The signal integrity, power integrity, and timing analysis of todays high-speed digital systems are computationally exhaustive, both in terms of CPU memory required and simulation time consumed. One way to reduce this complexity is to use macromodels of the subcircuits comprising these high-speed digital systems. Since digital driver/receiver circuits have a major share in this computational load, modeling digital driver/receiver circuits accurately to capture their nonlinearity becomes a big challenge. The contribution of this thesis is to generate black-box macromodels of driver/receiver circuits that result in huge computational speed-up compared to actual transistor-level driver/receiver circuits and at the same time maintain high accuracy. It is always useful to have a black-box modeling approach as the modeling technique is independent of the knowledge of the internal logic of the circuit being modeled. This would make the modeling approach more robust and more applicable to a wide variety of circuits. Driver/receiver macromodels have been extended to multiple ports to take into account the effect of non-ideal power and ground nodes in this thesis.

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In this thesis, the problem of overvoltage calculation on multiconductor transmission lines due to nonuniform external electromagnetic field excitations, such as lightning, is investigated by introducing a field-voltage macromodel. The main purpose of this thesis is to find a fast and efficient algorithm to model the effect of the radiated electromagnetic fields on transmission lines. This is done by replacing distributed voltage and current sources along the transmission line which are as a result of external electromagnetic field radiation, by voltage and current sources at the terminals of the transmission line. For this purpose, the knowledge of electromagnetic field at every point on the transmission line is required. A transfer function based pole-residue tracing technique will be introduced in this thesis. By using the proposed algorithm, a closed form solution for the lumped sources at the terminals of transmission line in the frequency domain is obtainable. This approach will enable us to bridge the software working in frequency domain with those working in the time domain. The effect of different parameters on calculated overvoltage such as finite conductivity of the ground and lightning return stroke channel (RSC) specifications are studied. The theoretical background and extent of validity of the proposed algorithm are reviewed in this thesis.

In this thesis, the problem of overvoltage calculation on multiconductor transmission lines due to nonuniform external electromagnetic field excitations, such as lightning, is investigated by introducing a field-voltage macromodel. The main purpose of this thesis is to find a fast and efficient algorithm to model the effect of the radiated electromagnetic fields on transmission lines. This is done by replacing distributed voltage and current sources along the transmission line which are as a result of external electromagnetic field radiation, by voltage and current sources at the terminals of the transmission line. For this purpose, the knowledge of electromagnetic field at every point on the transmission line is required. A transfer function based pole-residue tracing technique will be introduced in this thesis. By using the proposed algorithm, a closed form solution for the lumped sources at the terminals of transmission line in the frequency domain is obtainable. This approach will enable us to bridge the software working in frequency domain with those working in the time domain. The effect of different parameters on calculated overvoltage such as finite conductivity of the ground and lightning return stroke channel (RSC) specifications are studied. The theoretical background and extent of validity of the proposed algorithm are reviewed in this thesis.

