The major goal of this study is to test the direction and strength of the relations of low-income single mothers’ depressive symptoms to their employment and income experiences over a time period following major welfare policy changes in the U.S. (2001 to 2003). The Panel Study of Income Dynamics provided data on 623 low-income, single mothers. The economic characteristics studied were: employment status, hours of work, wages, earnings, a job’s provision of personal control, family income, and welfare receipt. The mental health measure was the K-6 Non-Specific Psychological Distress Scale. The study adds to our understanding of the temporal relations between employment experiences and mental health by testing the social causation, social selection, and interactionist (bidirectional) perspectives. Specifically, this study tested the different perspectives with a wide range of economic indicators, tested mechanisms that may link mental and economic well-being, and combined multiple employment factors to see if patterns emerged that related uniquely to psychological distress. The findings supported social selection as earlier psychological distress predicted future employment, hours, wages, earnings, household income, and welfare receipt. The tested mediator of days of lost work affected by psychological distress indicated an indirect effect of poor mental health predicting diminished job productivity that, in turn, predicted reduced employment, hours, wages, and earnings. Results were similar for subgroups of mothers based on the age of their youngest child or prior welfare history. The single significant finding was that a longer span of welfare receipt predicted worse mental health as compared to mothers who reported a shorter period of welfare receipt. Latent class analysis identified three patterns of employment and welfare receipt across time: a) exchanged earnings for welfare, b) high employment and earnings growth with reduced welfare, and c) moderate employment growth. The groups that exchanged earnings for welfare (about 10% of the sample) evidenced increased psychological distress compared to mothers with high or moderate employment growth. Support for the social selection hypothesis suggests that policies and interventions that help low-income mothers improve their psychological well-being could also enhance their economic well-being. Implications for future research could explore the effects of such policies. / text

Measures of American inequality offer sparse coverage of subnational units and rely on surveys of self-reported family and household incomes. This dissertation details the development of new inequality datasets at the county, state, and national levels from alternative lenses: sector wages; industry earnings; and average incomes. Sector and industry data are particularly rich, detailed, consistent, and reliable. These new metrics from underutilized data sources contribute to debates over the lived effects of inequality. American economic inequality concentrates in some places more than others, arising from different causes. This dissertation considers ecological associations between inequality, voter turnout, and election outcomes at the state and county levels and multilevel models of individual participation and candidate preference, with voters nested within their state contexts. Aggregate voter turnout has been lower in states with higher levels of income inequality for the last several presidential elections, though this relationship did not strengthen with rising inequality. Likewise, some inequalities have strong associations with state- and county-level presidential election outcomes in certain years, but the patterns are irregular. Multilevel models of voters in states do not indicate a strong relationship among inequality per se and individual behavior. / text

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar o estoque de capital social disponível nos municípios do estado de São Paulo, segundo o referencial teórico e a metodologia propostos por Robert Putnam. São descritos, inicialmente, alguns elementos representativos do capital social nos municípios paulistas, utilizando-se aproximações para representar o associativismo, o civismo e a confiança entre os membros das comunidades. A vida associativa reflete-se na presença de organizações e entidades que contribuem para a socialização dos indivíduos. O civismo pode ser verificado na participação eleitoral e nos meios de comunicação em massa. Na ausência de variável que melhor represente a confiabilidade, é utilizada a criminalidade como uma aproximação da falta de confiança. Por meio da análise fatorial, com base no método de componentes principais, foram obtidos seis fatores indicativos do capital social no estado de São Paulo que explicam 58,5% da variância total das 22 variáveis consideradas. O primeiro fator relaciona-se a organizações associativistas urbanas, cuja participação é voluntária mas depende da afiliação dos seus membros. Estão presentes também os meios de comunicação e o percentual de votos em legenda, variáveis indicativas do civismo. Inexplicavelmente, também é sintetizada a variável que representa a falta de confiança. O segundo fator abrange dois tipos de variáveis: aquelas que representam a participação eleitoral e entidades associativistas (religiosas e de convivência social). Estas instituições não têm fins econômicos e a participação é mais ampla e democrática que as instituições agregadas no fator 1, sem exigir a associação formal, freqüência e nem o aval de quem já participa dela. O terceiro fator sintetiza as variáveis relativas ao associativismo, cooperação e sindicalização no meio rural, variáveis ligadas a evidente interesse econômico, muito embora o papel da confiança seja importante para a constituição e manutenção das instituições representadas. As entidades desportivas e filantrópicas são representadas no quarto fator e o quinto relaciona-se a instituições nas qual a finalidade econômica também se faz presente – cooperativas e organizações profissionais. Por fim, o fator número seis pode ser caracterizado pelos equipamentos e agrupamentos artístico-culturais. O ajuste de duas regressões lineares múltiplas (com base no método stepwise) evidencia a relação entre o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDH-M), que representa o desenvolvimento dos municípios, e a renda familiar per capita, que sintetiza o crescimento econômico, e os escores fatoriais calculados para os seis fatores representativos do capital social. Os coeficientes de determinação ajustados são respectivamente 0,44899 e 0,56879, significativos estatisticamente a 0,01. À exceção do segundo fator, que obteve coeficiente negativo, os demais fatores que fazem parte de ambas as regressões apresentaram sinais conforme esperado. Estes valores sinalizam que as diferenças apresentadas pelas variáveis que representam desenvolvimento e o crescimento dos municípios paulistas podem ser explicadas, em parte, pelo estoque de capital social. A contribuição deste trabalho é então, atestar a existência de relação positiva entre as variáveis que representam diferentes manifestações de capital social, de acordo com as aproximações realizadas, e aquelas que sintetizam o crescimento (renda familiar per capita) e o desenvolvimento econômico (IDH-M) no estado de São Paulo. / The aim of this study is to analyze the stock of social capital available in the São Paulo State’s counties, Brazil, according to the theory and methodology proposed by Robert Putnam. First, it describes some representative elements of social capital in the counties of São Paulo using proxies to represent association, civism and trust among people. Associative life is reflected on the presence of organizations and entities that contribute to the socialization of individuals, favoring human interrelations. The civism can be seen in electoral participation and mass medias. On the absence of a variable that could better describe the trust criminality is used as a proxy to lack of trust. Using principal components factor analysis; six factors were obtained to represent the social capital in the state of São Paulo. They explain 58.5% of the total variance of 22 variables. The first factor is related to urban associative organizations, in which participation is voluntary but depends on the affiliation of their members. In this factor are also present the mass medias and the percentage of preference voting, variables that indicate civism. Unexplainably it also synthesizes the variable that represents the lack of trust. The second factor is formed with two kinds of variables: electoral participation and associative entities (religious and social connivance). These entities do not have economical purposes and participation is ample and more democratic that in institutions aggregated in factor 1. They don’t require formal association and frequency, and referenda to the former participants. The third factor synthesizes variables related to association, cooperation, and union membership in rural areas, variables linked to evident economic purpose; however, the role of trust is important to the constitution and maintenance of these institutions. Sport associations and philanthropic entities are represented in the fourth factor. The fifth is related to institutions in which economical purposes are also present – cooperatives and professional organizations. The sixth factor can be characterized by artistic and cultural manifestations. The adjustment of two multiple linear regressions (based on a stepwise method) evidenced the relationship between the Human Development Index (IDH-M), that represents the development of the county, and the family per capita income, representing economic growth, and factor scores calculated for the six factors that represent social capital. The adjusted coefficients of determination are 0.44899 and 0.56879, respectively, significant at 0.01 level. Except for the second factor, that showed negative coefficients, the other factors included in both regressions showed signals as expected. These values can assure that differences presented in the variables that represent development and growth in the municipalities of São Paulo state can be explained, in part, by their stock of social capital. The contribution of this study is to attest the existence the positive relation between the variables that represent different manifestations of social capital, according to the proxies used, and those that synthesizes economic growth (family per capita income) and development (IDH-M) in São Paulo state.

