Submitted by Daniella Santos (daniella.santos@ufma.br) on 2017-08-24T11:09:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SinaraGomes.pdf: 1540559 bytes, checksum: c430797adc0d8dbb96a1be59cb7a4e6d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-24T11:09:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SinaraGomes.pdf: 1540559 bytes, checksum: c430797adc0d8dbb96a1be59cb7a4e6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-02 / BACKGROUND: Adolescence is a phase of nutritional risk, in which nutritional deficiencies and excesses can negatively affect the current and future health of this population. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to analyze food consumption in adolescents aged 15 to 18 years. METHODS: A cross - sectional study with a probabilistic sample of 378 adolescents enrolled in public schools in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. The food consumption was evaluated by two 24-hour Reminder Inquiries. Consumption of energy, macronutrients, fibers and micronutrients were compared to the values recommended by the Dietary Reference Intakes, according to age and sex. Nutrient intakes were corrected with the removal of dietary variability. RESULTS: It was verified that most of the adolescents had adequate consu mption of carbohydrates and proteins. Energy consumption was statistically significant between the sexes, with insufficient prevalence in boys and higher higher consumption among girls (p <0.001). Among the macronutrients, the lipids presented greater inadequate consumption, especially of saturated fats, which had a higher percentage of excessive consumption. Consumption of calcium, potassium, vitamins A, C and E and fiber did not reach recommendations in both sexes. Sodium intake was excessive in 60.8% mal e adolescents and 42.4% in female adolescents. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the diet of adolescents remains deficient in vitamins and minerals and nutritional excesses, especially saturated fats and sodium, which can put this population at risk for the development of diseases. Intervention measures are necessary to reverse this framework, as well as research that analyzes their short-, medium- and long-term impacts. / INTRODUÇÃO: A adolescência constitui uma fase de risco nutricional, em que carências e excessos nutricionais podem afetar de maneira negativa a saúde atual e futura dessa população. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o consumo alimentar em adolescentes de 15 a 18 anos de idade. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com amostra probabilística de 378 adolescentes matriculados em escolas públicas de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por dois Inquéritos Recordatórios de 24 horas. O consumo de energia, macronutrientes, fibras e micronutrientes foram comparados aos valores preconizados pela Dietary Reference Intakes, segundo idade e sexo. A ingestão dos nutrientes foi corrigida com a remoção da variabilidade da dieta. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se a ingestão inadequada de gorduras, sobretudo das saturadas, que tiveram uma considerável proporção de adolescentes com consumo excessivo. O consumo de energia foi estatisticamente significante entre os sexos, sendo o insuficiente prevalente nos meninos e o consumo elevado maior entre a s meninas (p<0,001). O consumo do cálcio, potássio, vitaminas A, C e E e fibra não atingiram às recomendações em ambos os sexos. O consumo do sódio foi excessivo em 60,8% dos adolescentes e de 42,4% nas adolescentes. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que a dieta dos adolescentes apresenta carências de vitaminas e minerais e excessos nutricionais, rincipalmente de gorduras saturadas e sódio, que podem colocar essa população em risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças. Medidas de intervenção são necessárias para reverter esse quadro, além de pesquisas que analisem os seus impactos a curto, médio e longo prazo.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-04-10T19:12:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Ester Bullich Villa.pdf: 1339190 bytes, checksum: 6f9ec34676541f17106e4b9f7423e719 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-10T19:12:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Ester Bullich Villa.pdf: 1339190 bytes, checksum: 6f9ec34676541f17106e4b9f7423e719 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-14 / CAPES / Planting spacing in mixed stands interferes in the competition for environment elements, in the control of unwanted species and in forest succession facilitation. Therefore among other variables, it will affect species growth, as well as vegetation nutrients cycling and consequently litter deposition. On a restoration planting, in Serop?dica (RJ), were employed different spacing, 1 m x 1 m; 1.5 m x 1.5 m; 2 m x 2 m and 3 m x 2 m, and six species were studied as to its growth during six years after planting. The variables evaluated were total height (m) and diameter at ground level (DGL), in order to and canopy area, those were used to compare average growth in two periods, the third and sixth year after plantation. The species behaviors in all characteristics were different, at three and six years old, where, 1 m x 1 m spacing provided smaller values. Deciduous material was studied during two years. In 1 m x 1 m spacing was observed the largest litter deposition, and no differences between the units of the other spacing. The fraction leaves showed in all spacing greater supply (77%). Upper litter intakes and leaf fraction were observed in the dry season (March to September) in the 1 m x 1 m spacing, being the average value contributed of litter, in the range of two years, equal to 7.48 Mg.ha-1.year-1. The material contributed in the dry season, after four years of planting, showed that the amount of macronutrients (g.kg-1) N, K and Mg were little influenced by the spacing. The highest nutrient content was observed in 1 m x 1 m spacing. In General, it was found the following order as the nutrient content of litter, N > Ca > K > Mg > P. The species were assessed of macronutrient quantity in the compartments of biomass. With regard to the presence of macronutrients quantity (N; P; K; Ca; Mg) at compartments noteworthy are at leaves (2.41; 0.21; 1.29; 1.12; 0.41 g nutrient.kg sample); secondly bark; thirdly branches; fourthly