<p>The aim of this work has been to develop new knowledge about macromodelling of microsystems. Doing that, we have followed two different approaches for generating macromodels, namely model order reduction and lumped modelling. The latter is a rather mature method that has been widely recognized and used for a relatively long period of time. Model order reduction, on the other hand, is a relatively new area still in rapid development. Due to this, the parts considering reduced order modelling is strongly biased towards methodology and concepts, whereas parts on lumped modelling are biased towards systems and devices.</p><p>In the first part of this thesis, we focus on model order reduction. We introduce some approaches for reducing model order for linear systems, and we give an example related to squeeze-film damping. We then move on to investigate model order reduction of nonlinear systems, where we present and use the concept of invariant manifolds. While the concept of invariant manifolds is general, we utilize it for reducing models. An obvious advantage of using invariant manifold theory is that it offers a conceptually clear understanding of effects and behaviour of nonlinear system.</p><p>We exemplify and investigate the accuracy of one method for identifying invariant manifolds. The example is based on an industrialized dual-axis accelerometer.</p><p>A new geometrical interpretation of external forcing, relating to invariant manifolds, is presented. We show how this can be utilized to deal with external forcing in a manner consistent with the invariance property of the manifold. The interpretation also aids in reducing errors for reduce models.</p><p>We extend the asymptotic approach in a manner that makes it possible to create design-parameter sensitive models. We investigate an industrialized dual-axis accelerometer by means of the method and demonstrate capabilities of the method. We also discuss how manifolds for nonlinear dissipative systems can be found.</p><p>Focusing on lumped modelling, we analyse a microresonator. We also discuss the two analogies that can be used to build electrical equivalents of mechanical systems. It is shown how the f → V analogy, linking velocity to voltage, is the natural choice. General properties of lumped modelling are investigated using models with varying degrees of freedom.</p><p>Finally, we analyse an electromagnetic system, intended for levitating objects, and we demonstrate the scaling effects of the system. Furthermore, we prove the intrinsic stability of the system, although the floating disc will be slightly tilted. This is the first analysis done assessing the stability criterions of such a systems. The knowledge arising from the analysis gives strong indications on how such a system can be utilized, designed, and improved.</p>

The aim of this work has been to develop new knowledge about macromodelling of microsystems. Doing that, we have followed two different approaches for generating macromodels, namely model order reduction and lumped modelling. The latter is a rather mature method that has been widely recognized and used for a relatively long period of time. Model order reduction, on the other hand, is a relatively new area still in rapid development. Due to this, the parts considering reduced order modelling is strongly biased towards methodology and concepts, whereas parts on lumped modelling are biased towards systems and devices. In the first part of this thesis, we focus on model order reduction. We introduce some approaches for reducing model order for linear systems, and we give an example related to squeeze-film damping. We then move on to investigate model order reduction of nonlinear systems, where we present and use the concept of invariant manifolds. While the concept of invariant manifolds is general, we utilize it for reducing models. An obvious advantage of using invariant manifold theory is that it offers a conceptually clear understanding of effects and behaviour of nonlinear system. We exemplify and investigate the accuracy of one method for identifying invariant manifolds. The example is based on an industrialized dual-axis accelerometer. A new geometrical interpretation of external forcing, relating to invariant manifolds, is presented. We show how this can be utilized to deal with external forcing in a manner consistent with the invariance property of the manifold. The interpretation also aids in reducing errors for reduce models. We extend the asymptotic approach in a manner that makes it possible to create design-parameter sensitive models. We investigate an industrialized dual-axis accelerometer by means of the method and demonstrate capabilities of the method. We also discuss how manifolds for nonlinear dissipative systems can be found. Focusing on lumped modelling, we analyse a microresonator. We also discuss the two analogies that can be used to build electrical equivalents of mechanical systems. It is shown how the f → V analogy, linking velocity to voltage, is the natural choice. General properties of lumped modelling are investigated using models with varying degrees of freedom. Finally, we analyse an electromagnetic system, intended for levitating objects, and we demonstrate the scaling effects of the system. Furthermore, we prove the intrinsic stability of the system, although the floating disc will be slightly tilted. This is the first analysis done assessing the stability criterions of such a systems. The knowledge arising from the analysis gives strong indications on how such a system can be utilized, designed, and improved.

