One of the family's responsibilities is to conduct activities of early childhood education and child care which prepare children for further education and human capital development. This study focused on family behavior in allocation of time and income for investment in children. This study used a pre-existing database with a total sample of 301 rural families with one child aged 2-5 years from three villages of Agam (West Sumatera) and two villages of Wonogiri (Central Java). Interviews and testing were conducted at each sample's home. The data were analyzed using descriptive and statistical analyses. Rich and small families invested significantly more time and money in children than poor and large families. Mother's working time, child's age, and family type had negative and significant influence on the amount of time spent on children. The families that devote more time in children spend and invest less money in children. Javanese families in the study invested less money but more time in children, while Minangese families invested more money but less time. The amount of time spent for children had a positive and significant influence on the child's nutritional status, and an insignificant impact on the child's IQ score. Besides the amount of time devoted to children, the child's nutritional status also was influenced by the child's age and gender. Also, the child's IQ score was significantly and positively influenced by the father's education and negatively by family size, family type, and the child's age. Based on the findings, it was apparent that poor families may be continuously trapped in poverty, because of less ability to invest in children. Parental investment in children may lead to better child quality. This study provides evidence that mother's time spent outside the home may lead to less time investment, and less time investment may negatively influence the child's nutritional status. As policy is formulated, non-economic as well as economic aspects should be considered. Additional research is needed to further explore the most appropriate measure of child quality and the variables which influence child quality. / Ph. D.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:19:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RaimundoCavalcanteRodrigues.pdf: 1344536 bytes, checksum: db9a50bd4d39c7e207c02b8379c77096 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-17 / The present study describes the diverse socioeconomic aspects that contribute to family income increase of cooperative members at the Cooperativa Agropecuária do Cariri Coapecal. The idea of cooperative firstly appeared in the nineteenth century when the first cooperative was founded in Rochdale, Manchester, Britain in response to the Industrial Revolution advance that had introduced the steam machine to replace manpower available then. The method used in the research was a case study including a descriptive and bibliographic field survey. A population of 900 cooperative members were involved in the study, being 187 out of them used as a sample for the investigation. A questionnaire involving three aspects was used to collect the data in the survey. The first aspect containing 8 questions related to the socioeconomic profile of cooperative members; the second with 6 questions referred to property, being the third aspect with 9 questions about cattle raising. The whole questionnaire comprised of 23 closed questions aiming to estimate the increase rate in the family income of the people surveyed. Finally, after compiling and interpreting the variables of the research, the study showed there was, indeed, an increase in the family income of those members, and it confirmed that cooperativeness is an effective alternative to reach this goal. Thus, it is expected that cooperative managers ponder over this reality and that they be willing to meet their members´ requests. / O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar os principais fatores que contribuíram para a elevação da renda familiar dos cooperados da Cooperativa Agropecuária do Cariri Coapecal. O cooperativismo surgiu no século XIX, com a fundação, em 1844, da primeira cooperativa, em Rochdale, bairro de Manchester na Inglaterra, em resposta ao avanço da Revolução Industrial, que introduzia a máquina a vapor em substituição a mão-de-obra disponível na época. O método utilizado foi o estudo de caso. A pesquisa realizada quanto ao objeto foi do tipo bibliográfica e de campo e quanto aos fins a descritiva. O universo pesquisado foi composto por uma população de 900 cooperados, sendo destes retirada uma mostra de 187 cooperados. Utilizou-se como instrumento de coleta de dados a aplicação de questionário, com vinte e três perguntas fechadas, visando delinear o perfil socioeconômico dos cooperados, como também identificar os aspectos relacionados com a propriedade e as atividades desenvolvidas referente à pecuária, onde se buscou aferir o grau de elevação da renda familiar dos pesquisados. E por fim, depois de agrupadas e interpretadas às variáveis inerentes a referida pesquisa, o presente estudo demonstrou que a maioria dos pesquisados teve realmente comprovada à elevação na sua renda familiar, confirmando que é o cooperativismo uma alternativa na microrregião do cariri oriental paraibano, para se alcançar esse objetivo. Desse modo, esperamos que os gestores da Cooperativa reflitam e busquem atender às reivindicações feitas pelos seus cooperados.