root and fifth wood. It is concluded that there are differences in nutrient quantity of biomass among the six species studied, being more demanding Chorisia speciosa on nutrients, and Schinus terebinthifolius and Schizolobium parahyb less demanding. Also that the nutrient quantity followed the order leaf > bark > branch > root > wood. The macronutrient content presented the order N > K > Ca > Mg > P. / O espa?amento de plantio nos povoamentos mistos interfere nas rela??es de competi??o pelos recursos do ambiente, no controle de esp?cies indesejadas e na facilita??o da sucess?o florestal. Portanto, entre outras vari?veis, afetar? o crescimento das esp?cies, al?m da ciclagem de nutrientes na vegeta??o e consequentemente a deposi??o de serapilheira. Num plantio de restaura??o florestal, em Serop?dica, RJ foram empregados os espa?amentos 1 m x 1 m; 1,5 m x 1,5 m; 2 m x 2 m e 3 m x 2 m e seis esp?cies foram estudadas quanto ao seu crescimento durante seis anos ap?s plantio. As caracter?sticas avaliadas foram altura total (m) e di?metro ao n?vel do solo (DNS) e a ?rea de copa, visando comparar o crescimento das plantas, aos tr?s e seis anos de idade. O comportamento das esp?cies nas tr?s caracter?sticas foram diferentes, aos tr?s e seis anos, onde em geral, o espa?amento 1 m x 1m forneceu menores valores. Nos espa?amentos o aporte de material dec?duo foi estudado durante dois anos. No espa?amento 1 m x 1 m foi observada a maior deposi??o de serapilheira, n?o havendo diferen?as entre as unidades dos demais espa?amentos. A fra??o folha mostrou, em todos os espa?amentos, maior aporte de serapilheira (77%). Maiores valores de aporte de serapilheira e da fra??o folha foram observados na ?poca da seca (mar?o a setembro) no espa?amento 1 m x 1 m, sendo o valor m?dio aportado no intervalo de dois anos, igual a 7,48 Mg ha-1 . ano-1. No material aportado na ?poca da seca, ap?s quatro anos de plantio, verificaram-se os maiores teores de nutrientes N, K e Mg, sendo esse padr?o pouco influenciado pelo espa?amento. O maior conte?do de nutrientes foi observado no espa?amento 1 m x 1 m. Em geral, constatou-se a seguinte ordem quanto o conte?do de nutrientes da serapilheira, N > Ca > K > Mg > P. As esp?cies foram avaliadas quanto ao teor de macronutrientes nos compartimentos da biomassa arb?rea. Quanto aos teores dos macronutrientes por compartimentos cabe destacar os valores da fra??o foliar (24,1; 2,1; 12,9; 11,2; 4,1 g nutriente.kg-1amostra); em segundo lugar a casca; galho em terceiro lugar; em quarto lugar a raiz e em quinto a madeira. Conclui-se que existem diferen?as no teor de nutrientes da biomassa entre as seis esp?cies estudadas, sendo a paineira a mais exigente em nutrientes, e aroeira e guapuruvu, as menos exigentes. Tamb?m que o teor de nutrientes, nos compartimentos, seguiu a ordem folha > casca > galho > raiz > madeira. O teor de macronutrientes apresentou a ordem N > K > Ca > Mg > P.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia_Andrea_Bertuol_Montovani.pdf: 588148 bytes, checksum: 1d527a0ef4bd43fa6ffe150696048ffb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / It has been increasingly encouraging technologies to promote increased agricultural productivity without serious environmental damage. Some researchers have considered the application of sewage sludge in agriculture as a sustainable alternative to recycling. While discussions on the disposal of biosolids, the effects on the environment and public health have been increasing in the international arena. There are few studies that to cover these aspects in tropical soils. The objective of this work was to determine the phytoavailability of heavy metals in corn treated with different doses (0, 10, 20, 40 and 60 t ha-1) of sludge, grown in two soils of different textures, LVd and LVe, witch or without NPK. The design was completely randomized in 5x2x2 factorial arrangement with four replications, totaling 80 units well experimental. We evaluated the chemical properties of soil, the chlorophyll, heavy metals, macronutrients content in plant tissue from corn, and biometrics variables of maize plants. All dates obtained experimentally in maize plant tissue were subjected to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. The results showed that the application of biosolids did not provide phytotoxic levels of heavy metals in the plant, however, did not show potential replacement conventional NPK fertilizer. It was observed that the plants had higher income in the medium soil, expected behavior under conditions where the experiment took place, where nutrients are not suffering, and percolation are more available to the plant / Tem sido cada vez maior o incentivo a tecnologias que visem promover o aumento da produtividade agrícola sem causar graves danos ambientais. Alguns pesquisadores tem considerado a aplicação de biossólido na agricultura como uma alternativa de reciclagem sustentável. Ao passo que discussões sobre a disposição de biossólidos, os efeitos sobre o ambiente e saúde pública vêm se destacando no cenário internacional. Poucos são os estudos que abrangem estes aspectos nos solos tropicais. Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar a fitodisponibilidade de metais pesados em milho tratados com diferentes doses de biossólido (0, 10, 20, 40 e 60 t ha-1), cultivado em dois solos de diferentes texturas, LVd e LVe, acrescidos ou não com NPK. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualisado (DIC) em esquema fatorial 5x2x2, com quatro repetições, totalizando 80 unidades experimenais. Foram avaliados atributos químicos do solo, os teores de clorofila, de metais pesados e macronutrientes no tecido vegetal do milho, bem como as variáveis biométricas das plantas de milho. Todos os dados obtidos experimentalmente do tecido vegetal do milho foram submetidos a análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Verificou-se que a aplicação de biossólido não proporcionou teores fitotóxicos de metais pesados na planta, no entanto, também não apresentou potencial de substituição da adubação convencional NPK. Observou-se que as plantas apresentaram acúmulo de matéria seca maior no solo de textura média, comportamento esperado nas condições em que se realizou o experimento, onde os nutrientes não sofrem percolação e estão mais disponíveis para a planta