O objetivo central desta tese foi o de testar a hipótese de que o custo de oportunidade do tempo da mulher brasileira, afeta positivamente o consumo de alimentos de fácil e rápido preparo e negativamente, o consumo dos alimentos “tempo intensivos”. Os dados utilizados no estudo são oriundos da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares - (POF) 2002-2003, realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE. Foram utilizados tanto os microdados quanto as publicações da referida pesquisa. Com base na Teoria da Produção Domiciliar, e por meio da utilização de um modelo econométrico – o procedimento em dois estágios de Heckman, buscou-se avaliar a influência do custo de oportunidade do tempo da mulher e de alguns outros fatores como: o nível de renda domiciliar, a composição familiar, a urbanização entre outros, sobre o consumo domiciliar de um grupo selecionado de alimentos – feijão, arroz, batata, mandioca, carnes, farinha de trigo, alimentos prontos, pão, iogurte e refrigerantes e sucos – e sobre o consumo de alimentação fora do domicílio. Os principais resultados mostram que houve uma significativa mudança nos padrões de consumo alimentar das famílias brasileiras desde a década de 1970. Como exemplo cita-se a redução de 46% no consumo domiciliar de arroz polido e 37% no consumo de feijão e, um aumento de 490% no consumo de refrigerantes de guaraná e 216% de alimentos preparados. Os principais indicadores socioeconômicos dão conta de uma intensificação no processo de urbanização no Brasil, ou seja, atualmente 83% da população brasileira vive em áreas urbanas, enquanto em 1970 esse percentual era de apenas 56%. Além disso, 54% das mulheres brasileiras, que são chefe de família ou cônjuges, trabalham e 26% dos chefes de família hoje no Brasil são mulheres. No que se refere aos fatores que afetam os padrões de consumo, verificou-se que, o custo de oportunidade do tempo da mulher, está diretamente relacionado a um aumento na probabilidade de consumo e no gasto domiciliar com os alimentos que demandam um menor tempo de preparo, como por exemplo, os alimentos prontos, o pão, refrigerantes e sucos, iogurtes e alimentação fora do domicílio e, uma redução, tanto na probabilidade de consumo quanto no gasto familiar, com os “alimentos tradicionais”, feijão, arroz, mandioca, carnes e farinha de trigo que, em geral, demandam um maior tempo de preparo. Todas as variáveis, custo de oportunidade do tempo da mulher, nível de renda, urbanização e composição familiar, foram altamente significativas e importantes na determinação dos padrões de consumo de alimentos no Brasil. / The main objective of this thesis was to test the hypothesis that the woman’s opportunity costs of time affects positively the consumption of foods that are easy and quick to prepare and negatively the consumption of foods that are time intensive. This study uses micro data from the “Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares” - Family Budget Research (POF) 2002- 2003, carried out by the “Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística” – IBGE – the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Based on the theory of Household Production and making use of an econometric model – Heckman two stages procedure, it was aimed to evaluate the influence of the woman’s opportunity costs of time and other factors such as the level of household income, the family formation, urbanization, among others, on the household consumption of a distinct group of foods – bean, rice, potato, cassava, meat, wheat flour, readymade foods, bread, yogurt, soft drinks and juices - and on the consumption of foods eaten outside the home. The main results show that there has been a significant change in the standards of eating habits of the Brazilian families since the 1970’s. As an example, it was cited the reduction of 46% in household rice consumption and 37% in the bean consumption and, an increase of 490% in the soft drinks consumption and 216% in the ready-made foods. The main socioeconomic indicators show intensification in the urbanization process in Brazil, that is, currently 83% of the Brazilian population lives in urban areas, while in 1970 this percentage was only 56%. Besides that, 54% of the Brazilian women that are the head of the family or spouse are working and 26% of the heads of families in Brazil nowadays are women. As for the factors that affect the standards of consumption, it was verified that the woman’s opportunity cost of time is directly related to an increase in the probability of consumption and of the household expenses on foods that demand a shorter time to be prepared, for example, the ready-made foods, bread, soft drinks and juices, yogurt and foods eaten outside the home and, to a reduction, in the probability of consumption as well as in the household expenses, on “traditional foods” such as bean, rice, cassava, meat and wheat flour that, in general, demand a longer time to prepare. All the variables, woman’s opportunity costs of time, income level, urbanization and family formation were highly significant and important to determine the standards of food consumption in Brazil.

O trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a disponibilidade domiciliar de energia, nutrientes e carotenóides para as famílias brasileiras residentes nas áreas rurais e urbanas, das Grandes Regiões Geográficas, bem como o estado nutricional dos indivíduos adultos pertencentes a esta população. Utilizou-se como base de dados as informações individuais obtidas por meio da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF 2008-2009) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Adotou-se preliminarmente um banco de dados criado a partir dos microdados da POF 2002- 2003. Essa planilha revisada e atualizada gerou um novo banco de dados. Utilizouse como parâmetro para a avaliação da participação de macronutrientes no Valor Energético Total (VET) e disponibilidade de vitaminas e minerais os valores preconizados pelo Institute of Medicine (1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004). Para a identificação do conteúdo de carotenóides foram adotadas as informações contidas na tabela Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 23 - United States of Department Agriculture (USDA). A disponibilidade média diária de energia e nutrientes e estado nutricional foram calculados utilizando o programa Statistical Analysis System SAS. Os resultados evidenciam diferenças da disponibilidade de energia e nutrientes para as famílias brasileiras, discriminadas de acordo com as Grandes Regiões e estratos geográficos (rural e urbano). Com relação à disponibilidade de energia, os maiores conteúdos foram identificados para as famílias das áreas rurais. A distribuição dos macronutrientes energéticos no VET revelou expressiva contribuição dos carboidratos para a totalidade das famílias brasileiras residentes no meio rural. Nos domicílios rurais e urbanos das Grandes Regiões, a contribuição de macronutrientes para o VET mostrou-se em conformidade com os valores preconizados. Com relação à vitamina C, vitamina B6, vitamina B12, folato e ácido pantotênico, os resultados indicaram disponibilidade inferior às recomendações. O conteúdo médio observado para as vitaminas A, B1 e B2 atendeu aos valores de referência para a totalidade das famílias. No tocante aos minerais, a disponibilidade de cálcio, magnésio, zinco, potássio e ferro revelou-se reduzida na maioria dos domicílios brasileiros. Os valores médios observados para os minerais sódio e manganês superaram o recomendado para a totalidade das famílias. A disponibilidade de carotenóides apresentou um aumento importante na última pesquisa (POF 2008-2009) quando em comparação com os valores identificados por meio da POF 2002-2003. Porém, revela-se ainda pouco expressiva nos domicílios brasileiros. Foi observada prevalência de sobrepeso (32,9%) e obesidade (12,5%) entre os adultos. Ressalta-se que os resultados referem-se às estimativas das quantidades de alimentos adquiridos para consumo no domicílio, podendo os mesmos envolver algum grau de subestimação. Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa evidenciam diferenças expressivas da disponibilidade de energia e nutrientes para as famílias brasileiras. Maior disponibilidade de carotenóides totais foi observada nos domicílios da Região Sul, com destaque para as famílias residentes nas áreas rurais. O sobrepeso e a obesidade destacaram-se entre os adultos. / The study aimed to analyze the household availability of energy, nutrients and carotenoids to Brazilian families living in rural and urban areas, the Major Geographic Regions, as well as the nutritional status of adults belonging to this population. The individual information from the Household Budget Survey (POF 2008-2009) from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) were used as a database. We adopted a preliminary database created from the POF microdata from 2002 to 2003. This revised and updated spreadsheet generated a new database. The values recommended by the Institute of Medicine (1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004) were used as a parameter to assess the participation of macronutrients in total energy (VET) and availability of vitamins and minerals. The identification and content of carotenoids was based on the information contained in the table Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 23 - United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The average daily availability of energy and nutrients and nutritional status were calculated using the Statistical Analysis System - SAS. The results show differences in the availability of energy and nutrients to Brazilian families, broken down by Major Regions and geographic areas (rural and urban). Regarding the availability of energy, the highest contents were identified for families in rural areas. The energy distribution of macronutrients in the VET revealed significant contribution of carbohydrates to the total of Brazilian families living in rural areas. In rural and urban households of Major Regions, the contribution of macronutrients to the VET proved in accordance with the recommended values. With respect to vitamin C, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate, and pantothenic acid, the results indicated lower availability of the recommendations. The mean content observed for vitamins A, B1 and B2 met the benchmarks for all families. With regard to minerals, the availability of calcium, magnesium, zinc, potassium and iron proved to be reduced in most Brazilian households. The mean values observed for the minerals sodium and manganese exceeded the recommendations for all families. The availability of carotenoids showed a significant increase in the 2008-2009 survey, when compared with the values of POF 2002-2003, although it continues to be unsatisfactory in Brazilian households. A prevalence of overweightness (32,9%) and obesity (12,5%) was detected among adults. It is emphasized that the results refer to estimates of quantities of food purchased for consumption at home, so they can involve some degree of underestimation. The results obtained in this study show significant differences in the availability of energy and nutrients to Brazilian families. Greater availability of carotenoids was observed in households in the South, especially for families living in rural areas. Overweight and obesity stood out among adults.