Obesity is a chronic disease that is caused by a number of factors such as diet, genetics, physical inactivity, and poor dietary habits. This research focused on how income affects obesity among a target population in the African American community in Durham, North Carolina (NC). It has been noted that chronic diseases that are diet-related, for example, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and high cholesterol, affect African Americans disproportionately, especially those who earn low income. Some studies have also reported that those who make higher income have higher rates of obesity. This inconsistency and gap in the literature prompted research on this topic. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to study the relationship between family income and obesity among African Americans. The study sought to address the key factors that contribute to low family income among African Americans in Durham, NC and the ways in those key factors contribute to obesity among African Americans in Durham, NC. This study implored a qualitative approach by using an individual interview method to glean the lived experiences of participants in Durham, NC. Thirty participants were interviewed and themes from the interviews were analyzed. The health belief model was chosen as the theoretical framework for this study to understand the data and explain beliefs, attitudes, and health behaviors. Key results indicated that low family income contributes to obesity. The study contributes to social change by recommending that policy makers advocate for an increase in national minimum wage, encourage educational approaches to prevent obesity, promote good eating habits, and promote adequate physical activity among African Americans.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a evolução de indicadores de escolaridade pré-selecionados (frequência escolar, média de anos de estudo, níveis de escolaridade, concluída ou frequentada, e a variável situação de estudo e trabalho) dos jovens na faixa etária de 15 a 29 anos, na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, entre 1993 e 2014, através das políticas de ampliação de acesso, seja na universalização do Ensino Fundamental, seja na ampliação significativa do acesso ao Ensino Médio, seja na inserção no Ensino Superior, por meio de programas como o Programa Universidade Para Todos, o Fundo de Financiamento Estudantil e o Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais e a Lei de Cotas (Lei nº 12.711/2012). A fonte de informações utilizada é a Base de Microdados da Pesquisa de Emprego e Desemprego na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre (PED-RMPA). Os resultados obtidos apontam significativa ampliação do acesso à escola, elevação da escolaridade e redução das desigualdades educacionais para os jovens com idade entre 15 e 29 anos. Entretanto o alcance das políticas de acesso ainda está muito aquém de acabar com os diferenciais de acesso e escolaridade de jovens mulheres e jovens homens e pouco contribuiu com a igualdade entre jovens negros e jovens não negros. Duas variáveis foram de fundamental importância para a realização desta pesquisa: situação de estudo e trabalho e grupos de renda familiar per capita. A variável situação de estudo e trabalho compreende as categorias jovens que só estudam, jovens que estudam e trabalham, jovens que estudam e procuram trabalho, jovens que só trabalham, jovens que só procuram trabalho e jovens que não estudam e/ou não trabalham e/ou não procuram trabalho. A variável grupos de renda familiar per capita foi dividida em quatro categorias: Grupo 1 - 25% das pessoas com menor renda familiar per capita; Grupo 2 - 25% das pessoas com renda familiar per capita imediatamente superior à do Grupo 1; Grupo 3 - 25% das pessoas com renda familiar per capita imediatamente superior à do Grupo 2; Grupo 4 - 25% das pessoas com maior renda familiar per capita. No aspecto renda familiar per capita, o impacto das políticas em todos os estratos de renda foi importante, em especial para as Categorias I (jovens que só estudam) e II (jovens que estudam e trabalham e/ou procuram trabalho). Deve--se considerar que ainda há um enorme desafio para um acesso pleno à educação, com a permanência dos jovens na escola, bem como com a conclusão dos estudos, especialmente para os jovens homens, os jovens negros e para os jovens pertencentes ao grupo de menor 7 rendimento familiar per capita (Grupo 1), onde são verificados avanços, mas persistem as desigualdades de acesso e permanência escolar. / The aim of this thesis is to analyze the evolution of preselected school indicators (school attendance, average years of schooling, completed or attended school levels, and the variable study and work context) of young people in the 15- 29 age group, in the Porto Alegre metropolitan area, between 1993 and 2014, through the expansion policies access, either in the universalization of Primary Education, or in the significant expansion of access to Secondary Education, or in the insertion in higher education, by means of programs such as the University for All Program, the Student Financing Fund and the Restructuring and Expansion of Federal Universities, and the Quotas Law (Law no. 12.711 / 2012). The source of information used is the micro database of Employment and Unemployment Research of Porto Alegre Metropolitan Area (PED-RMPA). The results obtained indicate a significant increase in access to schools, higher schooling and reduction of educational inequalities among youths aged 15 -29. However, the extent of access policies still fall short of ending up with the differentials in access and schooling among young men and women and has contributed little to the equality of young black and non-black youths. Two variables were of fundamental importance for this research: study and work context and per capita family income groups. The variable study and work context includes the categories of young people who only study, young people who study and work, young people who study and seek work, young people who only work, young people who are looking for work and young people who do not study and / or do not seek work. The variable per capita family income groups was divided into four categories: Group 1 - 25% of people with lower per capita family income; Group 2 - 25% of people with per capita family income immediately higher than Group 1; Group 3 - 25% of people with per capita family income immediately higher than Group 2; Group 4 - 25% of people with higher per capita family income. In the per capita family income aspect, the impact of policies on all income strata was important, especially for Categories I (young people who only study) and II (young people who study and work and / or seek work).One must consider that there is still a huge challenge for full access to education, the permanence of young people in school and the completion of studies, especially for young men, young blacks and young people belonging to the group with a lower per capita family income (Group 1), where progress is made, but access inequalities and school permanence persist.

The negative relationship between economic hardship, child maltreatment, and child development in young children is well-documented. However, few studies have examined the mechanisms underlying the link between family economic hardship and child mental health outcomes in the context of child maltreatment. In this study, the family stress model is used to understand how family economic hardship affects child mental health. In this model, the effects of economic hardship on child mental health are indirect through their influence on family processes. Family processes are aspects of family life and are characterized by parental psychological functioning and parenting behavior. Because unhealthy family processes, which often lead to maltreatment, are associated with poor outcomes in the development of children, this framework can link developmental research and theory to an analysis of child maltreatment. The current study analyzes data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being-II, a survey of families in the child welfare system. The sample included children ages 18 months to 11 years and their parent (or caregivers). The results indicated that family income, a measure of economic hardship, was significantly associated with mental health problems in children involved in the child welfare system, but not in the way it was expected. Structural equation modeling analysis revealed no significant direct or indirect paths from family income to child mental health, but showed that family income affected other mechanisms contributing to poor child mental health. Lower family income was associated with greater parental depressive symptoms, alcohol use, drug use, and physical abuse. In line with the family stress model, the relationship between parental depression and child mental health was partially mediated through physical abuse. Similarly, physical abuse fully mediated the relationship between parental alcohol use and child mental health. However, neglect did not mediate the relationship between family processes and child mental health. Contrary to the study hypothesis, family processes did not mediate the relationship between family income and child mental health. Rather, family processes predicted poor child mental health. In particular, physical abuse was an important vehicle through which parental functioning translated to poor mental health outcomes in children. / text

