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Skogen är en viktig resurs, både ekonomiskt och miljömässigt, därför är det viktigt att den brukas på ett ansvarsfullt sätt på både kort och lång sikt. Ett sätt att bidra till ett hållbart skogsbruk är att använda dess restprodukter till gödning av skogsmarken och på så sätt sluta kretsloppet och bidra till en cirkulär ekonomi. När skogen avverkas och brukas tas viktiga makronäringsämnen bort från skogsmarken, ett sätt att återföra dessa viktiga ämnen är genom skogsindustriell aska. Forskning pågår där det undersöks om aska kan återföras i kombination med hydrokol, båda från skogsindustrin. Förhoppningen är att hydrokolen ska binda en del av tungmetallerna som finns i askan för att förhindra att dessa sprider sig i mark och vattendrag. Tanken är att askan och hydrokolen kan användas som gödsel som samtidigt binder tungmetaller och fungerar som koldioxidsänka.  Målet med studien är att ta reda på hur spår- och makronäringsämnena sprids i marken beroende på jordart och om återföringen sker med pelleterad eller pulverformig aska och hydrokol. Detta undersöks genom att under 8 veckor bevattna jordprover med regnvatten. Jordproverna består av endera sand eller torv samt olika kombinationer av aska och hydrokol, totalt 10st olika jordprover. Tester tas på vattnet som lakas ur jordproverna under hela studiens gång. Halten ämnen på olika djup i jordproverna analyseras med hjälp av en XRF varje vecka för att ta reda på hur ämnena transporteras vertikalt i jorden över tid.  Resultatet påvisade att transporten av spår- och makronäringsämnena var högre i sand än i torv. Joner som spår- och makronäringsämnen men även salter och andra ämnen lakades snabbare och i större utsträckning ur sand än torv där högre halt spår- och makronäringsämnen adsorberades till organiska ämnen. I lakvattnet från sandmarken gav pulverformig aska ett höjt pH-värde och högre alkaliniteten. Den pelleterade askan och hydrokolen gav ingen signifikant effekt på lakvattnet i någon av jordarterna. I torv sågs förhöjda halter spår- och makronäringsämnen i slutet jämfört med i början av studien där pelletsen spridits. Vid askåterföring visar studien att det är fördelaktigt att sprida askan pelleterad med hydrokol då detta resulterat i lägre halt tungmetaller i översta marklagret direkt vid spridning. En XRF visade sig ge en god indikation om halter spår- och makronäringsämnen i jordproverna med hög noggrannhet. Däremot fanns svårigheter med att uppnå helt homogena jordprover från vecka till vecka. / The forest is an important resource, both financially and environmentally, therefor it is important that it is used responsibly both short -and long term. One way to contribute to sustainable forestry is to use its residual products to fertilize the forest and thus close the cycle and contribute to circular economy. When the deforestation takes place, important macronutrients are removed from the forest land, one way of returning these important substances is through forest industrial ash. Research is ongoing where it is investigated whether ash can be recycled in combination with hydrochar, also from the forest industry. The hypothesis is that the hydrochar will adsorb some of the heavy metals present in the ash to prevent them from spreading in soil and groundwater. The idea is that the ash and biochar can be used as fertilizer that simultaneously binds heavy metals and acts as a carbon dioxide sink. The aim of the study is to find out how trace- and macronutrient substances are spread in the soil, depending on the soil type and whether the recycling takes place with pelleted or powdered ash and hydrochar. This is investigated by irrigating soil samples with rainwater for 8 weeks. The soil samples consist of either sand or peat as well as different combinations of ash and hydrocarbon, a total of ten different soil samples is studied. Tests are taken on the water that is leached from the soil samples throughout the study. The content of substances at different depths in the soil samples is analyzed using an XRF every week to find out how the substances are vertically transported in the soil over time. The results showed that the transport of trace and macronutrients was higher in sand than in peat. Ions such as trace and macronutrients but also salts and other substances were leached faster and to a greater extent from sand than peat where higher levels of trace and macronutrients were adsorbed to organic substances. In the leachate from the sandy soil, powdered ash gave a higher pH value and higher alkalinity. The pelleted ash and hydrocarbon did not have a significant effect on the leachate in any of the soils. In peat, elevated levels of trace and macronutrient substances were seen at the end compared with the beginning of the study where the pellets were spread. In the case of ash recycling, the study shows that it is advantageous to spread the ash pelleted with hydrocarbon as this has resulted in a lower content of heavy metals in the top soil layer after spreading. An XRF was found to give a good indication of trace and macronutrient levels in the soil samples with high accuracy. However, there were difficulties in obtaining completely homogeneous soil samples from week to week.