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:40:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jucenei_Fernando_Frandoloso.pdf: 2058559 bytes, checksum: c7eb1f67e2acec95f16251b8a8f7bb00 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of the study was to evaluate the growth, the gait of absorption and accumulation of nutrients and the crop yield of jatropha in the western region of Paraná. For production of seedlings we used seeds coming from Dourados - MS, planting a seed in each tub of 120 cm3 of substrate. The time of formation of the seedlings was 60 days after sowing. The field experiment was carried out in the period of December 2009 to December 2011, in spaced of 3 x 2 , in an Oxisol dystrophic anagen bulbs (O D A) at the experimental station of Pato Bragado PR, belonging to the core of experimental stations of the State University of Paraná, under the geographical coordinates 24 39 43 S e 54 15 53 W and altitude of 247 meters. During the experimental conduction the fertilization of coverage with 40 kg ha -1 of N and 40 kg ha -1 of K 2 O annually. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with four replicates, and it used a plant of each block every 90, 180, 270, 360, 450, 540, 630 and 72 days after transplanting (DAT) which after the measures that were not destroyed were cut close to the soil and separated in leafs, stems, petioles and flower and fruit, and put up for drying. The assessments of the growth of the plants consisted of the measure of the height of the plant, the stem diameter number of leafs, area of the cup, mass of dry leaves, petiole, branches and fruits, when present, determination of leaf area LA, rate of absolute and relative growth (RAG and RRG), reason of leaf area (RLA), reason weight of leaf (RWL), and leaf area index (LAI). For the chemical analysis of nutrients, representative samples of the different components of the plant were passed in mill type Willye and stored for future determination of mineral elements. For determination of the total quantity of nutrients accumulated in each part of the plant the concentration of each nutrient was multiplied by the mass of the dry material of the said component in each time of sampling. The monitoring of fruit production, was performed in additional area, in 32 selected plants. The analysis data of growth, of dry material, concentration and accumulation of nutrients in each component were submitted to statistical analysis using the program Sigmaplot12. The cultivation of jatropha presents linear growth in height and diameter of the base in the early years of cultivation. The jatropha curcas has a period of vegetative rest well defined, and it is in the months of March to September; the greatest mass of dry leaves, mass of petiole and the highest number of leaves occur in the month of December of each year along with the largest leaf area with increments of more than 100% in this parameter from one year to another, the absolute growth rate (and the leaf area index (LAI) exhibit higher values at the end of each year, the relative growth rate, ratio of leaf area and the reason weight of leaves have higher values at the beginning of each year; the production of jatropha shows values of 93 g per plant at 18 months of age, with harvest period in the months of January to July in the region. The total accumulation of macronutrients followed the following descending order K, Ca,N,Mg,P,S. The macronutrients P, K, and Mg present redistribution to the stem in the period of leaf senescence. In the fruits (seed + shell) the order of accumulation was N,K,Ca, P, Mg, S. The total accumulation of micronutrients obeyed the following order: Mn, Fe, Zn, B, Cu, Mo and in ripe fruits the order was: Fe, Mn, B, Zn, Cu, Mo. The micronutrients Cu, Zn and Fe present redistribution to the stem in the period of leaf senescence. The export of macronutrients by fruits is high, and is needed 199,69 and 306 kg ha-1, of N, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O, respectively for the production of 4000 g/plant in a population of 1667 plants ha-1. The recommendations for fertilization of coverage in the western region of Paraná must be carried out in the period from September to march, depending on the water regime it is suggested to use formulated with the relationship N:P 2 O 5 , K 2 O of 2,88:1,0:4,4. / O objetivo do trabalho foi de avaliar o crescimento, a marcha de absorção e acúmulo de nutrientes e a produtividade da cultura do pinhão manso na região oeste do Paraná. Para produção das mudas utilizou-se sementes procedentes de Dourados-MS sendo plantada uma semente por tubete de 120 cm 3 de substrato. O tempo de formação das mudas foi de 60 dias após semeadura. O experimento foi conduzido a campo no período de dezembro de 2009 a dezembro 2011, em espaçamento 3 x 2 m, em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (LVd) na Estação Experimental de Pato Bragado-PR, pertencente ao Núcleo de Estações Experimentais da Universidade Estadual do Paraná, sob as coordenadas geográficas 24°39 43 S e 54°15 53 W, e altitude de 247 m. Durante a condução do experimento foi realizada adubação de cobertura com 40 kg ha -1 de N e 40 kg ha -1 de K 2 O anualmente. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos com quatro repetições, sendo utilizada uma planta de cada bloco aos 90, 180, 270, 360, 450, 540, 630 e 720 dias após o transplantio (DAT), as quais após as medidas não destrutivas foram cortadas rente ao solo e separadas em folhas, caule, pecíolos e inflorescência e frutos, e postas para secar. As avaliações do crescimento das plantas consistiram da medida da altura de planta, diâmetro de caule, número de folhas, área da copa, massa de matéria seca de folhas, pecíolo, ramos e frutos, quando presentes, determinação da área foliar (AF), taxa de crescimento absoluto e relativo (TCA e TCR), razão de área foliar (RAF), razão peso de folha (RPF) e índice de área foliar (IAF). Para a análise química dos nutrientes, amostras representativas dos diferentes órgãos da planta foram passadas em moinho tipo Willye e armazenadas para futura determinação dos elementos minerais. Para determinação da quantidade total de nutrientes acumulados em cada parte da planta, a concentração de cada nutriente foi multiplicada pela massa da matéria seca do referido órgão, em cada época de amostragem. O acompanhamento da produção de frutos foi realizado em área adicional, em 32 plantas selecionadas. A cultura do pinhão manso