Increasing attention to higher education policies in the knowledge-based society makes important to understand the relationship between socio-economic family characteristics and educational choices. This paper considers the decision to go to college in Argentina as a family's economic decision. The goal is to investigate the impact of family income on the decision to go to a university versus the decision to go to a community college in Argentina. Using a probit model of the decision to go to college, the results of this paper show that the income of the rest of the family has a positive and statistically significant impact on the decision to go to college. A multinomial logit model (where the choices are no college, community college or university) shows that the income of the rest of the family is important in order to determine the probability to go to a community college versus the other two possibilities. Family income also has a positive impact in the decision to go to a university versus the other two choices. This model also shows that parents education is an important factor in explaining the decision to go to a university as well as to go to a community college.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-05-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:11:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_rv_me_arafcf.pdf: 416426 bytes, checksum: 32bf2f1cca119f33163b397f1ed1313b (MD5) / Unimep / Diversas medidas no combate à fome vêm sendo discutidas nos últimos anos na busca de se garantir, a todos, condições de segurança alimentar e nutricional e assim, formular políticas públicas para este que é um dos maiores problemas do país. A nutrição adequada está diretamente relacionada às dimensões físicas e à composição corporal, principalmente no processo de crescimento e desenvolvimento da criança. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a relação do consumo alimentar familiar com os indicadores antropométricos do estado nutricional e o perfil socioeconômico de escolares do ensino fundamental de escolas públicas do município de Piracicaba-SP. O estudo foi realizado com 283 famílias de escolares distribuídas proporcionalmente entre as cinco regiões administrativas da cidade, por meio de medidas quali-quantitativas da aquisição de alimentos em inquérito que contempla o registro da freqüência de consumo de alimentos no domicílio e também dados socioeconômicos para uma melhor compreensão desse consumo. Na avaliação do estado nutricional dos escolares, distribuídos segundo a renda, 5,1% deles apresentaram baixa estatura para a idade, com prevalência significativa de crianças mais baixas no primeiro tercil de renda (10,8%) e, em todos os tercis, apresentaram valores acima do esperado na distribuição percentilar do índice de massa corpórea para idade, tanto no indicativo de baixo peso como no de excesso de peso. Entre as famílias dos escolares foi encontrada uma mediana de 4,0 pessoas por domicílio, com uma mediana de rendimento familiar de 0,8 salários mínimos per capita, com diferença significativa entre os tercis sendo que 38% da renda eram destinados à alimentação aumentando conforme diminui a renda. O consumo de energia e proteínas pelas famílias dos escolares atende aos valores recomendados e aumenta conforme... / Many measures to fight hunger have been discussed in recent years to assure conditions of food and nutrition security to everyone and thereby devise public policies for what is one of the greatest problems of the country. Proper nutrition is directly related to body size and composition, especially in the process of growth and development of the child. Thus, this study aimed to study the relationship between household food consumption and the anthropometric indicators of nutritional status and socioeconomic profile of elementary schoolchildren attending public schools in the city of Piracicaba, SP. The study included 283 families of elementary schoolchildren proportionally distributed within the five administrative regions of the city. A questionnaire that investigates meal frequency per household and socioeconomic data to better understand food consumption was used to determine food quality and amount. Nutritional assessment of the schoolchildren distributed according to income showed that 5.1% of them were stunted, with a significant prevalence of stunted children in the first income tercile (10.8%). All income terciles presented distribution percentages of BMI-for-age beyond the expected values, that is, both underweight and overweight children were more common than expected. The median family size of the schoolchildren was 4.0 individuals per household and the median family income was 0.8 minimum wages per capita. There was a significant difference between the terciles. A minimum of 38% of the family income went to food and this percentage increased as family income decreased. Energy and protein intakes met the recommended values and increased with income. Calcium and vitamin A intakes were low, decreased with income and differed significantly between the terciles. Among the assessed nutrients, there was a weak positive correlation between calcium and vitamin A intakes...