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Nos travaux portent sur l’étude d’une méthodologie de modélisation prédictive CEM en émission conduite pour une chaîne d’actionnement (CA). L’objectif ultime, lié à l’utilisation de ces modèles pour le dimensionnement de ce système, est basé sur une optimisation sous contraintes (conception sous contraintes). Au delà de l’application, nous cherchons à mettre en exergue les bénéfices d’une modélisation multi-niveaux dans la recherche d’un compromis entre la précision et la durée de simulation de ces modèles. Dès lors, le but sera d’obtenir un modèle prédictif pour les perturbations électromagnétiques (PEM) d’émission conduite provenant de la CA étudiée et de confronter les résultats de simulations aux résultats expérimentaux. Pour ce faire, le développement d’un premier modèle représentatif des différents phénomènes physiques intervenant dans le système est nécessaire de façon à simuler ces PEM. Dans le but d’améliorer la précision et la durée de simulation de ce premier modèle, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’application d’un algorithme de macromodélisation passive permettant d’obtenir un macromodèle précis et rapide à évaluer, ce qui permet d’en faire un prétendant idoine en vue d’une optimisation. Ensuite, dans le cadre d’une optimisation sous contraintes, nous avons proposé une illustration de l’utilisation du modèle CEM établi pour la CA étudiée. Cette optimisation par évolution différentielle se limitera au dimensionnement d’un filtre CEM, en faisant intervenir, à cette occasion, des contraintes reflétant la réduction des sources d’échauffement. / This phD dissertation is focused on the study of a methodology in order to predict the conducted electromagnetic interferences (EMI) arising from an actuating system (AS). The ultimate objective, linked to the use of these models for the sizing of this system, is based on an optimization under constraints (design under constraints).Beyond the application, we try to highlight the profits of multilevel modeling in looking for a tradeoff between the accuracy and the time cost of these models. Thereupon, the purpose will be to get a predictive model for the AS conducted EMI and to compare the simulation results to measurements.To that end, the development of a first representative model of the various physical phenomena occurring in the system is necessary so as to simulate the conducted EMI. In the purpose to improve the accuracy and the time cost of this first model, we were interested with care to a passive macromodeling algorithm allowing to obtain a fast and accurate macromodel to be estimated, what allows to make it an ideal pretender with the aim of an optimization.Then, within the framework of an optimization under constraints, we proposed an illustration of the use of the EMC model established for the studied AS. This optimization based on differential evolution will limit itself to the sizing of an EMI filter, by bringing in, on this occasion, constraints which reflect, in our case, thermal losses.

The purpose of this research is to create a solid framework for embedded system design with field-programmable analog arrays (FPAAs). To achieve this goal, we've created a unified approach to the three phases of FPAA system design: (1) the hardware architecture; (2) the circuit design and modeling; and (3) the high-level software tools. First, we describe innovations to the reconfigurable analog hardware that enable advanced signal processing and integration into embedded systems. We introduce the multiple-input translinear element (MITE) FPAA and the dynamically-reconfigurable RASP 2.9v FPAA, which was designed explicitly for interfacing with external digital systems. This compatibility creates a streamlined workflow for dropping the FPAA hardware into mixed-signal embedded systems. The second phase, algorithm analysis and modeling, is important to create a useful and reliable library of components for the system designer. We discuss the concept and procedure of analog abstraction that empowers non-circuit design engineers to take full advantage of analog techniques. We use the analog vector-matrix multiplier as an example for a detailed discussion on computational analog analysis and system mapping to the FPAA. Lastly, we describe high-level software tools, which are an absolute necessity for the design of large systems due to the size and complexity of modern FPAAs. We describe the Sim2Spice tool, which allows system designers to develop signal processing systems in the Simulink environment. The tool then compiles the system to the FPAA hardware. By coordinating the development of these three phases, we've created a solid unified framework that empowers engineers to utilize FPAAs.