apresenta crescimento linear em altura e diâmetro da base nos primeiros anos de cultivo. O pinhão manso apresentou um período de repouso vegetativo bem definido, sendo este nos meses de março a setembro; a maior massa de matéria seca de folhas, massa de pecíolo e o maior número de folhas ocorrem no mês de dezembro de cada ano juntamente com a maior área foliar com incremento de mais de 100% neste parâmetro de um ano a outro; a taxa de crescimento absoluto (TCA) e o índice de área foliar apresentam maiores valores no final de cada ano, já a taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR), a razão de área foliar (RAF) e a razão peso de folhas apresentam maiores valores no início de cada ano; a produção do pinhão manso apresenta valores de 93 g por planta aos 18 meses de idade, com período de colheita nos meses de janeiro a julho na região. O acúmulo total de macronutrientes obedeceu a seguinte ordem decrescente: K>Ca>N>Mg>P>S, mesma ordem apresentada pelo caule, órgão este responsável pelo maior acúmulo de nutrientes. Os macronutrientes P, K e Mg apresentam redistribuição para o caule no período de senescência foliar. Nas sementes maduras a ordem de acúmulo de nutrientes encontrada foi: N>Ca>K>Mg>P>S, e no fruto inteiro foi: N>K>Ca>P>Mg>S. O acúmulo total de micronutrientes obedeceu a seguinte ordem: Mn>Fe>Zn>B>Cu>Mo, e em frutos maduros a ordem foi: Fe>Mn>B>Zn>Cu>Mo. Os micronutrientes Cu, Zn e Fe apresentam redistribuição para o caule no período de senescência foliar. A exportação de macronutrientes pelos frutos é elevada, sendo necessários 199, 69, e 306 kg ha -1 de N, P 2 O 5 e K 2 O, respectivamente para produção de 4000 g/planta em uma população de 1667 plantas ha -1. As recomendações de adubações de cobertura na região oeste do Paraná devem ser realizadas no período de setembro a março, dependendo do regime hídrico, sugerindo-se utilizar formulados com a relação N:P 2 O 5 :K 2 O de 2,88:1,0:4,4.

Esta tese aborda um tema pouco explorado na literatura: ansiedade, consumo alimentar e o estado nutricional de adolescentes. O objetivo foi estudar a relação entre ansiedade e consumo alimentar e seu impacto no estado nutricional em adolescentes escolares. Realizou-se um estudo transversal com adolescentes escolares de 10 a 19 anos que apresentaram triagem positiva para ansiedade, de acordo com a escala de autorrelato para transtornos relacionados à ansiedade na infância (SCARED-C), bem como uma amostra de controles sem transtornos de ansiedade. Na avaliação do consumo de energia e macronutrientes, utilizou-se o questionário de frequência alimentar para adolescentes (QFAA). A avaliação nutricional consistia em avaliação antropométrica e medida de bioimpedância elétrica (BIA), avaliação dos caracteres sexuais secundários e atividade física habitual. O teste qui-quadrado avaliou a associação entre variáveis categóricas e ansiedade ou gênero, e o teste t de Student ou ANOVA, a associação entre variáveis categóricas e o consumo de energia e macronutrientes. Para avaliar a relação entre o consumo, a ansiedade e as características biológicas, comportamentais e sociais, realizou-se análise de regressão, utilizando o método de Equações de Estimação Generalizadas (GEE). Foram avaliados 706 adolescentes com média de idade 13,9±2,4 anos. Desses, 149 (21,1%) apresentaram sobrepeso e 92 (13,0%), obesidade. A composição corporal revelou excesso de gordura em 235 (33,3%), acúmulo de gordura abdominal em 157 (22,2%) e, quanto ao nível de atividade física, 429 (60,8%) eram inativos, sendo que as meninas apresentam maior prevalência do que os meninos (p < 0,001). Na análise não ajustada, os ansiosos apresentaram, em média, maior consumo diário de energia total e carboidrato quando comparados aos não ansiosos (p = 0,039 e p = 0,037, respectivamente), quanto à proteína e à gordura, não apresentaram associação. Após ajuste de coeficientes, o efeito da energia persistiu, demonstrando que ser ansioso implica num consumo diário adicional de 246,5 kcal. Para o consumo de carboidratos com o ajuste pelas calorias totais, esse efeito desaparece. Não se observou relação entre a ansiedade e o estado nutricional e seus determinantes. Concluindo, evidenciou-se que, entre os adolescentes que apresentaram ansiedade, a ingestão de energia total foi superior àqueles não ansiosos, embora exista consumo proporcional de macronutrientes. Neste estudo, ao contrário de alguns achados da literatura, a ansiedade não teve relação com o sobrepeso e a obesidade. / The association between anxiety, food consumption and the nutritional status of adolescents has not been fully explored in the literature. This cross-sectional study evaluated this association in a group of adolescent students aged 10 to 19 years who had positive results for anxiety in a self-report questionnaire for anxiety disorders in childhood (SCARED-C), as well as in a control group of adolescents with no anxiety disorders. A food frequency questionnaire for adolescents (QFAA) was used to evaluate energy and macronutrient intakes. Nutritional status was assessed according to anthropometric parameters, electrical bioimpedance (BIA) measurements, secondary sexual characteristics and habitual physical activities. A chi-square test was used to evaluate the association between the categorical variables and anxiety or sex, and the Student t test or ANOVA, for the association between categorical variables and calorie and macronutrient intake. Regression analysis with generalized estimating equations (GEE) was used to evaluate the association between intake, anxiety and biological, behavioral and social characteristics. Mean age of the 706 adolescents evaluated was 13.9±2.4 years; 149 (21.1%) were overweight, and 92 (13.0%) were obese. The analysis of body composition revealed that 235 (33.3%) had excessive fat, and 157 (22.2%), excessive abdominal fat. The analysis of physical activity revealed that 429 (60.8%) were inactive, and the prevalence was greater for girls than for boys (p < 0.001). In the nonadjusted analysis, adolescents with anxiety had a greater mean total daily calorie and carbohydrate intake than adolescents without anxiety (p = 0.039 and p = 0.037); protein and fat were not significantly associated. After coefficient adjustments, the effect of calorie intake remained significant, which indicated that being anxious led to an additional daily consumption of 246.5 kcal. For the consumption of carbohydrates, this effect disappeared after the adjustment to total calories. There were no associations between anxiety and the nutritional status or its determinant factors. In conclusion, we found that, among adolescents with anxiety, total caloric intake was greater than for adolescents without anxiety, although macronutrient intake was not significantly different. In this study, contrary to several findings reported in the literature, anxiety was not associated with overweight or obesity.