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a evolução de indicadores de escolaridade pré-selecionados (frequência escolar, média de anos de estudo, níveis de escolaridade, concluída ou frequentada, e a variável situação de estudo e trabalho) dos jovens na faixa etária de 15 a 29 anos, na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, entre 1993 e 2014, através das políticas de ampliação de acesso, seja na universalização do Ensino Fundamental, seja na ampliação significativa do acesso ao Ensino Médio, seja na inserção no Ensino Superior, por meio de programas como o Programa Universidade Para Todos, o Fundo de Financiamento Estudantil e o Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais e a Lei de Cotas (Lei nº 12.711/2012). A fonte de informações utilizada é a Base de Microdados da Pesquisa de Emprego e Desemprego na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre (PED-RMPA). Os resultados obtidos apontam significativa ampliação do acesso à escola, elevação da escolaridade e redução das desigualdades educacionais para os jovens com idade entre 15 e 29 anos. Entretanto o alcance das políticas de acesso ainda está muito aquém de acabar com os diferenciais de acesso e escolaridade de jovens mulheres e jovens homens e pouco contribuiu com a igualdade entre jovens negros e jovens não negros. Duas variáveis foram de fundamental importância para a realização desta pesquisa: situação de estudo e trabalho e grupos de renda familiar per capita. A variável situação de estudo e trabalho compreende as categorias jovens que só estudam, jovens que estudam e trabalham, jovens que estudam e procuram trabalho, jovens que só trabalham, jovens que só procuram trabalho e jovens que não estudam e/ou não trabalham e/ou não procuram trabalho. A variável grupos de renda familiar per capita foi dividida em quatro categorias: Grupo 1 - 25% das pessoas com menor renda familiar per capita; Grupo 2 - 25% das pessoas com renda familiar per capita imediatamente superior à do Grupo 1; Grupo 3 - 25% das pessoas com renda familiar per capita imediatamente superior à do Grupo 2; Grupo 4 - 25% das pessoas com maior renda familiar per capita. No aspecto renda familiar per capita, o impacto das políticas em todos os estratos de renda foi importante, em especial para as Categorias I (jovens que só estudam) e II (jovens que estudam e trabalham e/ou procuram trabalho). Deve--se considerar que ainda há um enorme desafio para um acesso pleno à educação, com a permanência dos jovens na escola, bem como com a conclusão dos estudos, especialmente para os jovens homens, os jovens negros e para os jovens pertencentes ao grupo de menor 7 rendimento familiar per capita (Grupo 1), onde são verificados avanços, mas persistem as desigualdades de acesso e permanência escolar. / The aim of this thesis is to analyze the evolution of preselected school indicators (school attendance, average years of schooling, completed or attended school levels, and the variable study and work context) of young people in the 15- 29 age group, in the Porto Alegre metropolitan area, between 1993 and 2014, through the expansion policies access, either in the universalization of Primary Education, or in the significant expansion of access to Secondary Education, or in the insertion in higher education, by means of programs such as the University for All Program, the Student Financing Fund and the Restructuring and Expansion of Federal Universities, and the Quotas Law (Law no. 12.711 / 2012). The source of information used is the micro database of Employment and Unemployment Research of Porto Alegre Metropolitan Area (PED-RMPA). The results obtained indicate a significant increase in access to schools, higher schooling and reduction of educational inequalities among youths aged 15 -29. However, the extent of access policies still fall short of ending up with the differentials in access and schooling among young men and women and has contributed little to the equality of young black and non-black youths. Two variables were of fundamental importance for this research: study and work context and per capita family income groups. The variable study and work context includes the categories of young people who only study, young people who study and work, young people who study and seek work, young people who only work, young people who are looking for work and young people who do not study and / or do not seek work. The variable per capita family income groups was divided into four categories: Group 1 - 25% of people with lower per capita family income; Group 2 - 25% of people with per capita family income immediately higher than Group 1; Group 3 - 25% of people with per capita family income immediately higher than Group 2; Group 4 - 25% of people with higher per capita family income. In the per capita family income aspect, the impact of policies on all income strata was important, especially for Categories I (young people who only study) and II (young people who study and work and / or seek work).One must consider that there is still a huge challenge for full access to education, the permanence of young people in school and the completion of studies, especially for young men, young blacks and young people belonging to the group with a lower per capita family income (Group 1), where progress is made, but access inequalities and school permanence persist.