<p>Worldwide obesity is an increasing problem. Apart from the fact that obesity greatly  impairs the health, quality and length of life for the affected individuals, it is also has the  potential to become a major socioeconomic problem in a near future. However preventive  actions require an understanding of the cause. Before the psychological influence on  eating can be evaluated a profound understanding of the biological regulatory system and  how this interacts with the food consumed is required. On the assumption that food  consumption is regulated by interplay between food and genes, the food itself may  influence the genes that regulate consumption, hence change the expression levels of the  genes regulating food intake.     To evaluate the interplay between food and gene expression, the project contained several  parts, reflecting different aspects of the area of research. The feeding studies had in  common that they were initial trials in a larger project. The results of these will be  evaluated and used in combination with further studies.     The mice typed for food preference illustrate the complexity of the feeding regulatory  system by pointing out the differences between individuals even in a relatively small  group of animals. Mice in general like food high in fat and here the animals that showed a  preference for sugar also showed a significant increase in their intake of chow. Since  chow consists mainly of carbohydrates the results might indicate a preference not for  sucrose in particular but for carbohydrates in general. The effect this may have on other  studies is still unclear as further studies are needed to determine whether the difference  may be the result of an innate genetic difference.      Leucine has been previously shown to reduce the total caloric intake. When given in  combination with palatable food the addition of Leucine primarily reduced the intake of  chow. From a dietary perspective this would translate to a preference to sweets and fast  food at the expense of food with more nutritious content.     The RT-PCR analysis’s gives clues to how the energy regulatory circuitry responds to the  intake of selected macronutrients. When it comes to gene expression there is a significant  effect of macronutrients on the gene expression levels. The common theme for many of  the genes tested seems to be down regulation of satiety signals, as if to support over  feeding on palatable diets and in many cases sucrose in particular.     The intake of macronutrients such as sugar or fat has been showed to have an effect on  the feeding regulatory circuitry, demonstrated by the change in gene expression levels.   The response to said macronutrients is site specific which is clearly shown both by RTPCR analysis of samples from different parts of the brain, such as the brainstem or  hypothalamus, and by immunohistochemistry of selected areas. The  immunohistochemistry also confirms that the novel Oxytocin receptor-antagonist, who is  injected IP, actually passes over the blood-brain barrier and has an actual affect on the  regions of interest. The areas affected by the antagonist can be visualized and identified  through the staining of active sites.</p>

The title of the thesis: Food supplements and their use by people attending fitness centers The aim of the thesis: The aim of the thesis is to collect information about food supplements and determine which food supplements are the most frequently used in fitness centers. The methods of the thesis: By the controlled interview to determine what types of food supplements are the most frequently used by people attending fitness centers. The results of the thesis: The majority of people visiting fitness centers use some kind of food supplements. Keywords: food, macronutrients, micronutrients, supplements, fitness center, recommended daily doses.

A transição do manejo de cana queimada para a colheita sem despalha a fogo dificulta o manejo da adubação principalmente em relação à fertilização nitrogenada, seja pela maior imobilização do N-fertilizante, quando aplicado sobre a palhada, ou pelas elevadas perdas por volatilização de N-NH3, já que a ureia é a principal fonte de N. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, em primeira soqueira de cana-de-açúcar, a marcha de absorção, a taxa de acúmulo de fitomassa e nutrientes e a produtividade relacionadas a fontes de N. Foram instalados dois ensaios, sendo o primeiro em um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO eutrófico (LVe) e o segundo em LATOSSOLO VERMELHO distrófico, ambos no Estado de São Paulo. Os tratamentos consistiram na dose de 100 kg ha-1 de N, utilizando as seguintes fontes: cloreto de amônio, nitrato de amônio, ureia, Ajifer®, NitromagTM e sulfato de amônio e um tratamento sem N. Foram realizadas quatro amostragens ao longo do ciclo da cultura. A cana-de-açúcar apresentou três fases de crescimento vegetativo, independente do tratamento. No LVe, a fonte que apresentou maior contribuição foi o NitromagTM que produziu em torno de 45 Mg ha-1 de fitomassa e 110 Mg ha-1 de colmos frescos, enquanto que no LVd o uso do Ajifer® resultou em acúmulo superior de fitomassa em relação às demais fontes com 30 Mg ha- 1 e produtividade de colmo da ordem de 103 Mg ha-1. A maior taxa de produção de fitomassa seca ocorreu aos 220 DAC atingindo cerca de 350 kg ha-1 dia-1, nos tratamentos NitromagTM e nitrato de amônio no LVe. A cana-de-açúcar adubada com as fontes de nitrogênio mostrou maior incremento de fitomassa, com antecipação no acúmulo de N anterior ao de biomassa. A ordem média de extração de macronutrientes foi: K>N>Ca>S>Mg>P no LVd e LVe, sendo a exportação dos nutrientes pelo colmo de 23, 50, 32, 56, 53 e 53% no LVe e 76, 46, 21, 56, 37 e 57% no LVd. A exigência nutricional da cana-de-açúcar para produzir 1 TCH é de 1,45; 0,14; 2,44; 0,61; 0,26 e 0,33 kg Mg-1, no LVe, respectivamente para N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S. O teor de K, Ca, Mg e S no solo afetou diretamente o acúmulo de nutrientes na planta, interferindo na extração e exportação dos nutrientes. / The transition of burnt to unburnt sugarcane management difficult the fertilizer management (especially in relation to nitrogen, N) due to the greater immobilization of N-fertilizer applied over the straw and high N-NH3 volatilization losses since ureia is the main N source. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rate of biomass and nutrients accumulation by sugarcane, as well the stalk yield as related do N-fertilizer sources, in the ratoon sugarcane cycle. Two trials were set up on aTypic Eutrustox (TE) and on a Typic Haplustox (TH), both in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The treatments consisted of 100 kg N ha-1 applied by means of the the following N sources: ammonium chloride-AC, ammonium nitrate-AN, urea-U, Ajifer®, NitromagTM and ammonium sulfate- AS, and an additional treatment without N. Four measurements were performed throughout the crop cycle. The sugarcane showed three phases of vegetative growth, regardless of treatment. At TE soil the NitromagTM promoted higher biomass accumulation, reaching 45 Mg ha-1 and 110 Mg ha-1 stalk fresh, while at TH soil the Ajifer® increased the biomass as compared to the other sources, reaching 30 Mg ha- 1. The highest rate of biomass accumulation occurred around 220 days after harvest , reaching 350 kg ha-1 day-1 in treatments with NitromagTM and AN. . The N addition increased sugarcane biomass accumulation, and N accumulation occurred before biomass accumulation. . The average order of nutrients extraction by sugarcane was K> N> Ca> S> Mg> P, with 23, 50, 32, 56, 53, 53% (at TE soil) or 76, 46, 21, 56, 37, 57% (at TH soil) of those nutrients being accumulated on the stalks. The nutritional requirement of sugarcane was 1.45, 0.14, 2.44, 0.61, 0.26 and 0.33 kg t-1 of stalks (fresh weight), respectively for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S. The soil content of K, Ca, Mg and S directly affected the nutrients accumulation by sugarcace, increasing the extraction and exportation of nutrients.

O manejo eficiente da adubação na cana-de-açúcar tem início com a identificação da exigência nutricional pela cultura. Nesse sentido, foram implantados três experimentos no Estado de São Paulo, sendo o primeiro em Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo eutrófico, o segundo em Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico e o terceiro no Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. Os tratamentos constaram das doses 0, 40, 80 e 120 kg ha-1 de N na cana planta (2005/2006). Na primeira soca (2006/2007) as parcelas referentes aos tratamentos 0 e 120 kg ha-1 de N do ciclo anterior, foram subdivididas e se aplicou 0, 50, 100 e 150 kg ha-1 de N. Na segunda soca (2007/2008) repetiu-se os tratamentos e na terceira soca (2008/2009) se fez uso de dose única com aplicação de 100 kg ha-1 de N. Durante o crescimento da cana planta e primeira soca realizaram-se amostragens da parte aérea e determinou-se a produção de matéria seca, o acúmulo de nutrientes e o nível crítico de nitrogênio em função das doses de N. No final dos ciclos de cana planta e nas três socarias subsequentes realizou-se a separação da parte aérea em colmo, folha seca e ponteiro e da parte subterrânea em raízes e rizomas. Nos compartimentos identificados e separados determinou-se a matéria seca e alocação dos nutrientes. A produção de matéria seca e o acúmulo de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu e Zn na cana planta e cana soca se ajustaram ao modelo sigmoidal, apresentando três fases distintas, no qual evidenciaram que a absorção desses nutrientes ocorre antecipadamente à produção de matéria seca. O acúmulo de Fe e Mn diferenciou entre os solos e obteve ajustes sigmoidal e polinomial cúbico. A adubação nitrogenada promoveu efeito crescente no acúmulo dos macronutrientes, enquanto que para os micronutrientes as doses de N promoveram ganhos apenas para o B, Fe e Zn na cana planta e B, Fe e Mn na cana soca. A concentração crítica de N na parte aérea da cana planta variou entre 10,4 e 13,6 g kg-1 nos estádios iniciais de crescimento, enquanto que no final do ciclo os valores foram de 3,0 a 4,2 g kg-1. Na cana soca as concentrações críticas iniciais variaram de 9,8 a 14,8 g kg-1 e as encontradas na ultima amostragem variaram entre 2,0 e 5,5 g kg-1. A ordem de extração dos nutrientes na cana planta foi de K > N > Ca > S > Mg > Fe > P > Mn > Zn > B > Cu e para cana soca a ordem foi de K > N > Ca > Mg > S > P = Fe > Mn > Zn > B > Cu. Para produzir 1 TCH foi exigido extrações médias de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S na ordem de 1,24, 0,15, 2,69, 0,55, 0,29 e 0,29 kg Mg-1 na cana planta e média de 1,55, 0,21, 3,07, 0,75, 0,36 e 0,38 kg Mg-1 na cana soca, respectivamente. Para B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn as exigências na cana planta foram, respectivamente, de 1,91, 0,83, 260,65, 18,12, 2,81 g Mg-1 e na cana soca foi em média de 2,29, 1,02, 169,17, 20,47 e 3,90 g Mg-1. / The efficient management of fertilization in sugarcane begins with the identification of the nutritional plant requirement. Accordingly, three experiments were established in the State of Sao Paulo, the first in Typic Eutrustox, the second in a Rhodic Eutrustox and third in the Arenic Kandiustults. The treatments consisted of 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha-1 in plant cane cycle (2005/2006). In first ratoon (2006/2007) the portions relating to the treatments 0 and 120 kg N ha-1 of the previous cycle had been subdivided and applied 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha-1. In the second ratoon (2007/2008) repeated the doses and third ratoon (2008/2009) use was made of single dose application of 100 kg N ha-1. During the growth of cane plant and first ratoon held samples of sugarcane above ground and determined the dry matter production, nutrient accumulation and nitrogen critical level as a function of nitrogen doses. At the end of the plant cane and in three subsequent ratoons held the partitioning of sugarcane, through the separation of aerial parts in the stalks, dry leaf and green tops and underground part of the roots and rhizomes. Identified and separated in compartments determined dry matter and nutrients allocation. The dry matter production and accumulation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu and Zn in plant cane and first ratoon fitted the sigmoidal model, showing three distinct phases in which showed that absorption of these nutrients occur previously of dry matter production. The accumulation of Fe and Mn differed between the soils and obtained sigmoidal and cubic polynomial fits. The increasing effect of nitrogen fertilization on the accumulation of macronutrients, while the micronutrients, N doses had won only for B, Fe and Zn in plant cane and B, Fe and Mn in first ratoon. The nitrogen critical concentration in aerial parts of cane plant varied between 10,4 and 13,6 g kg-1 in the initial stages of growth, while that at the end of the cycle the values were 3,0 to 4.2 g kg-1. In first ratoon initial nitrogen critical concentrations ranged from 9,8 to 14,8 g kg-1 and those found at the last sampling ranged between 2,0 and 5,5 g kg-1. The order of nutrients build up in plant cane was K> N> Ca> S> Mg> Fe> P> Mn> Zn> B> Cu, and in the first ratoon the order was K> N> Ca> Mg> S> P = Fe> Mn> Zn> B> Cu. To produce 1 TCH was required extractions means of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S of 1,24, 0,15, 2,69, 0,55, 0,29 and 0,29 kg Mg-1 in the cane plant and average of 1,55, 0,21, 3,07, 0,75, 0,36 and 0,38 kg Mg-1 in the three subsequent ratoons, respectively. For B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn requirements in plant cane were, respectively, 1,91, 0,83, 260,65, 18,12, 2,81 g Mg-1 and ratoon average was 2,29, 1,02, 169,17, 20,47 and 3,90 g Mg-1.

Orientador: Salatiér Buzetti / Resumo: As áreas de cultivo do eucalipto têm ocupado novas regiões do Brasil, sendo que o estado do Mato Grosso do Sul lidera esta expansão. Nessas novas áreas, a condição edafoclimática é um fator limitante ao desenvolvimento dessa cultura, pois os solos do bioma Cerrado apresentam baixa fertilidade natural, com pouca disponibilidade de fósforo (P) e potássio (K), e baixo teor de matéria orgânica (M.O.), além disso, o clima é caracterizado pela presença de déficit hídrico acentuado e frequente. Portanto, a carência de nutrientes no solo aliado às condições climáticas influenciam no desenvolvimento da cultura. Neste contexto, objetivou-se avaliar a adubação nitrogenada, fosfatada e potássica dado à importância desses nutrientes na cultura do eucalipto, e a suas limitações no solo em estudo. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Renascença, fundo agrícola administrado pela Cargill Agrícola S/A, localizado no município de Três Lagoas/MS, de setembro de 2011 a julho de 2017, em um NEOSSOLO QUARTZARÊNICO Órtico. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de doses de nitrogênio (N) (0, 70, 105 e 140 kg ha-1), de P (0, 40, 70 e 100 kg ha-1 de P2O5) e de K (0, 90, 135 e 180 kg ha-1 de K2O). Cada parcela foi composta por 56 plantas, distribuídas em sete linhas de oito plantas cada, totalizando 420 m2. Nas linhas de plantio, as mudas do clone I144 (Eucalyptus urophylla) foram espaçadas em 2,5 m e nas entrelin... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The areas of eucalyptus cultivation have occupied new regions of Brazil, being that the state of Mato Grosso do Sul leads this expansion. In these new areas, the soil and soil conditions of the Cerrado biome have low natural fertility, with low availability of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), and low organic matter (OM), in addition, the climate is characterized by the presence of accentuated and frequent water deficit. Therefore, the lack of nutrients in the soil combined with climatic conditions influence the development of the crop. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilization given to the importance of these nutrients in the eucalyptus crop and its limitations in the soil under study. The experiment was conducted at Fazenda Renascença, an agricultural fund managed by Cargill Agrícola S / A, located in the municipality of Três Lagoas / MS, from September 2011 to July 2017, in a Entisols. A randomized block design with four treatments and five replications. The treatments were composed rates of nitrogen (N) (0, 70, 105 and 140 kg ha-1), P (0, 40, 70 and 100 kg ha-1 P2O5) and K (0, 90, 135 and 180 kg ha-1 K2O). Each plot was composed of 56 plants, distributed in seven lines of eight plants each, totaling 420 m2. In the planting lines, the seedlings of clone I144 (Eucalyptus urophylla) were spaced at 2.5 m and in between lines at 3.0 m. The following were evaluated: wood productivity; nutrient concentrations in leaves; fo... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

