Avec le développement rapide des technologies sans fil modernes et la miniaturisation des antennes et des systèmes électriques, l'emploi des antennes à l'intérieur du corps humain pour le suivi thérapeutique est devenu possible. Des batteries permettent d'alimenter ces antennes ; la réduction de la consommation de puissance implique l'augmentation de la durée de vie de circuits ingérables. Le corps humain, qui a une conductivité non nulle, n'est pas un milieu idéal pour la transmission des ondes RF à cause de l'atténuation liée aux propriétés diélectriques des tissus biologiques. Cependant, les tissus humains ne perturbent pas le champ magnétique car celui-ci dépend de la perméabilité du milieu qui est égale à un dans le corps humain. Bien que la puissance du champ magnétique décroisse avec l'exposant six de la distance, la technique utilisant les communications par induction magnétique en champ proche a été adoptée dans cette étude pour concevoir une liaison sans fil à faible portée à travers le corps humain. Durant ces travaux de thèse, après une caractérisation détaillée de la bobine d'émission située à l'intérieur du corps humain et de la bobine de réception localisée à sa surface, nous avons mis en place un bilan de liaison pour contribuer à l'amélioration du transfert de puissance dans ce milieu dissipatif. Un modèle analytique, déterminant les facteurs qui peuvent affecter le bilan de liaison par induction magnétique, a été vérifié à travers les simulations et les mesures. La variation de la position et de l'orientation de l'antenne ingérable ont été prises en compte pour évaluer la réponse de couplage entre la bobine émettrice et la bobine réceptrice. Les résultats obtenus constituent un pas en avant vers de futures recherches sur la conception de antennes dans les milieux dissipatifs et en particulier le corps humain / With the rapid growth of wireless technology and the miniaturization of modern antennas and electrical systems, the use of antennas inside the human body for therapeutic monitoring became possible. Batteries are used to supply these antennas; reducing the power consumption allows to increase the lifetime of ingestible systems. The human body, which has non-zero conductivity, is not an ideal environment for the transmission of RF waves because of the attenuation due to the dielectric properties of biological tissues. However, the human tissues do not disrupt the magnetic field as it depends on the permeability of the medium which is equal to one in the human body. Although the magnetic field power decreases with the distance exponent six, the technique using near-field magnetic induction communications was adopted in this study to design a short range wireless link through the human body. In this thesis, after a detailed characterization of the transmitting coil antenna located inside the human body and the receiving coil placed on its surface, we have implemented a link budget to contribute to the improvement of power transfer in the dissipative medium. An analytical model, identifying factors that can affect the link budget by magnetic induction, has been verified through simulations and measurements. The variation of the position and the orientation of the ingestible antenna were taken into account to evaluate the coupling response between the transmitting coil and the receiving coil. The results are a step toward future research on the design of antennas in dissipative media, in particular the human body

L'Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique (IRM) est une modalité d'imagerie médicale reposant sur l'utilisation de champs électromagnétiques pour acquérir des images tomodensitométriques du corps humain. Bien qu'appartenant à la catégorie des rayonnements non-ionisants (RNI), des effets transitoires peuvent être ressentis par les personnels travaillant à proximité d'une IRM. Ces travailleurs sont dits exposés aux champs électromagnétiques, même si les différents comités d’experts s’accordent pour dire qu’aucun effet d’accumulation de dose ou d’effet à long terme n’a été trouvé. Ces effets à court terme, allant d’un goût métallique au niveau de la bouche à la stimulation nerveuse et à l'échauffement, sont connus et identifiés. Ils peuvent néanmoins provoquer une gêne, voire un danger, pour le travailleur. Ces préoccupations concernent spécifiquement le champ magnétique permanent (de 1,5 T à 7 T) utilisé par l'IRM. Un groupement d'experts mandatés par l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) a ainsi déterminé l'évaluation de l'exposition des travailleurs au champ magnétique statique comme une priorité importante. Les travaux de cette thèse ont permis de répondre à cette demande en définissant et en implémentant un dispositif de mesure autonome et léger permettant la mesure de cette exposition ainsi que la caractérisation des mouvements du travailleur. La justesse de la mesure d'induction magnétique réalisée par le dispositif est garantie par une méthode de correction numérique prenant en compte les défauts de linéarité et d'orthogonalité du capteur. Basée sur les données du capteur, une méthode d'ajustement de la mesure d'induction magnétique a ensuite été définie. Cette méthode permet, à partir d'une mesure réalisée au niveau du torse du travailleur, d'extrapoler la valeur d'induction magnétique au niveau de la tête de celui-ci. Enfin, une validation pratique du dispositif de mesure a été effectuée à travers un suivi de l'exposition des travailleurs IRM de trois centres d'imagerie médicale : imagerie clinique, imagerie interventionnelle et IRM ultra hauts champs (7~T). Des méthodes d'extraction de métriques permettant l'analyse précise et la comparaison de l'exposition des travailleurs au champ magnétique statique ont été proposées. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont ouvert des perspectives intéressantes, permettant de réaliser le suivi à long terme de l'exposition des travailleurs au champ magnétique statique de façon quasi autonome. De plus, une industrialisation des outils et méthodes définis a pu être réalisée et est actuellement en cours de validation / The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging modality using electromagnetic fields (EMF) in order to perform human body tomodensitometric images. Even if these fields are Non-Ionizing Radiations (NIR), some transitory effects can be felt by the staff working in the vicinity of the MRI. Such workers are qualified as “exposed” to EMF, even if all expert comities agree to say that no accumulative or long term effects have been identified yet. Short term effects are known and identified, from metallic taste in the mouth, nerve and muscle stimulation, to biologic tissue heating, which can be troublesome or dangerous. The main exposure concern comes from the MRI permanent static magnetic field (ranging from 1.5 T to 7 T). An expert comity, mandated by the World Health Organization (WHO), has therefore defined the evaluation of the exposure of the MRI workers to the static magnetic field as a priority. This was the focus of this PhD thesis. A light and autonomous static magnetic field monitor (called "exposimeter") has been developed. It allows the recording of the three-dimensional magnetic fields as well as workers’ movements. Its magnetic induction measurement accuracy has been ensured by a specific calibration, which takes into account non-linearity and non-orthogonality of the magnetic sensors. Based on exposimeter data, a magnetic induction extrapolation method has then been developed. This method allows the estimation of the EMF exposure at the head with sensors placed on the torso. Finally, a practical validation of the device has been performed in multiple MRI clinical and research centers, included clinical MRIs (1.5 T and 3 T), an interventional MRI (1.5 T) and an ultra-high field MRI (7 T). Metrics have been defined in order to precisely analyze and compare workers exposure. All the works presented in this PhD thesis open new perspectives such as long term static magnetic field exposure follow-up. Moreover, industrial transfer of the device has been performed and is currently being validated

Este trabalho apresenta as características básicas de uma máquina elétrica com fluxo axial, ímãs permanentes, rotor duplo e estator com enrolamentos toroidais montado entre os rotores. A máquina foi construída no Laboratório de Máquinas Elétricas, Acionamentos e Energia da Escola de Engenharia da UFRGS. O trabalho contém modelos analíticos para as induções magnéticas dos ímãs permanentes e dos enrolamentos de armadura. A partir dos modelos foram desenvolvidas expressões para o cálculo de forças eletromotrizes e de conjugados, sendo utilizado um software de matemática simbólica para realização dos cálculos. É apresentada uma comparação entre os resultados obtidos através do modelo analítico e os resultados obtidos por simulação numérica. Alguns resultados são comparados também com valores experimentais. As expressões para o cálculo de conjugado desenvolvido pela máquina serão detalhadas em uma etapa posterior. Foi obtida uma razoável coerência entre os dados comparados. / This work presents the basic features of an axial flux, permanent magnet, double rotor and toroidal windings mounted between the rotors. The machine was built in the Laboratory of Electrical Machines, Drives and energy of the School of Engineering of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. The work contains analytical models of permanent magnets and armature windings magnetic inductions. Based in models, expressions of electromotive forces and torques were derived. The calculations were performed with a symbolical mathematical software. It is presented a comparison between results obtained with analytical model and results of the numerical simulation. Some comparisons include experimental results. The expressions of machine torque will be detailed in a next phase. The compared results present an acceptable conformity.