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a evolução de indicadores de escolaridade pré-selecionados (frequência escolar, média de anos de estudo, níveis de escolaridade, concluída ou frequentada, e a variável situação de estudo e trabalho) dos jovens na faixa etária de 15 a 29 anos, na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, entre 1993 e 2014, através das políticas de ampliação de acesso, seja na universalização do Ensino Fundamental, seja na ampliação significativa do acesso ao Ensino Médio, seja na inserção no Ensino Superior, por meio de programas como o Programa Universidade Para Todos, o Fundo de Financiamento Estudantil e o Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais e a Lei de Cotas (Lei nº 12.711/2012). A fonte de informações utilizada é a Base de Microdados da Pesquisa de Emprego e Desemprego na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre (PED-RMPA). Os resultados obtidos apontam significativa ampliação do acesso à escola, elevação da escolaridade e redução das desigualdades educacionais para os jovens com idade entre 15 e 29 anos. Entretanto o alcance das políticas de acesso ainda está muito aquém de acabar com os diferenciais de acesso e escolaridade de jovens mulheres e jovens homens e pouco contribuiu com a igualdade entre jovens negros e jovens não negros. Duas variáveis foram de fundamental importância para a realização desta pesquisa: situação de estudo e trabalho e grupos de renda familiar per capita. A variável situação de estudo e trabalho compreende as categorias jovens que só estudam, jovens que estudam e trabalham, jovens que estudam e procuram trabalho, jovens que só trabalham, jovens que só procuram trabalho e jovens que não estudam e/ou não trabalham e/ou não procuram trabalho. A variável grupos de renda familiar per capita foi dividida em quatro categorias: Grupo 1 - 25% das pessoas com menor renda familiar per capita; Grupo 2 - 25% das pessoas com renda familiar per capita imediatamente superior à do Grupo 1; Grupo 3 - 25% das pessoas com renda familiar per capita imediatamente superior à do Grupo 2; Grupo 4 - 25% das pessoas com maior renda familiar per capita. No aspecto renda familiar per capita, o impacto das políticas em todos os estratos de renda foi importante, em especial para as Categorias I (jovens que só estudam) e II (jovens que estudam e trabalham e/ou procuram trabalho). Deve--se considerar que ainda há um enorme desafio para um acesso pleno à educação, com a permanência dos jovens na escola, bem como com a conclusão dos estudos, especialmente para os jovens homens, os jovens negros e para os jovens pertencentes ao grupo de menor 7 rendimento familiar per capita (Grupo 1), onde são verificados avanços, mas persistem as desigualdades de acesso e permanência escolar. / The aim of this thesis is to analyze the evolution of preselected school indicators (school attendance, average years of schooling, completed or attended school levels, and the variable study and work context) of young people in the 15- 29 age group, in the Porto Alegre metropolitan area, between 1993 and 2014, through the expansion policies access, either in the universalization of Primary Education, or in the significant expansion of access to Secondary Education, or in the insertion in higher education, by means of programs such as the University for All Program, the Student Financing Fund and the Restructuring and Expansion of Federal Universities, and the Quotas Law (Law no. 12.711 / 2012). The source of information used is the micro database of Employment and Unemployment Research of Porto Alegre Metropolitan Area (PED-RMPA). The results obtained indicate a significant increase in access to schools, higher schooling and reduction of educational inequalities among youths aged 15 -29. However, the extent of access policies still fall short of ending up with the differentials in access and schooling among young men and women and has contributed little to the equality of young black and non-black youths. Two variables were of fundamental importance for this research: study and work context and per capita family income groups. The variable study and work context includes the categories of young people who only study, young people who study and work, young people who study and seek work, young people who only work, young people who are looking for work and young people who do not study and / or do not seek work. The variable per capita family income groups was divided into four categories: Group 1 - 25% of people with lower per capita family income; Group 2 - 25% of people with per capita family income immediately higher than Group 1; Group 3 - 25% of people with per capita family income immediately higher than Group 2; Group 4 - 25% of people with higher per capita family income. In the per capita family income aspect, the impact of policies on all income strata was important, especially for Categories I (young people who only study) and II (young people who study and work and / or seek work).One must consider that there is still a huge challenge for full access to education, the permanence of young people in school and the completion of studies, especially for young men, young blacks and young people belonging to the group with a lower per capita family income (Group 1), where progress is made, but access inequalities and school permanence persist.

No description available.