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-08-21T19:46:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Carla Andreia da Cunha Martins.pdf: 6594844 bytes, checksum: 336fdb999764e447e38cb6a0c803c837 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T19:46:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Carla Andreia da Cunha Martins.pdf: 6594844 bytes, checksum: 336fdb999764e447e38cb6a0c803c837 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-28 / CNPq / Population in general is getting more interested in consuming healthy food. Alternative eco-agricultural cropping practices are being emphasized, thanks to the benefits to sustainable agricultural and environment systems. Management of organic and mineral fertilizers, in search of nutrient efficiency, is directly related to environmental, social and economical issues. As plants become more efficient to absorb nutrients, the farmer can count on better products quality and, consequently, to better economic results. The experiments described in the chapters one and two of this study were conducted, respectively, in Fazenda C?rrego Frio and in Fazenda Santo Ant?nio de Estrela, both in Nova Friburgo municipality, Rio de Janeiro State. The first one was accomplished in partnership with Pesagro-Nova Friburgo, and it aimed to evaluate the production of the arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft) plant associated with covering plants. The experimental design was of random blocks with four repetitions, and four management treatments: conventional (control), spontaneous vegetation, black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb), and consortium black oats + Villosa villosa. The arracacha variety tested in both studies was the ?Amarela de Caranda?? (AC). The results showed that in the treatments with oats and oat + Villosa villosa, the accumulation of dry mass in the plant and their parts was smallest. The production of commercial roots was higher at 12 months after the planting (MAP) for the conventional and spontaneous vegetation treatments. The second experiment aimed to evaluate the yield of the arracacha crop submitted to increasing doses of phosphorus, with two sources of the fertilizer. The experimental design was of randomly blocks with 4 repetitions and 12 treatments, that consisted of 2 phosphorous sources (simple super phosphate and rock phosphate), and 6 phosphorous doses (0 - without phosphorus - control), 40, 80, 120, 240 and 480 kg P2O5 ha-1). The largest production of total and commercial roots was verified in the treatments with rock phosphate as source of P. The highest total levels of sulfur in the plants were found in the treatments with simple super phosphate. Concerning the accumulation of total nutrients, it was observed a similarity between the two sources of phosphorous. A third experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, located in Serop?dica municipality - RJ. The experimental design was of randomly blocks with four repetitions and six treatments. The treatments consisted of increasing doses of gypsum (CaSO4H2O) as following: 12.5; 25; 50; 100; 200 kg ha-1 of S and a control without gypsum. The soil material was sampled from an Udult soil and the cultivated variety was ?Amarela de Senador Amaral? (ASA). The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of the sulphur addition in the crop yield. There were determinate: plant dry matter weight; and the levels of N, P, K and S in the plant tissue. The highest doses of S increased the dry matter accumulated in leaves + petioles. Concerning the sulfur accumulation, it was dose dependent for the three parts of the arracacha plant. Despite the conditions in which this research was conducted (greenhouse), it was possible to conclude preliminarily that the ASA is responsive to sulphur fertilization. / O interesse pelo consumo de alimentos saud?veis vem despertando maior aten??o da popula??o. Pr?ticas altenativas de cultivo visando ? agricultura agroecol?gica v?m se destacando em fun??o da sustentabilidade dos sistemas agr?colas e ambientais. O manejo dos fertilizantes org?nicos e minerais buscando a efici?ncia de uso de nutrientes est? diretamente relacionado a quest?es de import?ncia social, econ?mica e ambiental. O melhor aproveitamento dos nutrientes pelas plantas, consequentemente, levar? a uma melhor qualidade da produ??o agr?cola e uma maior rentabilidade para o produtor rural. Os experimentos referentes aos cap?tulos um e dois foram instalados na Fazenda C?rrego Frio e na Fazenda Santo Ant?nio de Estrela, em Nova Friburgo ? RJ. O primeiro trabalho em parceria com a Pesagro-Nova Friburgo, objetivou o estudo da produ??o da mandioquinha-salsa (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft) consorciada com plantas de cobertura. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repeti??es e quatro tratamentos de manejo: convencional (testemunha), vegeta??o espont?nea, aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schreb) e cons?rcio aveia-preta+ervilhaca (Vicia villosa). A variedade usada foi Amarela de Caranda? (AC). Os resultados mostraram que os ac?mulos de massa seca na planta e nas suas partes foram menores nos tratamentos com aveia e aveia + ervilhaca. A produ??o de ra?zes comerciais foi maior aos 12 meses ap?s plantio (MAP) para o tratamento convencional e vegeta??o espont?nea. O ac?mulo de nutrientes de modo geral foi maior nos tratamentos convencional e vegeta??o espont?nea aos 12 MAP. O segundo experimento objetivou avaliar a resposta da mandioquinha-salsa a doses crescentes de f?sforo, com duas fontes do fertilizante fosfatado. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com 4 repeti??es e 12 tratamentos, os tratamentos constaram de 2 fontes de f?sforo (superfosfato simples, SS; e fosfato de rocha, FR) e 6 doses de f?sforo (40, 80, 120, 240 e 480 kg P2O5 ha-1) e uma testemunha. A variedade usada foi AC. A maior produ??o de ra?zes totais e ra?zes comerciais foi verificada nos tratamentos com a fonte de P, FR. Os maiores teores totais de enxofre nas plantas foram encontrados nos tratamentos com SS. No ac?mulo de nutrientes totais observou-se semelhan?a nas respostas das duas fontes de f?sforo estudadas. Um terceiro estudo foi realizado em casa-de-vegeta??o no Departamento de Solos-IA da UFRRJ, em Serop?dica ? RJ. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repeti??es e seis tratamentos. Os tratamentos constaram de doses de gesso (CaSO4.H2O) a seguir: 12,5; 25; 50; 100; 200 kg ha-1 de S e, uma testemunha. O material de solo usado foi de um Argissolo Amarelo e a variedade cultivada foi a Amarela de Senador Amaral (ASA). O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a resposta da mandioquinha-salsa ? aduba??o sulfatada. As determina??es foram: peso de mat?ria seca da planta e teores de N, P, K e S no tecido vegetal. O ac?mulo de mat?ria seca de folhas + pec?olos aumentou em fun??o das doses crescentes de enxofre. Quanto ao ac?mulo de enxofre houve resposta em fun??o das doses nas tr?s partes da planta de mandioquinha-salsa. Em uma conclus?o pr?via, por ser o trabalho conduzido em casa-de-vegeta??o, a ASA responde ? aduba??o sulfatada.

Addressing malnutrition (in all its forms) whilst developing a global food system compatible with environmental sustainability remains one of the most pressing challenges of the 21st century. The current framing of our food systems fails to fully capture the inequities in production, distribution, efficiency and sufficiency of all components necessary to end malnutrition. This research presents a holistic, scalable and replicable framework to model food system pathways (across all essential nutritional components, including macronutrients, micronutrients and amino acids), providing quantification of production, losses, allocation and conversions at all stages of the value chain. Furthermore, this framework attempts to translate current food metrics-often presented in tonnage or absolute terms-into daily per capita figures to provide important context for how this translates into food security and nutrition. This framework can be applied at global, regional and national levels. Here, this model is first presented at a global level and then focuses on India as a national-level example. Results highlight that, at a global level, we produce the equivalent of 5800 kilocalories and 170 grams of protein per person per day through crops alone. However, major system inefficiencies mean that less than half of crop calories and protein are delivered (or converted) for final food supply. Pathway inefficiencies are even more acute for micronutrients; more than 60% of all essential micronutrients assessed in this study are lost between production and consumer-available phases of the food supply system. Globally we find very large inequalities in per capita levels of food production, ranging from 19,000 kilocalories (729 grams of protein) per person per day in North America to 3300 kilocalories (80 grams of protein) in Africa. Large variations are also seen in terms of food system efficiency, ranging from 15-20% in North America to 80-90% in Africa. Understanding regional inefficiencies, inequalities and trade imbalances will be crucial to meet the needs of a growing global population. This case is exemplified in India-specific framework results. India's domestic production capacity would result in severe malnutrition across a large proportion (>60%) of the population (even under ambitious yield and waste reduction scenarios) in 2030/50. This shortfall will have to be addressed through optimised intervention and trade developments. This work also explores a number of solutions which couple improved nutritional outcomes with sustainability. Analyses of global and national nutritional guidelines conclude that most are incompatible with climate targets; the recommended USA or Australian diet provides minimal emissions savings relative to the business-as-usual diet in 2050. Low-cost, high-quality protein will remain a crucial element in developing an effective and sustainable food system. This research explores the potential of two sources. Results find that meat substitute products have significant health and emission benefits, but are strongly sensitive to both price and consumer acceptability. The environmental impact of aquaculture is strongly species-dependent. This study provides the first quantification of global greenhouse gas emissions from aquaculture, estimated to be 227±61 MtCO2e (approximately 3-4% of total livestock emissions). This is projected to increase to 365±99MtCO2e by 2030.

Incorporating the best findings from current, high-quality research into routine clinical practice is the basis of evidence-based care. Chapter 1: "Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in Evidence-Based Care" is a review of the systematic review process, including meta-analysis, aimed at clinical professionals with limited statistical training. It advocates the use of the systematic review process, outlines some general techniques, and provides selected resources where individuals can acquire additional assistance. The typical steps involved include: formulating a clear research question, defining inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracting the data and assessing the study quality, summarizing and synthesizing the evidence, and then interpreting the findings. When effort is made to minimize bias and locate as many articles on a particular topic as possible, systematic reviews and meta-analyses can produce invaluable findings for evidence-based care. Chapter 2: "The Effect of Macronutrient Distribution on the Lipid Profile in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" describes a systematic review and meta-analysis that examined the impact total macronutrients had on blood lipid levels. This chapter builds upon the concepts introduced in chapter one, and assesses the effect of manipulating macronutrient distribution on the lipid profile of adults, and compares these effects to recommendations regarding macronutrients, such as the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs). Suggestions related to improving the quality of meta-analyses are also outlined, and supplemental analyses are provided at the end of the dissertation.

Submitted by Rodolfo de Niro Gazola null (rngazola@gmail.com) on 2018-01-17T15:00:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 gazola_rn_dr_ilha.pdf: 2617484 bytes, checksum: d2a2e8e5c35719fb2f8767697f233618 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-01-17T15:45:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gazola_rn_dr_ilha.pdf: 2617484 bytes, checksum: d2a2e8e5c35719fb2f8767697f233618 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-17T15:45:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gazola_rn_dr_ilha.pdf: 2617484 bytes, checksum: d2a2e8e5c35719fb2f8767697f233618 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / As áreas de cultivo do eucalipto têm ocupado novas regiões do Brasil, sendo que o estado do Mato Grosso do Sul lidera esta expansão. Nessas novas áreas, a condição edafoclimática é um fator limitante ao desenvolvimento dessa cultura, pois os solos do bioma Cerrado apresentam baixa fertilidade natural, com pouca disponibilidade de fósforo (P) e potássio (K), e baixo teor de matéria orgânica (M.O.), além disso, o clima é caracterizado pela presença de déficit hídrico acentuado e frequente. Portanto, a carência de nutrientes no solo aliado às condições climáticas influenciam no desenvolvimento da cultura. Neste contexto, objetivou-se avaliar a adubação nitrogenada, fosfatada e potássica dado à importância desses nutrientes na cultura do eucalipto, e a suas limitações no solo em estudo. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Renascença, fundo agrícola administrado pela Cargill Agrícola S/A, localizado no município de Três Lagoas/MS, de setembro de 2011 a julho de 2017, em um NEOSSOLO QUARTZARÊNICO Órtico. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de doses de nitrogênio (N) (0, 70, 105 e 140 kg ha-1), de P (0, 40, 70 e 100 kg ha-1 de P2O5) e de K (0, 90, 135 e 180 kg ha-1 de K2O). Cada parcela foi composta por 56 plantas, distribuídas em sete linhas de oito plantas cada, totalizando 420 m2. Nas linhas de plantio, as mudas do clone I144 (Eucalyptus urophylla) foram espaçadas em 2,5 m e nas entrelinhas em 3,0 m. Foram avaliados: a produtividade de madeira; as concentrações de nutrientes nas folhas; a produtividade de folhedos, as concentrações e a transferência de nutrientes de folhedos; a disponibilidade dos macronutrientes no solo; o balanço dos nutrientes nas folhas e no solo (relação log isométrica); a produção, concentrações de nutrientes e seu acúmulo na biomassa e a eficiência no uso dos nutrientes. A adubação nitrogenada, fosfatada e potássica aumentaram a produção de biomassa, volume de madeira e estoque de nutrientes na biomassa. As doses de N influenciaram nas concentrações de N na folha e no folhedo, nos balanços foliares de [N | P], [K | Ca, Mg] e [Ca | Mg] e na ciclagem de K e não interferiram na produtividade de folhedo, nos teores de P, K, Ca, Mg e S no solo e na eficiência da utilização dos nutrientes. As doses de P influenciaram positivamente na transferência de P e K para solo, no balanço foliares de [N | P], nos teores de P solo e não interferiram na produtividade de folhedo, nos teores de K, Ca, Mg e S no solo e na eficiência da utilização dos nutrientes. As doses de K influenciaram positivamente nas concentrações de K e negativamente nas de Mg na folha e no folhedo, na transferência de K e Mg para o solo, nos balanços foliares de [K | Ca, Mg] e [Ca | Mg] e do solo de [K, Ca, Mg | H+Al] e [K | Ca, Mg], na eficiência da utilização do N e não interferiram na produtividade de folhedo e nos teores de P, Ca, Mg e S no solo. / The areas of eucalyptus cultivation have occupied new regions of Brazil, being that the state of Mato Grosso do Sul leads this expansion. In these new areas, the soil and soil conditions of the Cerrado biome have low natural fertility, with low availability of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), and low organic matter (OM), in addition, the climate is characterized by the presence of accentuated and frequent water deficit. Therefore, the lack of nutrients in the soil combined with climatic conditions influence the development of the crop. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilization given to the importance of these nutrients in the eucalyptus crop and its limitations in the soil under study. The experiment was conducted at Fazenda Renascença, an agricultural fund managed by Cargill Agrícola S / A, located in the municipality of Três Lagoas / MS, from September 2011 to July 2017, in a Entisols. A randomized block design with four treatments and five replications. The treatments were composed rates of nitrogen (N) (0, 70, 105 and 140 kg ha-1), P (0, 40, 70 and 100 kg ha-1 P2O5) and K (0, 90, 135 and 180 kg ha-1 K2O). Each plot was composed of 56 plants, distributed in seven lines of eight plants each, totaling 420 m2. In the planting lines, the seedlings of clone I144 (Eucalyptus urophylla) were spaced at 2.5 m and in between lines at 3.0 m. The following were evaluated: wood productivity; nutrient concentrations in leaves; foliar productivity, nutrient concentrations and transfer of foliage; the availability of macronutrients in soil; nutrient balance in leaves and soil (isometric log ratio); production, nutrient concentrations and their accumulation in the biomass and the efficiency in the use of the nutrients. Nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilization increased biomass production, wood volume and nutrient stock in biomass. N rates influenced leaf and leaf N concentrations in leaf balances of [N | P], [K | Ca, Mg] and [Ca | Mg and K cycling and did not interfere in leaf productivity, P, K, Ca, Mg and S contents in the soil and nutrient utilization efficiency. The P rates influenced positively the transfer of P and K to soil, in the leaf balance of [N | P] levels in soil P and did not interfere with leaf productivity, soil K, Ca, Mg and S contents and nutrient utilization efficiency. The K rates influenced positively K concentrations and negatively Mg concentrations in leaf and leaf, K and Mg transfer to soil, in the leaf swings of [K | Ca, Mg] and [Ca | Mg] and the soil of [K, Ca, Mg | H + Al] and [K | Ca, Mg] in the efficiency of N utilization and did not interfere in leaf productivity and soil P, Ca, Mg and S contents. / FAPESP: 2014/02641-6

Orientador: José Anchieta Gomes Neto / Banca: Joaquim de Araújo Nobrega / Banca : Ana Rita de Araújo Nogueira / Banca : Marco Aurélio Zezzi Arruda / Banca : Cassiana Seimi Nomura / Resumo: A diagnose foliar é uma ferramenta para avaliar o estado nutricional das plantas, corrigir deficiências ou excessos de nutrientes, otimizar a produção e avaliar os requerimentos de fertilizantes. Desenvolver novas metodologias analíticas para determinações multielementares de macro (Ca, K, Mg, P e S) e micronutrientes (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo e Zn) em folhas de cana-de-açúcar e de laranjeira por espectrometria de absorção atômica com fonte contínua e de alta resolução (HR-CS FAAS) foi o objetivo deste trabalho. A determinação multielementar de Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ca, Mg e K em folhas de cana-de-açúcar por HR-CS FAAS foi feita após digestão das folhas em forno de micro-ondas. Usando linhas atômicas principais para Cu (324,754 nm), Fe (248,327 nm), Mn (279,482 nm) e Zn (213,857 nm), linhas secundárias para Ca (239,856 nm) e K (404,414 nm) e linha adjacente (202,588 nm) a linha secundária (202,582 nm) para Mg, curvas analiticas nos intervalos 0,1-0,5 mg L−1 Cu, 0,5-4,0 mg L−1 Fe, 0,5-4,0 mg L−1 Mn, 0,2-1,0 mg L−1 Zn, 10,0-100,0 mg L−1 Ca, 5,0-40,0 mg L−1 Mg e 50,0-250,0 mg L−1 K foram obtidas. A interferência espectral causada pela molécula de NO na linha principal do Zn (213,857 nm) foi removida com correção pelo algoritmo dos mínimos quadrados (LSBC). Exatidão e precisão foram avaliadas pela análise de 5 materiais de referência certificados e os resultados foram concordantes ao nível de 95% de confiança. Folhas de cana-de-açúcar foram analisadas e os resultados foram próximos dos obtidos por LS FAAS. As recuperações variaram de 84-114% para todos os analitos. Os limites de detecção foram 0,6 mg L-1 Ca, 0,4 mg L-1 Mg, 0,4 mg L-1 K, 7,7 μg L-1 Cu, 7,7 μg L-1 Fe, 1,5 μg L-1 Mn e 5,9 μg L-1 Zn. Um preparo de amostras alternativo foi proposto para determinar B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, P, S e Zn por HR-CS FAAS... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Foliar diagnosis is a tool for evaluating nutritional state of plants, correcting nutrient deficiencies or excesses, optimizing crop production and evaluating fertilizer requirements. The goal of this work was to develop new methodologies for multielement determination of macro (Ca, K, Mg, P and S) and micronutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, and Zn) in sugarcane and orange leaves by high resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS FAAS). The multielement determination of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ca, Mg and K in sugarcane leaves by HR-CS FAAS was carried out after microwave-assisted sample digestion. Using main lines for Cu (324.754 nm), Fe (248.327 nm), Mn (279.482 nm) and Zn (213.857 nm), secondary lines for Ca (239.856 nm) and K (404.414 nm), and side line (202.588 nm) at wing of secondary line (202.582 nm) for Mg, analytical curves in the 0.1-0.5 mg L−1 Cu, 0.5- 4.0 mg L−1 Fe, 0.5-4.0 mg L−1 Mn, 0.2-1.0 mg L−1 Zn, 10.0-100.0 mg L−1 Ca, 5.0-40.0 mg L−1 Mg e 50.0-250.0 mg L−1 K intervals were obtained. Spectral interference caused by NO molecule on the main line for Zn (213.857 nm) was removed with least squares background correction (LSBC). Accuracy and precision were evaluated by analysis of 5 certified reference materials and the results were in agreement at 95% confidence level. Sugarcane leaves were analyzed and the results were close to those obtained by LS FAAS. Recoveries varied from 84 to 114% for all analytes. The limits of detection were 0.6 mg L-1 Ca, 0.4 mg L-1 Mg, 0.4 mg L-1 K, 7.7 μg L-1 Cu, 7.7 μg L-1 Fe, 1.5 μg L-1 Mn and 5.9 μg L-1 Zn. An alternative sample preparation was proposed for determining B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, P, S and Zn by HR-CS FAAS. Sugarcane and orange leaves were submitted to dry ashing and solubilized in hydrochloric acid. This digest was divided in 3: one for B, P and S determination; other for Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ca... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor