本研究主要探討不同捐贈行為對租稅價格的影響，分兩個議題探討：第一個議題是運用美國IRS 1995年橫斷面資料，透過分組的方式，分析不同捐贈金額高低之組別其價格彈性的差異；第二個議題是運用美國IRS 1987-1990年追蹤資料，透過分組的方式，以1990年的資料為主，分析不同變異程度之組別其價格彈性的效果。 研究結果顯示，議題一討論不同捐贈金額，在未分組前由全體資料所估計出來的價格彈性為-1.17，依捐贈金額高低區分為三組後發現，受到捐贈價格影響的主要為高捐贈組其價格彈性為-2.57，而低捐贈組與中捐贈組的價格彈性均小於1，分別為-0.57與-0.10，顯示高捐贈組受到租稅價格的影響較顯著。而議題二討論不同變異程度，在未分組前由全體資料所估計出來的價格彈性為-1.33，依變異係數分組後發現，受到捐贈價格影響主要為變異係數較高的組別，其價格彈性為-2.77，另外兩組的價格彈性均不顯著。 透過兩議題的綜合結果顯示，隨機捐贈之高捐贈者，受到租稅價格的影響最大，因此若想透過租稅政策的方式刺激捐贈，以對此特質的人為宜。

世界各國政府為了廣開籌措財源的管道，對於各類博彩事業已從過去的嚴格禁止到「寓禁於徵」，一方面可使賭博透明化便於監督，防止犯罪行為糾纏；另一方面又可讓財政困窘的政府藉以獲得相當稅收；博彩事業的合法化及加入娛樂趣味性就成為現今休閒產業發展的潮流之一。故本研究針對國內近期發行的公益彩券進行上述之相關探討，研究內容包含： 1.透過文獻探討菸、酒及彩券三種財貨「寓禁於徵」之效果， 2.透過問券分析，公益彩券發行後、公益彩券價格改變及發行電腦彩券對六合彩購買者影響之關聯性分析及比例性分析， 3.透過問券分析，公益彩券發行後、公益彩券價格改變及民眾所得水準提昇對民眾日常娛樂性消費支出的影響，並分析公益彩券與一般娛樂性消費支出為替代或互補關係。 透過文獻探討及問券分析後，本研究主要發現及結論如下： 1.菸、酒、彩券之長期價格彈性大於短期價格彈性；彩券較菸、酒富於彈性，彩券價格彈性通常大於１而菸酒價格彈性通常小於１，故對彩券「寓禁於徵」之效果會較菸、酒為佳， 2.透過問卷模擬公益彩券價格調降後發現，除了唱歌之外，一般娛樂性消費支出與公益彩券為互補關係，可能是由於彩券價格調降後，民眾實質所得增加的效益，使民眾同時增加彩券及其他娛樂性消費支出，故呈現互補現象。然而公益彩券價格調降後，娛樂性消費支出金額不變的民眾也不算少，約佔樣本的59.32%，可見不受公益彩券影響的民眾也不算少， 3.由問卷模擬所得增加後發現，一般娛樂性消費支出(不含六合彩及彩券)為正常財；彩券與六合彩隨著所得增加而減少消費，故彩券與六合彩在本研究發現為劣等財。

雖然最適租稅布規範性分析的租稅理論中，所扮演的角色日趨重要；然而，具體的政 策性建議，卻一直無法產生，此乃歸因於（１）政府無法同時改變所有稅率（２）即 使能改變，亦無法正確估計自我與交叉的價格彈性和所得彈性以便求得福利極大化的 租稅結構，於是發展出屬於次佳理論範疇的租稅改革理論。 全文共分五章，主要探討利用稅率的逐漸調整，稅基的改變，以及公共財數量的變化 等工具，來促使福利水準增加，以達最適租稅的福利最大化。第一章緒論及研究的動 機和方向；第二章為基本模型，探討政策工具的使用在何種情況下會使福利增加；第 三章為基本模型之修正及擴充；第四章引進其他租稅改革方法；第五章為模型的安定 性分析；第六章為結語及未來研究方向。

本研究對中國大陸房地產市場設立需求及供給函數，並使用中國大陸2001 到2009 年的省級資料進行研究分析，以探討中國大陸房地產市場的所得彈性、價格彈性與貸款成數對中國大陸房地產市場供給與需求的影響。 經由實證估計出來的所得彈性值域為1.77 ~ 3.00，價格彈性值域為0.08 ~ -0.80。相較於過往的文獻與研究，估計到的彈性較高，顯現出即便中國大陸房價持續飆漲，民眾仍肯購置房產，且房價飆漲對於房地產市場的需求量影響有限，乃因民眾對於未來的經濟情勢持樂觀的態度。 而貸款成數方面，在貸放資金大增的環境下，對於中國大陸的房地產需求及供給市場大抵而言有顯著影響，而貸款成數的增加也使得房地產需求及供給量跟隨增加。 / The research constructed the demand and supply function for the market of China's real estate, and used the provincial data in China from 2001 to 2009 to analysis. Based on the information, we discussed the income elasticity and the price elasticity, and furthermore the impacts of the percentage of loans on the China's real estate market. According to the empirical estimate, the range of income elasticity was from 1.77 to 3.00, and for the price elasticity, it was from 0.08 to -0.80. Compare with those previous studies, the higher level of elasticity represented that although the real estate price continued soaring in China, people were still willing to purchase. Moreover, the soaring price had a limited influence in the demand of real estate market, and the main reason was that people were all optimistic about the future. To the percentage of loans, in this environment of the sharp increase in money lending, we found that it affect the demand and the supply market of real estate significantly, and with the relaxation of credit control, it led the demand and the supply of real estate to increase.

個人捐贈為教育、文化及公益慈善機構或團體的重要經費來源，目前我國於租稅上，提供捐贈者可扣抵其課稅所得的租稅誘因，相當於政府利用補貼的方式，降低了捐贈者的捐贈成本。但是否能有效達到激勵捐贈者的效果，則待實證研究分析。 本研究利用民國92年綜合所得稅申報資料分析，實證結果得知，慈善捐贈金額與可支配所得呈正向且顯著的關係；租稅價格變動對慈善捐贈金額變動有負向且顯著之影響，顯示目前政府的租稅政策能夠有效刺激捐贈，但針對高所得者價格彈性的有效性則降低。薪資所得佔可支配所得比率與捐贈金額呈正向之關係。納稅義務人的年齡越大、未婚、女性，較有慈善捐贈的意願。但納稅人申報扶養親屬人數較多及申報自用住宅購屋借款利息較多者，捐贈意願較低。最後，納稅義務人所在的地區也會影響其捐贈支出，隨著納稅人可支配所得增加，地域性的影響也逐漸減小。 / Individual charitable giving is an important source of finance for a wide variety of nonprofit organizations. Charitable contributions are deductible in determining taxable income; therefore, the current income tax system makes the price of charitable contributions less than the price of other goods and services. The deduction can be viewed as a tax subsidy. Whether the tax subsidy can stimulate charitable giving or not should be examined by empirical research. This study uses tax return data obtained from the Taiwan Government Finance and Tax Statistical Databank (for the year 2004). The results indicate that the income elasticity of charitable giving has positive and significant effect on charitable giving; while the tax price elasticity estimate is found to have a negative effect, except for the group of high income taxpayers. Beside price and income, salary to disposable income ratio varies with the giving. Female, married, and elder taxpayers are more likely to donate. However, a taxpayer who claims more deductions for dependents or primary residential house interests will be reluctant to give money to charities. The taxpayer’s registered permanent residence is found to have a strong influence on charitable giving. Nevertheless, as taxpayer’s disposable income increases, the regional factor is diminished gradually. The evidence presented in this study provides a useful foundation for the government to devise the future policy on the charitable deductions.

本文的研究目的為分析台灣菸品消費的特性。本文選擇採取分量迴歸法作為研究方法，探討在0.05、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8和0.95的菸品消費分量下，吸菸家戶的菸品消費特性效果為何。資料來源為行政院家庭收支調查報告。 研究結果指出，在0.2到0.8分量的菸品消費量下，菸品的價格彈性為-0.161到-0.231之間。然而，在0.05分量的菸品消費量下，菸品的價格彈性為-0.363，而當位於0.95分量的菸品消費量時，菸品的消費彈性大幅的提升至-0.701。這代表著提高菸品稅或是菸品健康福利捐的政策是可以有效減少吸菸行為的。 更近一步探討，在0.95分量的菸品消費下，菸品的消費彈性大幅的提升至-0.701，對於此現象可能的解釋為，對於較高菸品消費量的家戶大部分為吸菸成癮者，當價格上漲時，消費者會選擇改變吸菸習慣例如戒菸或購買較便宜的香菸。 而值得一提的是，對於吸菸成癮的消費者而言，也存在一定機率會選擇購買非法的走私香菸，而走私香菸不但無法增加我國菸品稅收收入，也無法達成抑制我國吸菸率的政策目標。因此，政府在推動菸品控管政策時，須將菸品消費者的消費特性列入考量，同時也必須加強查緝非法菸品走私的行為，才能更有效達成政策目標。 / The research purpose of the paper was to analyze the characteristics of cigarette consumptions in Taiwan. The paper had adopted quantile regression as research method to discuss the effect of smoking households’ consumption characteristics to the cigarette consumptions in Taiwan at 0.05, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 0.95 quantile. Data for the research was sourced from the “Report on the Survey of Family Income & Expenditure”, conducted by the Executive Yuan, R.O.C. The results showed up that the price elasticities of cigarettes were estimated about -0.161 to -0.231 from 0.2 to 0.8 quantile of cigarettes consumption. However, the price elasticity of cigarettes was -0.363 in 0.05 quantile and raised significantly to -0.701 in 0.95 quantile. Indicating the policy of implementing cigarette tax or “Health and Welfare Surcharge on Tobacco Products” would decrease the smoking behavior effectively. Furthermore, the price elasticity changed to -0.701 in 0.95 quantile, a possible explanation for this phenomenon was that households with higher cigarette consumption were highly addicted to smoking, when the cigarette price increased, they would try to change smoking habit such as buying cheaper cigarettes or quit smoking. However, it is worth noticed that there existed risks of price sensitive smokers seek out measures to purchase less expensive cigarettes when they were highly relied on cigarettes, such as smuggled cigarettes, which may decrease future cessation efforts, and also lose the tax revenue from cigarette excise tax. Therefore, government should also take the consumption characteristics of smoking households into account and also enhance the prevention of illegal consumption behaviors when implementing the tobacco control policy.

本研究之目的在於瞭解臺灣地區有關醫療需求與利用之行為，並進而藉其 研究結果來推估部分負擔之實施成效。針對「八十年家庭收支記帳調查」 之 1,327戶家庭之資料，本研究分別以多元迴歸之線性模型與指數模型來 從事分析，並獲致下列之重要結果及發現： 1.門診價格偏彈性為 -0.27 至 -0.28 之間；住院價格偏彈性為 -0.06之間。可見兩者均欠缺彈性， 且住院較門診的彈性值更小。 2.門診之住院交叉彈性為 0.0015 至 0.0016 之間，顯示門診與住院之間有些替代效果存在。 3.門診之所得偏 彈性係數為 0.19至 0.22之間，表示門診是種正常品，且其彈性值並不大 。 4.部分負擔在門診上所節省之保險給付，若以負擔率為 10%來看，約 佔保費收入之 6.6%至 10.2%；醫療給付之 8.2%至 24.9%。但若提高部分 負擔至 25%時，則上述各數值約增加為兩倍。可見部分負擔對於保險財務 之補充，實具有相當功效。 5.以 10% 至 25% 的門診部分負擔率來估算 ，一般家庭於一年內須自付之門診費用，約佔家庭消費支出之 0.3%至 1.3%，佔儲蓄金額之0.7%至 3.0%，佔可支配所得之 0.2% 至 0.9%。其比 率並不算高，應不至於對一般家庭形成過重之經濟壓力。但若常使用醫療 資源的話，負擔將會更加提高且不容忽視。 / This research attempts to estimate the financial effects of cost-sharing system in Taiwan's health insurance. According to book-keeping data of 1,327 families, the study uses the linear & exponential model of the multiple regression to analyze the demand of the medical resources in Taiwan. The major results are as following: 1. The partial price elasticity of the outpatient care is esti- mated between -0.27 and -0.28, while the partial price elasti- city of the inpatient care is -0.06. Both are inelastic, but the inpatient care is ever more inelastic than the outpatient care. 2. The cross elasticity of the outpatient visits demanded with respect to inpatient price is between 0.0015 and 0.0016. It shows that there are some substitutions between two kinds of medical care. 3. The partial income elasticity of the outpatient care is esti- mated between 0.19 and 0.22, which reveals that the outpatient care is a normal good though the elasticity is small. 4. As to the potential effect of cost-sharing system on saving outpatient benefit, if the cost-sharing ratio were 10%, the reduced payment as the share of the premium is expected from 6.6% to 10.2% and as the share of the medical benefit from 8.2% to 24.9% depending on varying assumptions. If the ratio were raised to 25% , the reduced payment is projected to be twice as above. It implies that the cost-sharing system could be effective to improve the insurance finance. 5. It is further estimated that, when the cost-sharing ratio of the outpatient care were 25%, the cost-sharing burden for an average family is 1.3% with respect to the consumption expend- iture, 3.0% with respect to the savings and 0.9% with respect to disposable income. These ratios are not too high and an av- erage family can afford it. However, for those using medical services more heavily, their burden could be much higher and should be seriously considered.

首先針對租屋市場與與購屋市場，分別估計其所得彈性與價格彈性。對租 屋者而言，僅包括消費性的需求。藉由彈性的估計，我們可知道住宅為必 需品或是奢侈品；在價格上漲時，消費者是否有議價能力。另外再將購屋 市場依不同的需求目的，如居住目的與非居住目的，估計所得彈性與價格 彈性。對非居住目的的購屋者而言，僅包含投資性的住宅需求。接著利用 估計的消費性與投資性需求彈性，計算出對只有一棟房屋的購屋者，其消 費與投資需求佔房屋支出之比例。 In this paper, we estimated the elasticity of income and price for rental and purches housing. For rental housing, it just includes the consumption demand for housing. By these estimations, we can know housing is a luxury or a necessity. When the price increase, the consumers are able to charge. On the other hand, by the different targets --- living or not, there is only one or there are two or more houses, we estimate the elasticities. For two or more houses, it just includes the investment demand for housing. Then we use the elasticities to computer the share of consumption and investment in housing expenditure.

摘要 隨著時代變遷，行銷手法愈來愈推陳出新，商品零售市場的競爭也愈來愈激烈，走進零售店會看到二件八折，第二件五折或是買一送一等降價促銷活動；剛開始做第二件五折的時候，業績瞬間成長，但是多做幾次之後，效益可能就開始往下降，因此可能開始加碼做買一送一，或是增加降價促銷的頻率，最後無法抽身，而陷入一個不得不做的僵局。所以，如何訂定適當的行銷策略，在價格促銷深度和頻率間取得平衡點，追求最大的效益，是製造商常常面臨的問題與決策。 本研究使用尼爾森量販店商品掃描資料，以餅乾銷售資料做為研究品類，探討價格促銷深度與頻率的相互關係，如何影響消費者購買趨勢。本研究根據迴歸線性模型，利用銷售資料先了解前期、節慶及競爭者等變數對該品類的影響，再分析不同的促銷折扣下的價格彈跳幅度，最後分別以二個月及三個月為單位搭配促銷的頻率，看前期有無促銷的時候，對最後一個月不同的價格促銷深度時的業績增加幅度影響。 最後以消費者預期下一次促銷時間與預期價格差異的行為理論，針對本研究結果做分析，提供行銷建議。

根據傳統經濟供需理論，價格便宜相對會吸引需求上升，然而，以台灣住宅現象來看，相較沈重的房貸壓力，低廉的租金為何不能吸引租屋需求增加，反而自有住宅市場佔整體住宅市場八成高的比例？對於負擔能力可自由選擇租賃或購買住宅的家戶，似乎不管租金負擔較房貸負擔輕鬆的事實，大多偏好進入自有市場；而租屋者似乎只要負擔能力可及，就會轉入自有市場。這些現象背後是否隱含台灣住宅租賃市場與自有市場之間的替代程度不大？ 實證結果顯示，民國72年，租賃住宅對自有房屋者之交叉彈性為0.04，而自有住宅對租屋者之交叉彈性為0.06。民國82年，租賃住宅對自有房屋者之交叉彈性為0.02，而自有住宅對租屋者之交叉彈性為0.07，交叉彈性皆很小。以同一年相比較，發現租賃住宅的交叉彈性較自有住宅為大，其可能由於租屋者視租賃為過渡時期，其最終仍想擁屋，所以租屋需求對房價的變動較為敏感；而擁屋者較少會有賣掉自有住宅轉入租賃市場的情形，所以其對租金的變動較不敏感。不同的房地產價格水準下（72、82年），自有者之交叉彈性變小而租屋者之交叉彈性增加。在住宅租賃市場與自有市場之相對購屋或租屋價格的變動下，住宅消費行為在兩個次市場之間的移轉情況可自替代程度中反應出來。