Este trabalho apresenta as características básicas de uma máquina elétrica com fluxo axial, ímãs permanentes, rotor duplo e estator com enrolamentos toroidais montado entre os rotores. A máquina foi construída no Laboratório de Máquinas Elétricas, Acionamentos e Energia da Escola de Engenharia da UFRGS. O trabalho contém modelos analíticos para as induções magnéticas dos ímãs permanentes e dos enrolamentos de armadura. A partir dos modelos foram desenvolvidas expressões para o cálculo de forças eletromotrizes e de conjugados, sendo utilizado um software de matemática simbólica para realização dos cálculos. É apresentada uma comparação entre os resultados obtidos através do modelo analítico e os resultados obtidos por simulação numérica. Alguns resultados são comparados também com valores experimentais. As expressões para o cálculo de conjugado desenvolvido pela máquina serão detalhadas em uma etapa posterior. Foi obtida uma razoável coerência entre os dados comparados. / This work presents the basic features of an axial flux, permanent magnet, double rotor and toroidal windings mounted between the rotors. The machine was built in the Laboratory of Electrical Machines, Drives and energy of the School of Engineering of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. The work contains analytical models of permanent magnets and armature windings magnetic inductions. Based in models, expressions of electromotive forces and torques were derived. The calculations were performed with a symbolical mathematical software. It is presented a comparison between results obtained with analytical model and results of the numerical simulation. Some comparisons include experimental results. The expressions of machine torque will be detailed in a next phase. The compared results present an acceptable conformity.

Este trabalho apresenta as características básicas de uma máquina elétrica com fluxo axial, ímãs permanentes, rotor duplo e estator com enrolamentos toroidais montado entre os rotores. A máquina foi construída no Laboratório de Máquinas Elétricas, Acionamentos e Energia da Escola de Engenharia da UFRGS. O trabalho contém modelos analíticos para as induções magnéticas dos ímãs permanentes e dos enrolamentos de armadura. A partir dos modelos foram desenvolvidas expressões para o cálculo de forças eletromotrizes e de conjugados, sendo utilizado um software de matemática simbólica para realização dos cálculos. É apresentada uma comparação entre os resultados obtidos através do modelo analítico e os resultados obtidos por simulação numérica. Alguns resultados são comparados também com valores experimentais. As expressões para o cálculo de conjugado desenvolvido pela máquina serão detalhadas em uma etapa posterior. Foi obtida uma razoável coerência entre os dados comparados. / This work presents the basic features of an axial flux, permanent magnet, double rotor and toroidal windings mounted between the rotors. The machine was built in the Laboratory of Electrical Machines, Drives and energy of the School of Engineering of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. The work contains analytical models of permanent magnets and armature windings magnetic inductions. Based in models, expressions of electromotive forces and torques were derived. The calculations were performed with a symbolical mathematical software. It is presented a comparison between results obtained with analytical model and results of the numerical simulation. Some comparisons include experimental results. The expressions of machine torque will be detailed in a next phase. The compared results present an acceptable conformity.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T17:38:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JULIA GRASIELA BUSARELLO WOLFF.pdf: 4663430 bytes, checksum: 6c78e4867094b8623e5a0412abf9b544 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Magnetic induction tomography is a developing technique for visualization of electromagnetic properties of an object. It differs from others imaging techniques from electromagnetic signals because it is a noninvasive and contactless method whose main purpose is to obtain the distribution of conductivity in objects, which has important applications in industry and medicine. This master s degree dissertation discusses the development of the impedance method in three dimensions and its use in a modeling system of magnetic induction tomography. This method allows the calculation of induced currents in an object from an applied magnetic field, using valid approximations for quasi-static conditions of operation, which allows the modeling of the medium by a three-dimensional network of impedances. Thus, the impedance method was used for the calculation of eddy currents while the primary and secondary fields were calculated using the Biot-Savart Law. A simulation program in the C language has been developed to obtain the current and field distributions and calculate the sensitivity matrix of the system. The simulation has been compared with analytical models and experimental results. Two methods have been used to obtain images of the conductivity distribution from the simulated values of phase variation in signals from sensors in the tomograph: Tikhonov regularization and an original method proposed in this study called successive approximations. The methods are discussed and their results compared. It has been found that both underestimate the conductivity value, but they provide images with good linear correlation with respect to the real object. The successive approximations method has slightly better performance. / A Tomografia de Indução Magnética é uma técnica em desenvolvimento para a visualização das propriedades eletromagnéticas de um objeto. Difere de outras técnicas de produção de imagens a partir de sinais eletromagnéticos por se tratar de um método não invasivo e sem contato cuja sua finalidade principal é a obtenção da distribuição de condutividade em objetos, o que encontra aplicações importantes na indústria e na medicina. Essa dissertação aborda o desenvolvimento do método das impedâncias em três dimensões e o seu uso na modelagem de um sistema de tomografia de indução magnética. Este método permite o cálculo de correntes induzidas em um objeto a partir de um campo magnético aplicado, usando aproximações válidas para as condições quaseestáticas de operação, o que permite a modelagem do meio por uma rede tridimensional de impedâncias. Assim, o método das impedâncias foi utilizado para o cálculo das correntes eddy enquanto que os campos primário e secundário foram calculados usando a lei de Biot-Savart. Um programa em linguagem C foi desenvolvido para realizar as simulações, obter as distribuições de corrente e campos e calcular a matriz de sensibilidade do sistema. Os resultados das simulações foram confrontados com modelos analíticos e com resultados experimentais. Dois métodos foram usados para obter imagens da distribuição de condutividade a partir de valores simulados da variação de fase nos sinais obtidos nos sensores do tomógrafo: a regularização de Tikhonov e um método original proposto neste estudo denominado aproximações sucessivas. Os métodos são discutidos e seus resultados comparados. Verificou-se que ambos subestimam o valor da condutividade, mas fornecem imagens com boa correlação linear em relação ao objeto real. O método de aproximações sucessivas apresenta desempenho levemente superior.

The aim of this research is to explore the influence of magnetic field on early somatic embryos (ESEs) of spruce and pine. The magnetic field is gradual. This is important for the experiment, each cluster of ESE was exposed to magnetic field of different intensity. The resulting report of this experiment consists of the comparison between various methods of image analysis and the difference in growth of ESEs due to different exposure to magnetic field and surrounding temperature. Enclosed is a proposal of ESE size computing algorithm from a given image.

The work deals with the analytical electromagnetic design of automotive claw-pole alternator 14V/120A. This design is verified in program Maxwell with a RMxprt tool. The results of both calculations are compared. Designed alternator is also compared with the results measured in the laboratory on the alternators of similar type. Furthermore, there are analyzed individual power losses of machine and listed options of reducing these losses, which results in an increase in overall efficiency.

This thesis deals with options of laboratory heating of high voltage cables. First part of the work is reserved for description of heat as physical phenomenon and quantities connected with the heat. Second part deals with options of temperature measurements of objects in practical use and third part of the work deals with options of cables heating regarding the measurements according the ČSN rules. Practical part of diploma thesis is focused on physical phenomenon description, being under way during measurement using selected methods in individual components and optimization of results for practical measurements.

Fiber-reinforced plastics for industrial applications face constantly increasing demands regarding efficiency, reliability, and economy. Furthermore, it was shown that fiber-reinforced plastics with tailored reinforcements are superior to metallic or monolithic materials. However, a trustworthy description of the load-specific failure behavior and damage evolution of composite structures can hardly be given, because these processes are very complex and are still not entirely understood. Among other things, several research groups have shown that material damages like fiber fracture, delamination, matrix cracking, or flaws can be discovered by analyzing the electrical properties of conductive composites, for example, carbon fiber–reinforced plastics. Furthermore, it was shown that this method could be used for structural health monitoring or nondestructive evaluation. Within this study, magnetic induction tomography, which is a new imaging approach, is introduced in the topic of nondestructive evaluation of carbon fiber–reinforced plastics. This non-contacting imaging method gains the inner spatial distribution of conductivity of a specimen and depicts material inhomogeneity, like damages, not only in two-dimensional images but also in three-dimensional images. Numerical and experimental investigations are presented, which give a first impression of the performance of this technique. It is demonstrated that magnetic induction tomography is a promising approach for nondestructive evaluation. Potentially, it can be used for fabrication quality control of conductive fiber–reinforced plastics and as a structural health monitoring system using an integrated or superficially applied magnetic induction tomography setup.