detail facts are subsumed under thematic propositions. Put differently, micro-propositions can be inferred from macro-propositions. The improvement in the ability of subjects who did the questioning course can be ascribed to the fact that questioning helps to focus attention and that the activity of questioning leads to deeper levels of processing. Three assumptions concerning macro-structures were made in this study. It was assumed that the construction of macro-structures is an automatic and integral part of the (normal) reading process. Readers do not construct macro-structures only when they are required to do so. Good readers construct better macro-structures than poor readers. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die konstruksie van makrostrukture. Vier leesverbeteringskursusse is vir graad 10-leerders aangebied ten einde hul leesvaardighede te probeer verbeter; meer spesifiek, hul vermoe om die kern (die makrostrukture - Van Dijk en Kintsch, 1983) van tekste te kan konstrueer en ook om proposisies van die tekste te kan herroep. Die makrostrukture wat leerders gevorrn het en die getal proposisies wat hulle kon herroep oor 'n spesifieke teksgedeelte nadat 'n leeskursus vir hulle aangebied is, is vergelyk met die makrostrukture wat hulle gevorrn het en getal proposisies wat hulle kon herroep, voordat die kursus vir hulle aangebied is. Die kursusse is in Afrikaans aangebied vir vier van die vyf graad 10-klasse van 'n skiereilandse skool. (Die kursus is ook in Engels aangebied vir die vyfde klas, maar hul resultate is nie in berekening gebring nie, aangesien die inhoud van die tekste verskil het.) Die kursusse het bestaan uit agt lesure van 40 minute. Die inhoud van die eerste drie ·lesure was dieselfde vir al vier kursusse. Tydens die eerste lesuur het die leerders 'n leesoefening gedoen en daarna het hulle hul leesspoed en leesindeks uitgewerk. Tydens die tweede en derde lesuur is vlugleesvaardighede vir die leerders aangeleer. In die eerste kursus IS die klem tydens die laaste vyf lesure geplaas op vraagstellingsvaardighede bene wens vlugleesvaardighede en studievaardighede. Leerders is geleer om kemvrae en detailvrae te forrnuleer. Tydens die tweede kursus is struktureringsvaardighede vir leerders aangeleer in die laaste vyf lesure. Die derde kursus was 'n kombinasie van die eerste twee kursusse. Tydens die vierde kursus is 'n konvensionele spoedleeskursus vir die leerders aangebied. Deur middel van meervoudige regressie-ontledings is vasgestel of vraagstelling, strukturering of die interaksie tussen vraagstelling en strukturering variansie in (1) die konstruksie van rnakrostrukture en (2) die herroep van proposisies of feite verklaar. Dit is gedoen nadat daar statisties gekontroleer is vir die variansie in die afhanklike veranderlikes wat opgewek is deur verskille in intelligensie. Uit die resultate het dit geblyk dat daar 'n statisties beduidende verbetering was by die leerders wat die strukturering-kursus gevolg het en ook by die leerders wat die vraagstelling/strukturering-kursus gevolg het om makrostrukture te konstrueer. Hierdie verbetering sou toegeskryf kon word aan die vaardighede wat hulle tydens die kursus aangeleer het. In teenstelling met skema-teoriee wat van die veronderstelling uitgaan dat skemas vaste strukture is wat slegs deur lesers geaktiveer word, is die klem in hierdie ondersoek geplaas op die aktiewe strukturering van teksinhoude. Dit is die rede waarom na die kursus verwys word as die "strukturering' -kursus. Tydens die kursus is die leerders aangemoedig om nie net die afdelings van die tekste te groepeer nie, maar om te veralgemeen; om die teksinhoude self te struktureer deur hul eie woorde te gebruik. Benewens die feit dat dit uit verskeie ander ondersoeke geblyk het dat die strukturering van tekste deur lesers hulle leesbegrip verbeter het en hulle gehelp het om meer proposisies van 'n teks te kon herroep, sou nog vyf ander argumente ook aangevoer word waarom strukturering die vorming van makrostrukture vergemaklik. Die eerste is dat toetslinge ongestruktureerde geheuemateriaal spontaan struktureer; die tweede dat semantiese organisasie die herroep daarvan vergemaklik; die derde dat ("alledaagse") persepsie hoogs gestruktureerd is en die vierde dat deskundiges skemas effektiewer benut as beginners. Die vyfde argument is dat die aktiwiteit van strukturering dieper prosessering van leesinhoude sal meebring as gewoonlees; wanneer lesers tekste struktureer, word hulle verplig om dit uitvoerig te prosesseer. Die vraagstelling-kursus is aangebied vir die leerders in die klas wat die beste presteer het, aangesien daar van die veronderstelling uitgegaan is dat hulle goeie lesers is en dat goeie lesers alreeds daartoe in staat is om goeie makrostrukture te kan konstrueer. Die feit dat diegene wat die vraagstelling-kursus gevolg het, se vermoe om rnakrostrukture te vorm, nie 'n statisties beduidende verbetering getoon het nie, sou dus moontlik daaraan toegeskryf kon word dat hulle die vaardigheid om goeie makrostrukture te vorm, alreeds in 'n groot mate bemeester het. 'n Ander moontlikheid waarom hul vermoe om makrostrukture te konstrueer, nie 'n statisties beduidende verbetering getoon het nie, is dat hulle nie die vraagstelling-aktiwiteite deeglik bemeester het rue. Uit die resultate van hierdie ondersoek het dit ook geblyk -dat daar 'n statisties beduidende verbetering was in die vermoe van leerders wat die vraagstelling-, strukturering-, asook die vraagstellinglstruktureringkursus gevolg het om na afloop van die leeskursusse meer proposisies oor die betrokke tekste te kon herroep. Die rede waarom die strukturering-kursus effektiewer herroepprestasie in die hand gewerk het, sou toegeskryf kon word aan die feit dat iemand wat 'n struktuur gekonstrueer het, detail kan herroep na aanleiding van die gekonstrueerde raarnwerk. Anders gestel, mikroproposisies sou afgelei kon word van makroproposisies. Die rede waarom die vraagstelling-kursus 'n verbetering van leerders se herroepvermoens meegebring het, sou waarskynlik daaraan toegeskryf kon word dat vraagstelling 'n leser se aandag fokus of rig. Daarby verplig die vraagstelling-aktiwiteit lesers om tekste uitvoerig te prosesseer. Hierdie vraagstelling-aktiwiteit verplig dieper prosessering van leesinhoude as die meer oppervlakkige prosessering wat tydens gewoonlees plaasvind. In hierdie ondersoek is van die verondersteIling uitgegaan dat die vorrmng van makrostrukture 'n outomatiese en integrale deel van die leesproses is. Lesers konstrueer nie net makrostrukture wanneer die leestaak dit vereis nie. Hoewel aIle lesers makrostrukture konstrueer, vorrn goeie lesers beter rnakrostrukture as swak lesers.

The IMRD structure with its constituents Introduction, Method, Results and Discussion is acknowledged as the norm for writing abstracts by most. Researchers need to adhere to the norm in order for their abstracts to function as effective advertisements for their research articles, and students need to comply with the norm should they want their abstracts to serve as connectors to the academic world. The aim of this thesis is to examine to what extent abstracts written in English by Swedish students adhere to the IMRD norm. A total of 40 bachelor’s thesis abstracts in English linguistics and physics were analyzed in terms of macro structure, the inclusion, exclusion and order of the constituent parts, and micro structure, the linguistic realization of the constituents. The results show that the English linguistics and physics abstracts fail to meet the requirements of the IMRD norm on several points. This suggests that the students are either unaware of the important function fulfilled by abstracts or need more guidance and practice. The conclusions are necessarily tentative since further research is required to provide a comprehensive picture, but still, the results suggest that Swedish students’ abstract writing needs to be given higher priority.

A estabilidade primária, após a instalação do implante, é uma condição essencial para a aplicação de carga imediata, situação clínica cada vez mais desejada por profissionais e pacientes. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a estabilidade primária de cinco diferentes implantes instalados em bases ósseas padronizadas de osso suíno e blocos de poliuretano (modelos in vitro), por meio de ensaios biomecânicos e análise de imagens (microtomográficas e histomorfométricas). Para certificação e padronização dos cilindros de osso suíno, foram realizadas tomadas radiográficas digitais, determinando cilindros ósseos de alta e baixa densidades. Após a certificação, foram feitas microtomografias computadorizadas dos cilindros ósseos para análise tridimensional de imagens prévia à instalação dos implantes, avaliando os seguintes parâmetros: Densidade Óssea Tridimensional (BV/TV); Separação Trabecular (Tb.Sp); Porcentagem de Poros Abertos (Po.Op); Porcentagem de Poros Fechados (Po.Cl) e Porcentagem de Porosidade Total (Po.Tot). Esses parâmetros foram avaliados em quatro níveis ósseos (N1 interno às roscas do implante a ser instalado; N2 adjacente ao final das roscas até 0,5 mm destas; N3 distante 0,5 mm a 1,5 mm do final das roscas; N4 área óssea de 0 a 0,5mm da apical do implante). Depois disso, foram selecionados 50 implantes de 5 diferentes modelos, divididos em 5 grupos com 10 implantes cada: Grupo 1 (G1): implantes Xive Plus inseridos em cilindros ósseos de alta (n=5) e de baixa densidades (n=5); Grupo 2 (G2): implantes Ankylos inseridos em cilindros ósseos de alta (n=5) e de baixa densidades (n=5); Grupo 3 (G3): implantes Bone Level inseridos em cilindros ósseos de alta (n=5) e de baixa densidades (n=5); Grupo 4 (G4): implantes AlvimCM inseridos em cilindros ósseos de alta (n=5) e de baixa densidades (n=5); Grupo 5 (G5): implantes DriveCM inseridos em cilindros ósseos de alta (n=5) e de baixa densidades (n=5). A instalação de todos implantes seguiu o protocolo recomendado pelos fabricantes, sendo realizada a medida do torque de inserção (IT) e logo após a análise de Coeficiente de Estabilidade do Implante - ISQ (avaliação por Frequência de ressonância - RFA). Após a instalação dos implantes nos cilindros ósseos, estes foram submetidos a nova análise tridimensional com os mesmos parâmetros e níveis ósseos. Para as análises nos blocos de poliuretano, foram seccionados 50 blocos de alta e baixa densidade (D1 e D3, respectivamente), e inseridos 50 implantes individualmente nos blocos, utilizando 10 de cada e divididos em 5 grupos: Grupo 6 (G6): implantes Xive Plus inseridos em blocos de poliuretano de alta densidade - D1 (n=5) e de baixa densidade - D3 (n=5); Grupo 7 (G7): implantes Ankylos inseridos em blocos de poliuretano de alta densidade - D1 (n=5) e de baixa densidade - D3 (n=5); Grupo 8 (G8): implantes Bone Level inseridos em blocos de poliuretano de alta densidade - D1 (n=5) e de baixa densidade - D3 (n=5); Grupo 9 (G9): implantes AlvimCM inseridos em blocos de poliuretano de alta densidade - D1 (n=5) e de baixa densidade - D3 (n=5); Grupo 9 (G9): implantes DriveCM inseridos em blocos de poliuretano de alta densidade - D1 (n=5) e de baixa densidade - D3 (n=5). Após a inserção dos implantes, estes também foram analisados com relação ao torque de inserção, frequência de ressonância e através do ensaio de arrancamento. Os ensaios biomecânicos mostraram que os implantes instalados no G4 (AlvimCM) e G5 (DriveCM) tiveram maior valores de IT e de RFA em ambas as bases ósseas suínas. Nos blocos de poliuretano, tiveram resultados semelhantes entre as bases ósseas para quase todos os implantes nos testes IT e RFA, havendo um maior valor no ensaio de arrancamento para os implantes Bone Level (G8). Os resultados para todas os parâmetros avaliados por MicroCT mostraram que as diferenças dos valores pós e pré-inserção dos implantes revelaram significância estatística principalmente para G4 e G5 em relação aos outros grupos. A análise histomorfométrica mostrou maiores valores de compactação óssea e de Contato Osso-Implante (BIC) para G2, G4 e G5. Para todas as análises de imagem foi observada uma tendência de maior compactação nos N1, N2 e N4; no N3 não houve um aumento significativo da condensação óssea pós-inserção do implante. Concluiu-se que os implantes AlvimCM e DriveCM mostraram melhores resultados nos testes biomecânicos e em relação ao aumento da densidade óssea ao redor do implante, avaliada pelos métodos de imagem, e que estes resultados estiveram correlacionados à estabilidade primária exibida pós-inserção. Os resultados histomorfométricos confirmaram os resultados obtidos pela análise microtomográfica, demonstrando assim a validade do método 3D de análise por imagem. / The primary stability, after implant installation, is an essential condition for the application of immediate loading, clinical situation increasingly desired by professionals and patients. The present study has the objective of evaluating the primary stability of five different implants installed in standard bone bases of swine bone and polyurethane blocks (in vitro models), through biomechanical tests and image analysis (microtomographic and histomorphometric). For the certification and standardization of the swine bone cylinders, digital radiographs were taken, determining bone cylinders of high and low density. After the certification, computerized microtomographies of the bone cylinders were performed for three-dimensional analysis of images prior to implant installation, evaluating the following parameters: Three-dimensional Bone Density (BV / TV); Trabecular Separation (Tb.Sp); Percent of Open Pore (Po.Op); Percent of Closed Pores (Po.Cl) and Percentage of Total Porosity (Po.Tot). These parameters were evaluated in four bone levels (N1 - internal to the threads of the implant to be installed, N2 - adjacent to the end of the threads up to 0.5 mm of these, N3 - distant 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm from the end of the threads ; N4 - bone area 0 to 0.5 mm from the apical of the implant). After that, 50 implants of 5 different models were divided into 5 groups with 10 implants each: Group 1 (G1): Xive Plus implants inserted into high (n = 5) and low density (n = 5) ; Group 2 (G2): Ankylos implants inserted into high (n = 5) and low density (n = 5) bone cylinders; Group 3 (G3): Bone Level implants inserted into bone cylinders of high (n = 5) and low density (n = 5); Group 4 (G4): AlvimCM implants inserted into high (n = 5) and low density (n = 5) bone cylinders; Group 5 (G5): DriveCM implants inserted into high (n = 5) and low density (n = 5) bone cylinders. The implantation of all implants followed the protocol recommended by the manufacturers, and the measurement of the insertion torque (IT) and soon after the analysis of Implantation Stability Coefficient (ISQ (evaluation by Frequency of Resonance - RFA)). After the implants were installed in the bone cylinders, they were submitted to a new three-dimensional analysis with the same parameters and bone levels. 50 blocks of high and low density (D1 and D3, respectively), and 50 implants were inserted individually into the blocks, using 10 of each and divided into 5 groups: Group 6 (G6): implants Xive Plus inserted in blocks of high density polyurethane - D1 (n = 5) and low density - D3 (n = 5); Group 7 (G7): Ankylos implants inserted in blocks of high density polyurethane - D1 (n = 5) and low density - D3 (n = 5); Group 8 (G8): Bone Level implants inserted in blocks of high density polyurethane - D1 (n = 5) and low density - D3 (n = 5); Group 9 (G9): AlvimCM implants inserted in blocks of high density polyurethane - D1 (n = 5) and low density - D3 (n = 5); Group 9 (G9): DriveCM implants inserted in blocks of high density polyurethane - D1 (n = 5) and low density - D3 (n = 5). After insertion of the implants, these were also analyzed with respect to the insertion torque, resonance frequency and through the pullout test. The biomechanical tests showed that the implants installed in G4 (AlvimCM) and G5 (DriveCM) had higher IT and RFA values in both porcine bone bases. In the polyurethane blocks, similar results were found between the bone bases for almost all implants in the IT and RFA tests, with a higher value in the pullout test for Bone Level (G8) implants. The results for all the parameters evaluated by MicroCT showed that the differences in the post-insertion and pre-insertion values of the implants revealed statistical significance mainly for G4 and G5 in relation to the other groups. The histomorphometric analysis showed higher Bone Compaction and Bone Implant (BIC) compaction values for G2, G4 and G5. For all the image analyzes a tendency of greater compaction was observed in N1, N2 and N4; in N3 there was no significant increase in bone post-insertion implant condensation. It was concluded that the AlvimCM and DriveCM implants showed better results in the biomechanical tests and in relation to the increase of the bone density around the implant, evaluated by the imaging methods, and that these results were correlated to the primary stability exhibited post-insertion. The histomorphometric results confirmed the results obtained by the microtomographic analysis, thus demonstrating the validity of the 3D image analysis method.

A estabilidade primária, após a instalação do implante, é uma condição essencial para a aplicação de carga imediata, situação clínica cada vez mais desejada por profissionais e pacientes. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a estabilidade primária de cinco diferentes implantes instalados em bases ósseas padronizadas de osso suíno e blocos de poliuretano (modelos in vitro), por meio de ensaios biomecânicos e análise de imagens (microtomográficas e histomorfométricas). Para certificação e padronização dos cilindros de osso suíno, foram realizadas tomadas radiográficas digitais, determinando cilindros ósseos de alta e baixa densidades. Após a certificação, foram feitas microtomografias computadorizadas dos cilindros ósseos para análise tridimensional de imagens prévia à instalação dos implantes, avaliando os seguintes parâmetros: Densidade Óssea Tridimensional (BV/TV); Separação Trabecular (Tb.Sp); Porcentagem de Poros Abertos (Po.Op); Porcentagem de Poros Fechados (Po.Cl) e Porcentagem de Porosidade Total (Po.Tot). Esses parâmetros foram avaliados em quatro níveis ósseos (N1 interno às roscas do implante a ser instalado; N2 adjacente ao final das roscas até 0,5 mm destas; N3 distante 0,5 mm a 1,5 mm do final das roscas; N4 área óssea de 0 a 0,5mm da apical do implante). Depois disso, foram selecionados 50 implantes de 5 diferentes modelos, divididos em 5 grupos com 10 implantes cada: Grupo 1 (G1): implantes Xive Plus inseridos em cilindros ósseos de alta (n=5) e de baixa densidades (n=5); Grupo 2 (G2): implantes Ankylos inseridos em cilindros ósseos de alta (n=5) e de baixa densidades (n=5); Grupo 3 (G3): implantes Bone Level inseridos em cilindros ósseos de alta (n=5) e de baixa densidades (n=5); Grupo 4 (G4): implantes AlvimCM inseridos em cilindros ósseos de alta (n=5) e de baixa densidades (n=5); Grupo 5 (G5): implantes DriveCM inseridos em cilindros ósseos de alta (n=5) e de baixa densidades (n=5). A instalação de todos implantes seguiu o protocolo recomendado pelos fabricantes, sendo realizada a medida do torque de inserção (IT) e logo após a análise de Coeficiente de Estabilidade do Implante - ISQ (avaliação por Frequência de ressonância - RFA). Após a instalação dos implantes nos cilindros ósseos, estes foram submetidos a nova análise tridimensional com os mesmos parâmetros e níveis ósseos. Para as análises nos blocos de poliuretano, foram seccionados 50 blocos de alta e baixa densidade (D1 e D3, respectivamente), e inseridos 50 implantes individualmente nos blocos, utilizando 10 de cada e divididos em 5 grupos: Grupo 6 (G6): implantes Xive Plus inseridos em blocos de poliuretano de alta densidade - D1 (n=5) e de baixa densidade - D3 (n=5); Grupo 7 (G7): implantes Ankylos inseridos em blocos de poliuretano de alta densidade - D1 (n=5) e de baixa densidade - D3 (n=5); Grupo 8 (G8): implantes Bone Level inseridos em blocos de poliuretano de alta densidade - D1 (n=5) e de baixa densidade - D3 (n=5); Grupo 9 (G9): implantes AlvimCM inseridos em blocos de poliuretano de alta densidade - D1 (n=5) e de baixa densidade - D3 (n=5); Grupo 9 (G9): implantes DriveCM inseridos em blocos de poliuretano de alta densidade - D1 (n=5) e de baixa densidade - D3 (n=5). Após a inserção dos implantes, estes também foram analisados com relação ao torque de inserção, frequência de ressonância e através do ensaio de arrancamento. Os ensaios biomecânicos mostraram que os implantes instalados no G4 (AlvimCM) e G5 (DriveCM) tiveram maior valores de IT e de RFA em ambas as bases ósseas suínas. Nos blocos de poliuretano, tiveram resultados semelhantes entre as bases ósseas para quase todos os implantes nos testes IT e RFA, havendo um maior valor no ensaio de arrancamento para os implantes Bone Level (G8). Os resultados para todas os parâmetros avaliados por MicroCT mostraram que as diferenças dos valores pós e pré-inserção dos implantes revelaram significância estatística principalmente para G4 e G5 em relação aos outros grupos. A análise histomorfométrica mostrou maiores valores de compactação óssea e de Contato Osso-Implante (BIC) para G2, G4 e G5. Para todas as análises de imagem foi observada uma tendência de maior compactação nos N1, N2 e N4; no N3 não houve um aumento significativo da condensação óssea pós-inserção do implante. Concluiu-se que os implantes AlvimCM e DriveCM mostraram melhores resultados nos testes biomecânicos e em relação ao aumento da densidade óssea ao redor do implante, avaliada pelos métodos de imagem, e que estes resultados estiveram correlacionados à estabilidade primária exibida pós-inserção. Os resultados histomorfométricos confirmaram os resultados obtidos pela análise microtomográfica, demonstrando assim a validade do método 3D de análise por imagem. / The primary stability, after implant installation, is an essential condition for the application of immediate loading, clinical situation increasingly desired by professionals and patients. The present study has the objective of evaluating the primary stability of five different implants installed in standard bone bases of swine bone and polyurethane blocks (in vitro models), through biomechanical tests and image analysis (microtomographic and histomorphometric). For the certification and standardization of the swine bone cylinders, digital radiographs were taken, determining bone cylinders of high and low density. After the certification, computerized microtomographies of the bone cylinders were performed for three-dimensional analysis of images prior to implant installation, evaluating the following parameters: Three-dimensional Bone Density (BV / TV); Trabecular Separation (Tb.Sp); Percent of Open Pore (Po.Op); Percent of Closed Pores (Po.Cl) and Percentage of Total Porosity (Po.Tot). These parameters were evaluated in four bone levels (N1 - internal to the threads of the implant to be installed, N2 - adjacent to the end of the threads up to 0.5 mm of these, N3 - distant 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm from the end of the threads ; N4 - bone area 0 to 0.5 mm from the apical of the implant). After that, 50 implants of 5 different models were divided into 5 groups with 10 implants each: Group 1 (G1): Xive Plus implants inserted into high (n = 5) and low density (n = 5) ; Group 2 (G2): Ankylos implants inserted into high (n = 5) and low density (n = 5) bone cylinders; Group 3 (G3): Bone Level implants inserted into bone cylinders of high (n = 5) and low density (n = 5); Group 4 (G4): AlvimCM implants inserted into high (n = 5) and low density (n = 5) bone cylinders; Group 5 (G5): DriveCM implants inserted into high (n = 5) and low density (n = 5) bone cylinders. The implantation of all implants followed the protocol recommended by the manufacturers, and the measurement of the insertion torque (IT) and soon after the analysis of Implantation Stability Coefficient (ISQ (evaluation by Frequency of Resonance - RFA)). After the implants were installed in the bone cylinders, they were submitted to a new three-dimensional analysis with the same parameters and bone levels. 50 blocks of high and low density (D1 and D3, respectively), and 50 implants were inserted individually into the blocks, using 10 of each and divided into 5 groups: Group 6 (G6): implants Xive Plus inserted in blocks of high density polyurethane - D1 (n = 5) and low density - D3 (n = 5); Group 7 (G7): Ankylos implants inserted in blocks of high density polyurethane - D1 (n = 5) and low density - D3 (n = 5); Group 8 (G8): Bone Level implants inserted in blocks of high density polyurethane - D1 (n = 5) and low density - D3 (n = 5); Group 9 (G9): AlvimCM implants inserted in blocks of high density polyurethane - D1 (n = 5) and low density - D3 (n = 5); Group 9 (G9): DriveCM implants inserted in blocks of high density polyurethane - D1 (n = 5) and low density - D3 (n = 5). After insertion of the implants, these were also analyzed with respect to the insertion torque, resonance frequency and through the pullout test. The biomechanical tests showed that the implants installed in G4 (AlvimCM) and G5 (DriveCM) had higher IT and RFA values in both porcine bone bases. In the polyurethane blocks, similar results were found between the bone bases for almost all implants in the IT and RFA tests, with a higher value in the pullout test for Bone Level (G8) implants. The results for all the parameters evaluated by MicroCT showed that the differences in the post-insertion and pre-insertion values of the implants revealed statistical significance mainly for G4 and G5 in relation to the other groups. The histomorphometric analysis showed higher Bone Compaction and Bone Implant (BIC) compaction values for G2, G4 and G5. For all the image analyzes a tendency of greater compaction was observed in N1, N2 and N4; in N3 there was no significant increase in bone post-insertion implant condensation. It was concluded that the AlvimCM and DriveCM implants showed better results in the biomechanical tests and in relation to the increase of the bone density around the implant, evaluated by the imaging methods, and that these results were correlated to the primary stability exhibited post-insertion. The histomorphometric results confirmed the results obtained by the microtomographic analysis, thus demonstrating the validity of the 3D image analysis method.

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The letter to the Romans conveys a message of God's love and how through his grace, he has prepared a way to liberate mankind from a life of sin to a life of righteousness. But the way the message is presented, this grace may easily be misunderstood as an encouragement for people to live in sin. In Chapter 6:1-14, a concise but detailed outline of the message of the epistle unfolds into two main sections, namely, the Indicative and the Imperative. Key statements in these sections are: 'How can we who have died to sin, continue to live in it?' (6:2), and 'Consider yourselves dead to sin and alive to God' (6:11). Failure to distinguish the separate meanings of these statements may lead to the conclusion that the pericope encourages libertinism. In outlining the:meaning of this expression, 'We have died to sin ... ', I hope to make a contribution for a better understanding of the message of this pericope, namely: The grace of God that enables believers to live a righteous / Biblical and Ancient Studies / M.A. (Theology)

La competencia comunicativa exigida en el mundo empresarial actual y el papel que el inglés juega como lengua de comunicación internacional constituyen la base de la proliferación investigadora en los géneros del inglés académico y profesional (IPA), y en especial del inglés de los negocios (IN). Este desarrollo también tiene su efecto en la producción de materiales docentes, y en menor medida en lo referente a la investigación aplicada al aula del IN. Nuestra aportación a dicho campo se fundamenta en el estudio de un género discursivo escrito particular del mundo de los negocios: el informe empresarial. Pretendemos explicar su concepción como género, así como su relevancia y aportaciones en el aula del inglés de especialidad. Demostraremos cómo este género incluye múltiples características del discurso escrito del IN y observaremos a través del estudio empírico que su implementación en el aula ayuda a desarrollar de forma pertinente ciertos elementos (macro)estructurales y discursivos.

The letter to the Romans conveys a message of God's love and how through his grace, he has prepared a way to liberate mankind from a life of sin to a life of righteousness. But the way the message is presented, this grace may easily be misunderstood as an encouragement for people to live in sin. In Chapter 6:1-14, a concise but detailed outline of the message of the epistle unfolds into two main sections, namely, the Indicative and the Imperative. Key statements in these sections are: 'How can we who have died to sin, continue to live in it?' (6:2), and 'Consider yourselves dead to sin and alive to God' (6:11). Failure to distinguish the separate meanings of these statements may lead to the conclusion that the pericope encourages libertinism. In outlining the:meaning of this expression, 'We have died to sin ... ', I hope to make a contribution for a better understanding of the message of this pericope, namely: The grace of God that enables believers to live a righteous / Biblical and Ancient Studies / M.A. (Theology)

A common way to examine children's language production is to analyze their narrative ability, which has been observed in several studies in various languages. The present study aims to analyze Swedish children's stories at microstructural level (grammatical and utterance level) and macrostructural level (discourse level) and examine how these results differ between two narrative elicitation methods. Furthermore, the study aims to investigate if the results from Swedish and English speaking children differ between these two elicitation methods. The present study involved 40 typically developing children aged 7;0–8;11 years with Swedish as their native language from southeastern Sweden. The two narrative elicitation methods used were personal narrative generation and fictional narrative retell. During personal narrative generation the participants were prompted to share their own experiences based on given themes with image support. In the fictional narrative retell participants were asked to retell the tale "Frog, Where are you?" (Mayer, 1969). The participants' two stories were transcribed in the program Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts (SALT) and analyzed at micro- and macrostructural level. At the microstructural level the following measures were investigated: Total utterances (TU), Mean Length of Utterance in Words (MLU-w), Type Token Ratio (TTR), Percentage of Maze Words (PcMw), Overgeneralization Errors (EO) and Total Number of Words (TNW). For macrostructural analysis the Narrative Scoring Scheme (NSS) was used. At the microstructural level participants achieved higher MLU-w, TTR and PcMw in the fictional narrative retell than in personal narrative generation. TNW and MLU-w correlated with participants' age at fictional narrative retell. The participants generated higher values regarding TU and TNW in personal narrative generation. Analysis of the macrostructure showed that the majority of the participants achieved higher scores in fictional narrative retell than in personal narrative generation. The results regarding the macrostructural level of the fictional narrative retell correlated with the age of the participants. Similar trends between the elicitation methods appeared in the English-speaking participants.