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which socioeconomic factors, demographic factors, parent and student attitudes, and parent involvement were associated with math achievement. Students in Grade 5 were selected as the population for this study. Random sampling procedures were used to select the sample. Students in the sample completed a modified version of the Fennema-Sherman Mathematics Attitudes Scales. Normal Curve Equivalent Scores (NCEs) from the math scales on the TerraNova Standardized Achievement Test were obtained for all students from the individual school records. Parents of the students also participated by answering questions pertaining to their attitudes toward math, their level of involvement in the classroom, and questions that pertained to socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. The findings from this study suggested that each of the six scales used from the Fennema-Sherman Mathematics Attitudes Scales were all significantly associated with the math, computation, and composite scores of the TerraNova Standardized Achievement Test. Family annual income, parents' educational level, and parent involvement were also significantly associated with math achievement. Four of the six attitudinal scales; the Mathematics as a Male Domain, Confidence in Learning Mathematics, Parent, and Mathematics Anxiety Scales, were significantly related to parents' educational level, family's annual income, and gender. Socioeconomic and attitudinal factors were the most powerful predictors of math achievment, while gender and parent involvement were not strong predictors.

No description available.

This dissertation attempts to integrate the household and children more fluidly into measures of well-being in the past. In part one, I develop a Monte Carlo simulation to test some of the assumptions of Allen’s welfare ratio methodology. These included his assumptions that family size was constant over time, that there were no female-headed households and that women and children did not participate in the labour force. After all of the adjustments, it appears that Allen’s welfare ratios underestimate the welfare ratios of a demographically representative group of families, especially if women and children’s labour force participation is included. However, the predicted distributions also highlight the struggles of agricultural labourers, who are given separate consideration. Even the average agricultural labourers’ family with women and children working would have had to rely of self- provisioning, gleaning, poor relief or the extension of the working year to make ends meet at the poorest point in their family life cycle. Part two adjusts Floud et al.’s estimates of calorie availability in the English economy from 1700 to 1909 for the costs of digestion, pregnancy and lactation. Taken together, these three additional costs reduced the amount calories available by around 15 per cent in 1700 but only by 5 per cent in 1909 because of the changing composition of the English diet. Part three presents a new adaptive framework for studying changes in children’s growth patterns over time and a new methodology, longitudinal growth studies, for measuring gender disparities in health in the past. An adaptive framework for understanding growth provides a more parsimonious explanation for the vast catch-up growth achieved by slave children in the antebellum American South. The slave children were only able to achieve this catch-up growth because they were programmed for a tall height trajectory by relatively good conditions in utero. Finally, impoverished girls experienced greater catch-up growth than boys in two schools in late-nineteenth century Boston, USA and early-twentieth century London, suggesting that girls were deprived relative to boys before entering these institutions.

依衛生福利部國民健康署指出，飲酒會導致如車禍、家暴、肝癌及肝硬化等事故與疾病，這些都是少量卻有顯著危害。目前臺灣的酒品隨處可購得，但國人及整個社會卻尚未學會到如何正確與「酒」相處；而臺灣特有的拚酒文化更是常拚出一身病來，許多人因酒而失業、家庭失和，甚至喪命。更可怕的是，飲酒還會造成無辜大眾平白犧牲。有鑒於飲酒過量所帶來的危害，酒害的防制已是世界各國共同的議題。 本研究從長時間來回顧臺灣飲酒消費的情況及變化，同時觀察臺灣飲酒家庭戶長與家庭成員的特性，及各縣市飲酒消費的情形，以作為我國未來在制定酒害防制政策時之參考。本文利用行政院主計總處提供之1990至2012年「家庭收支調查報告」資料來進行分析，結果發現飲酒消費支出金額與所得呈現正向關係，惟所得低的家庭，其飲酒消費支出占可支配所得的比重，較所得高的家庭大。另飲酒消費支出較高的家庭，其教育程度及平均年齡相對較低，且男性成員比率偏高，倘若針對教育程度較低者、年輕及男性族群，透過教育及政策行銷，加強渠等對飲酒危害的風險認知，進而減少飲酒量，將有利提升國民健康。 / It is published that traffic accidents, certain social problems or body illnesses are often the results of alcohol drinking events; such as car accident, family abuse, liver cancer or cirrhosis etc., reported by Health Promotion Administration Ministry of Health and Welfare. Such alcohol problems are rare, but serious once happened. Alcohols can be bought everywhere in Taiwan, but still Taiwanese don’t know how to deal with drinking. One of the Taiwanese drinking features, the bottom-up, also adds to the alcohol problems. Many unemployment, family quarrels or even the human lives are caused or jeopardized by over-drinking. Sometimes, even an innocent people could be hurt through a drinking event. Due to the endangerment that is developed by over drinking, that how to prevent it is now a common issue to discuss with all over the world. This essay examines the long-term alcohol consumption changes in Taiwan, observes, at the same time, the characteristics of alcohol-drinking families and the family head of the household, and compares the alcohol consumption situation in different town, county areas in Taiwan. Based on the data form the year 1990 to 2012 in the “Report on the Survey of Family Income and Expenditure in Taiwan Area”, it is found that the expenditure on alcohols and the income of a family are positively related. If we compare the alcohol expenditure to the total disposable income, it is found that the ratio is higher for the poor family than those rich ones. For those families with higher alcohol expenditures, we find their family members are comparatively younger, less educated, and consisted of more male than female members. If we aimed at those classified groups of less educated, younger and male to strengthen their awareness of the alcohol risks through education and policy advocacy to reduce their drinking, our national health will be enhanced.

本文的研究目的為分析台灣菸品消費的特性。本文選擇採取分量迴歸法作為研究方法，探討在0.05、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8和0.95的菸品消費分量下，吸菸家戶的菸品消費特性效果為何。資料來源為行政院家庭收支調查報告。 研究結果指出，在0.2到0.8分量的菸品消費量下，菸品的價格彈性為-0.161到-0.231之間。然而，在0.05分量的菸品消費量下，菸品的價格彈性為-0.363，而當位於0.95分量的菸品消費量時，菸品的消費彈性大幅的提升至-0.701。這代表著提高菸品稅或是菸品健康福利捐的政策是可以有效減少吸菸行為的。 更近一步探討，在0.95分量的菸品消費下，菸品的消費彈性大幅的提升至-0.701，對於此現象可能的解釋為，對於較高菸品消費量的家戶大部分為吸菸成癮者，當價格上漲時，消費者會選擇改變吸菸習慣例如戒菸或購買較便宜的香菸。 而值得一提的是，對於吸菸成癮的消費者而言，也存在一定機率會選擇購買非法的走私香菸，而走私香菸不但無法增加我國菸品稅收收入，也無法達成抑制我國吸菸率的政策目標。因此，政府在推動菸品控管政策時，須將菸品消費者的消費特性列入考量，同時也必須加強查緝非法菸品走私的行為，才能更有效達成政策目標。 / The research purpose of the paper was to analyze the characteristics of cigarette consumptions in Taiwan. The paper had adopted quantile regression as research method to discuss the effect of smoking households’ consumption characteristics to the cigarette consumptions in Taiwan at 0.05, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 0.95 quantile. Data for the research was sourced from the “Report on the Survey of Family Income & Expenditure”, conducted by the Executive Yuan, R.O.C. The results showed up that the price elasticities of cigarettes were estimated about -0.161 to -0.231 from 0.2 to 0.8 quantile of cigarettes consumption. However, the price elasticity of cigarettes was -0.363 in 0.05 quantile and raised significantly to -0.701 in 0.95 quantile. Indicating the policy of implementing cigarette tax or “Health and Welfare Surcharge on Tobacco Products” would decrease the smoking behavior effectively. Furthermore, the price elasticity changed to -0.701 in 0.95 quantile, a possible explanation for this phenomenon was that households with higher cigarette consumption were highly addicted to smoking, when the cigarette price increased, they would try to change smoking habit such as buying cheaper cigarettes or quit smoking. However, it is worth noticed that there existed risks of price sensitive smokers seek out measures to purchase less expensive cigarettes when they were highly relied on cigarettes, such as smuggled cigarettes, which may decrease future cessation efforts, and also lose the tax revenue from cigarette excise tax. Therefore, government should also take the consumption characteristics of smoking households into account and also enhance the prevention of illegal consumption behaviors when implementing the tobacco control policy.