Orientadores: Rodolfo Jardim de Azevedo, Guido Costa Souza de Araujo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T15:19:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Klein_FelipeVieira_D.pdf: 3206083 bytes, checksum: c061ecd0ae638bd119cadc4fdfaf309c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O crescente aumento da demanda por funcionalidades agregadas a um mesmo dispositivo, aliado a rígidas restrições de desempenho colocam a dissipação de potência como um dos requisitos mais importantes dentro do fluxo de projeto em CAD/EDA. A constante evolução da tecnologia de semicondutores das 'ultimas décadas tem garantido o aumento da complexidade dos sistemas, que demandam cada vez mais recursos computacionais. Contudo, esta crescente complexidade leva ao aumento do consumo de potência, que tem uma série de efeitos colaterais indesejados, tais como, problemas térmicos e aumento da densidade de potência, comprometendo a confiabilidade do circuito. Desta forma, 'e necessário introduzir soluções para o resfriamento do chip, aumentando seu custo final e seu time-to-market. Além disso, no que diz respeito aos dispositivos portáteis, estes têm sua autonomia reduzida devido aos elevados montantes de energia requeridos para seu funcionamento. As contribuições desta tese englobam dois temas distintos dentro do chamado low-power design. O primeiro tema aborda as técnicas de macromodelagem de potência em RTL. Inicialmente, 'e mostrado que as técnicas convencionais de modelo simples têm limitações intrínsecas que afetam a precisão de suas estimativas. Uma análise quantitativa e qualitativa 'e conduzida, apontando as limitações de diversas técnicas conhecidas, e demonstrando que o uso de uma 'única técnica pode comprometer a qualidade geral das predições. Em seguida, são propostas duas novas técnicas de macromodelagem baseadas em múltiplos modelos, a fim de explorar os pontos fortes de cada modelo individual e otimizar a qualidade das estimativas. Os resultados obtidos com a abordagem proposta revelaram melhorias significativas em relação a abordagem convencional, alcançando resultados 7 vezes superiores para os erros médios, enquanto que os erros máximos foram reduzidos em até 9 vezes. O segundo tema aborda uma 'área que vem recebendo muita atenção com a chegada da era multi-core: o paradigma de programação concorrente conhecido como memória transacional, cujo intuito 'e tornar a tarefa de criar software concorrente mais simples. Embora esta seja uma 'área muito ativa, os pesquisadores têm quase que invariavelmente se concentrado no desempenho das aplicações, negligenciando métricas tais como energia e potência. Este trabalho apresenta uma análise pormenorizada do consumo de energia de uma implementação estado-da-arte de STM (Software Transactional Memory), sendo a primeira do gênero neste contexto. Além disso, uma nova estratégia de gerenciamento de contenção baseada em DVFS (Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling) é proposta, com o intuito de reduzir o consumo de energia de aplicações exibindo alta contenção no barramento / Abstract: The growing demand for features to be included into electronic devices, along with tight performance constraints, make power consumption one of the most important design constraints in the CAD/EDA design flow. The constant evolution of the semiconductor technology, observed in the last decades, has considerably increased the complexity of today's systems, which demand exorbitant computational resources. Unfortunately, the growing complexity leads to a higher power consumption which, in turn, has a number of undesired side effects, such as thermal issues and increased power density, thus compromising the overall circuit reliability. Hence, elaborated cooling solutions are required, increasing its final cost and compromising its time-to-market. Moreover, the large amounts of energy needed by portable devices substantially reduce their battery lifetime. The contributions of this thesis encompass two distinct topics within the so-called low-power design. The first one is related to RTL power macromodeling techniques. It is shown that conventional single-model techniques have intrinsic limitations that affect their accuracy. Then, a quantitative and qualitative analysis is conducted, pinpointing the limitations of several well-known techniques, followed by a demonstration that the adoption of a single technique may compromise the overall quality of the estimates. Subsequently, two novel multi-model power macromodeling techniques are proposed, which exploit the strengths of each single-model technique in order to optimize the accuracy of power estimation. The obtained results revealed substantial improvements in accuracy, which becomes 7 times better for the average errors, while the overall maximum estimation error is divided by 9. The second part of this thesis is related to a topic which is gaining much attention recently in the multi-core era: the concurrent programming paradigm widely known as transactional memory, which aims at making the task of creating concurrent software simpler. Although this is a rather active area, researchers have invariably focused on performance, leaving other metrics such as power and energy unattended. This work presents a detailed power analysis of a state-of-the-art STM (Software Transactional Memory) implementation, being the first one in this context. Moreover, a novel DVFS-based (Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling) contention management strategy is proposed, which reduces the energy consumption by exploiting the slack available in applications displaying high bus contention / Doutorado / Sistemas de Computação / Doutor em Ciência da Computação