O consumo de alimentos é influenciado por inúmeros fatores, entre os quais podem ser destacados os culturais, nutricionais, socioeconômicos e demográficos. Reconhece-se que, na medida em que esses aspectos favorecem a adoção de novos padrões alimentares, também poderão causar repercussões distintas sobre os níveis de atendimento das demandas nutricionais da população. Neste trabalho foi utilizada como base de dados parcela das informações (referentes à população das Regiões Norte e Sul), obtidas por meio da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF 2002-2003), realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE. Dentre os objetivos da presente pesquisa destacam-se a análise da disponibilidade de energia e nutrientes, no âmbito dos domicílios. Visou-se também avaliar a participação dos grupos de alimentos e dos macronutrientes no Valor Energético Total - VET, bem como a variação dos mesmos segundo o rendimento mensal per capita e a localização do domicílio (rural e urbano). Para a elaboração das cálculos referentes ao conteúdo de energia e nutrientes, utilizou-se o software Virtual Nutri. Adotou-se como parâmetro para a avaliação da disponibilidade de vitaminas, minerais e fibras, os valores preconizados pelo Institute of Medicine (1997,1998, 2000, 2001, 2002). Quanto à avaliação do conteúdo de colesterol, adotou-se a recomendação da Organização Mundial da Saúde - OMS (2003). As análises estatísticas foram viabilizadas por meio do software SAS (1999). Para a avaliação da disponibilidade de energia e nutrientes conforme o rendimento mensal per capita, foi adotado o modelo de regressão múltipla. Dentre os resultados, destaca-se a reduzida disponibilidade (média) de energia para as famílias moradoras nas áreas urbanas de ambas as regiões e um incremento do conteúdo energético à medida que crescem os rendimentos. Quanto aos macronutrientes, verificou-se uma relação inversa entre a participação dos carboidratos no VET e os rendimentos familiares. A contribuição dos lipídios para o VET apresentou tendência de crescimento, de acordo com o aumento da renda. Com relação aos micronutrientes, os resultados revelaram reduzida disponibilidade, nos domicílios, das vitaminas C, B6, B12, D, E, folacina, ácido pantotênico e dos minerais cálcio, zinco, cobre, manganês e iodo para a totalidade das famílias integrantes da pesquisa. Salienta-se que o conteúdo dos minerais ferro, selênio e fósforo se aproximou do valor (médio) preconizado, apenas para as famílias das áreas rurais. A disponibilidade de fibras se revelou muito inferior ao valor mínimo recomendado para as famílias de ambas as regiões analisadas. A disponibilidade de colesterol revelou forte associação com os rendimentos familiares. Destaca-se a expressiva presença desse elemento, notadamente, nos domicílios das famílias da Região Sul. Quanto à participação dos distintos grupos de alimentos no VET, destaca-se a reduzida contribuição energética das frutas, verduras e legumes para praticamente a totalidade dos grupamentos familiares. Foi identificada a indesejável contribuição - considerada excessiva - dos doces, açúcares e refrigerantes para o VET disponível para as famílias. / Food consumption is influenced by countless factors, among which can be emphasized the cultural, nutritional, socioeconomic and demografic ones. One acknowledges that, as these aspects benefit the adoption of new nutritional patterns, it will also be possible to distinguish the level of fulfillment of nutritional demands of the population. Information obtained through the Family Budget Survey (POF 2002-2003), accomplished by Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE, concerning the population of the North and South Regions of Brazil was utilized as database in this work. An analysis of energy and nutrients disposal, at domiciliary extent, outstands among this researches’s main goals. It was also intended to assess the relative participation of groups of food and macronutrients in the Total Energetic Value - VET, as well as their variation according to the per capita monthly income and the situation of the place of residence (rural and urban). The Software Virtual Nutri was utilized for the elaboration of the analysis related to the energy and nutrients disposal. As a parameter for the assessment of vitamins, minerals and fibers disposal, it was adopted the recommendations prescribed by the Institute of Medicine (1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002). Concerning the assessment of cholesterol content, the recommendation of the World Health Organization - (2003) was adopted. The statistical analysis were accomplished through the SAS (1999) Software. The multiple regression pattern was adopted in order to assess the energy and nutrients disposal, according to the per capita monthly income. Among the results, it outstands the low energy disposal for the families living in urban areas of both regions and an increase of energetic content while monthly income grows. Regarding macronutrients, it was verified a reversed relation between the participation of carbohydrates in VET and the family monthly income. The relative participation of fats presented a growth tendency proportional to an increase of income. In relation to micronutrients, the results showed a low disposal of vitamins C, B6. B12, D, E, folacin, pantotenic acid and mineral such as calcium, zinc, copper, manganese and iodin in residences for the families of North and South Regions in both geographic stratum. One emphasizes that the iron, selenium and phosphor contents approached the average forecast value only to the families of rural areas. The fiber disposal revealed to be much lower in relation to the minimum recommended value in both of the analyzed regions. The disposable content of cholesterol showed a strong association with the family incomes, with a notorious and expressive presence in residences of the South Region families. Regarding the participation of distinctive groups of food in VET, it outstands the reduced energetic contribution of fruits, vegetables and legumes for virtually all the familiary groupings. It was identified the undesirable contribution of sweets, sugars and soft drinks to the disposable VET for the families that participated in the research.

Orientador: Reges Heinrichs / Resumo: Os principais problemas das pastagens brasileiras são a deficiência de fósforo, acidez alta, pouca utilização de fertilizantes, além de pouca adubação de manutenção. Com o objetivo de avaliar fósforo e potássio associados a enxofre, boro e zinco na adubação de manutenção de pastagem de Urochloa brizantha cultivar Marandu, foi conduzido um experimento em Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico, na área experimental da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas, UNESP, Campus de Dracena. O delineamento experimental foi em bloco casualizados, com quatro repetições. Em todos os tratamentos foram aplicados 120 kg ha-1 de N, na forma de nitrato de amônio, a qual foi dividida em quatro doses iguais, na semeadura e após os três cortes subsequentes. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes: T1) Controle - sem adubação, exceto N; T2) PK via fosfato monoamônio (MAP) e cloreto de potássio (KCl); T3) PKS via superfosfato simples (SS) e KCl; T4) PKS via S15 e KCl; T5) PKSB via S15 e KB; T6) PKSZn via SZ e KCl; T7) PKSBZn via SZ e KB; T8) PKSBZn via SZ, KB e Oxisulfato Zn. Nos tratamentos com PK foi aplicada a dose de 80 kg ha-1 de P2O5 e 50 kg ha-1 de K2O, respectivamente. As doses de enxofre, boro e zinco foram proporcionais a concentração na formulação de cada fertilizante, exceto o tratamento oito no qual foi acrescido o oxisulfato de Zn para fornecer o dobro do micronutriente em relação ao tratamento sete. MAP: (11%N, 52%P2O5); KCl: (60%K2O); SS (21%P2O5, 12%S); S15: (13% N, 33%P2O5, 15%S); ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre