Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles of 5 to 11 nm in size were prepared by organic methods. Particle size was analyzed by both X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) techniques. Zero Field Cooling (ZFC) / Field Cooling (FC) and magnetization loop measurements were recorded by VSM, and they confirmed superparamagnetic behavior in the sample. The blocking temperature is found to be in the range of 30 K ~ 170 K. It has a dependence on the particle size. ZFC / FC curves also indicate the presence of magnetic coupling between particles. X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD) measurements of these nanoparticles were measured at 80 K and 300 K. By using the sum rules, spin and orbital magnetic moments were calculated from the XMCD signal. The results confirm a quenching orbital moment and a large spin moment. The calculated total magnetic moments are somewhat smaller than in bulk Fe3O4. Also, the spin moment at 80 K was found to be larger than at 300 K. X-ray Resonant Magnetic Scattering (XRMS) measurements at different temperatures, polarizations and fields were carried out. The intensity profile gives information on the interparticle distance between nanoparticles which is consistent with TEM results. A magnetic signal was extracted by calculating the dichoroic term, when the energy is tuned to resonant edges. This magnetic signal is confirmed by comparing the dichroic terms at different conditions.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T19:25:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ramon F Costa.pdf: 10031939 bytes, checksum: 0a248edab54bf52531ad1b840500611c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this work we present the Aharonov-Bohm effect, as well as its implications. We also present the self-adjoint extension, an important tool in quantum mechanics. This work's main objective is to investigate the relation between the self-adjoint extension parameter and the Aharonov-Bohm system's parameters. Of particular interest is the relation between the self-adjoint extension parameter and the electron's anomalous magnetic dipole moment. This is done by comparison between two self-adjoint extension methods: Bulla-Gesztesy's and Kay-Studer's. We obtain the mathematical relation between the aforementioned quantities and conclude that the chosen methods are suitable to accomplish our goals. / Neste trabalho é apresentado o efeito e sistema de Aharonov-Bohm, além de suas implicações. Trata-se também da extensão autoadjunta de operadores em mecânica quântica. O principal objetivo é a investigação da relação entre o parâmetro da extensão autoadjunta do Hamiltoniano do sistema de Aharonov-Bohm, que tem origem matemática, e a física desse sistema. Interesse particular é dado à busca da relação entre o parâmetro da extensão e a anomalia do momento magnético do elétron. Para tal são usados dois métodos de extensão autoadjunta: o de Bulla-Gesztesy e o de Kay-Studer. A expressão matemática procurada é obtida, além de expressões para as energias dos estados ligados do sistema. Conclui-se que os métodos utilizados são adequados para atingir os objetivos propostos.

ALTO (Accélérateur Linéaire et Tandem d’Orsay) est une installation équipée de deux accélérateurs pour la recherche et les applications industrielles (un tandem de 15 MV et une accélérateur linéaire). Mon travail de thèse consiste à l’instrumentation pour la recherche fondamentale de la partie accélérateur linéaire d’ALTO qui fournir des faisceaux de noyaux radioactifs. Les faisceaux de noyaux radioactifs riches en neutrons sont produits par la technique de séparation isotopique en ligne (ISOL). Cette méthode de production permet trois types d’expérience : la mesure de masse, l’orientation nucléaire et les expériences de décroissances radioactives. Parmi ces trois types d’expériences, j’ai participé aux développements de deux nouvelles plateformes expérimentales dans le cadre du projet de l’instrumentation de l’installation ISOL d’ALTO. Le premier, BEDO (BEta Decay studies in Orsay) est un ensemble de détecteurs dédié à la spectroscopie β-γ des noyaux décroissants par désintégration β produits par ALTO. Je présente ici, la mise en fonctionnement de cette plateforme expérimentale, ses caractéristiques techniques et les développements d’outils permettant d’aboutir aux premiers résultats. Pour cette expérience un faisceau de la masse 82 a été produit, saisissant cette opportunité, une ré-investigation de la décroissance de ⁸²Ge vers ⁸²As a permis d’établir un nouveau schéma de niveaux pour ⁸²As et de donner les premières indications de la présence d’états issus de configurations intruses dans les isotones impair-impair N=49. Le second projet développé est POLAREX (POLARization of EXotic nuclei), il s’agit d’une plateforme expérimentale dédiée aux expériences d’orientation nucléaire. Mon travail traite ici de l’entière réhabilitation du cryostat à dilution ³He-⁴He (élément principal et le plus complexe de l’installation) et des développements techniques et R&D apportés à l’ensemble de la plateforme. L’ensemble de ces contributions a permis la validation du fonctionnement de l’installation avec les premières mesures physiques sur les noyaux de ⁵⁴Mn, ⁵⁶Co, ⁵⁷Co créés par activation d’une feuille de Fer avec des deutons produits par le Tandem. / ALTO (Accélérateur Linéaire et Tandem d’Orsay) is a facility composed of two accelerators dedicated to research and industrial applications. There is a 15 MV tandem and a linear accelerator. My PhD work was to develop the instrumentation of the linear accelerator part of ALTO which provides radioactive beams for fundamental research. These radioactive beams are produced using the Isotope Separation On-Line method (ISOL). This technique allows three kinds of experiments: mass measurement, nuclear orientation and radioactivity experiments. Among those three types of experiments, I worked on the development of two new experimental platforms for the ALTO instrumentation. The first one, BEDO (BEta Decay studies in Orsay) is an ensemble of detectors dedicated to β-γ spectroscopy of β-decaying nuclei produced by ALTO. I present in this thesis, the commissioning of this new experimental set-up, its technical characteristics and the tools development leading to the first results. For this commissioning experiment a mass 82 radioactive beam was produced, taking this opportunity the ⁸²Ge vers ⁸²As decay was re-investigated allowing to establish a new level scheme for ⁸²As and giving the first evidences for the presence of intruder states in the N=49 odd-odd isotones. The second project, which is developed, is POLAREX (POLARization of EXotic nuclei), a new facility for nuclear orientation experiments. My thesis deals with the entire reconditioning of a ³He-⁴He dilution refrigerator (major and most complex element of the facility) and R&D and technical developments of the platform. These contributions allowed the successful commissioning of the new experimental platform with the first physical measurements on ⁵⁴Mn, ⁵⁶Co, ⁵⁷Co created by activation of an iron foil with deuterons produced by the Tandem.

A single electron in a quantum cyclotron provides the most precise measurement of the electron magnetic moment, given in units of the Bohr magneton by g/2 = 1.001 159 652 180 73 (28) [0.28 ppt]. The most precise determination of the fine structure constant comes from combining this measurement with Standard Model theory, yielding \(\alpha^{-1} = 137.035 999 173 (34)\) [0.25 ppb], limited by the experimental uncertainty of the electron g-value. The most stringent test of CPT symmetry in leptons comes from comparing the electron and positron magnetic moments, limited by the positron uncertainty at 4.2 ppt. A new high-stability apparatus has been built and commissioned for improved measurements of the electron and positron magnetic moments, a greatly improved test of lepton CPT symmetry, and an improved determination of the fine structure constant. These new measurements require robust positron loading from a retractable radioactive source that is small enough to avoid compromising the high-precision environment of our experiment. The design and implementation of such a scheme is a central focus of this work. Robust positron loading at a rate of \(1-2 e^+/min\) from a \(6.5 \mu Ci^{22}Na\) source has been demonstrated. / Physics

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Experimental data show that the dissolved impurities of the Mn presents a magnetic moment when substitute the Ni atom in pseudoquaternary borocarbide Y (Ni(1−x)Mx)2B2C, this is not observed if the impurities are Fe and Co. In this work we do a theoretical study of the superconducting order parameter variation and a possible formation of impurities magnetic moment to T < Tc. We have used the LAPW method, based in Density Functional Theory, to calculate the density of state of pure compound. To describe the superconductor system it was used the attractive Hubbard model. To describe the effects of the disorder induced by the dissolved impurities was used the coherent potential approximation. Using the Nambu s formalism to represent the Hamiltonian and the Green s functions of the effective medium (g) and of the perturbed system (G), we calculate the magnetic moment of the impurities from the diagonal terms and the variation of the order parameter from the off-diagonal one. The calculated date to magnetic moment show a qualitative agreement with the experimental results to Mn impurities. To the Fe and Co cases no magnetic moment was observed, in agreement with the experimental results too. The calculated order parameter shows a decrease with concentration to the Mn and Fe atoms. We investigate, through of the a calculation first principles (LAPW), the possible formation of the magnetic moment in this compound to concentration of 25 and 12.5%. The obtained results show that to concentration of 25%, both the impurities, Mn and Fe, presents a magnetic moment. The magnetization on the Co site was small when compared with the above cases. In this way we conclude that the Co atom not present a magnetic moment in this system. / Medidas experimentais mostram que impurezas de Mn formam momento magnético quando substituem o Ni no borocarbeto pseudoquaternário Y (Ni(1−x)Mx)2B2C, enquanto que as impurezas de Fe e de Co não exibem tal comportamento. Neste trabalho foi feito um estudo teórico da variação do parâmetro de ordem supercondutor e da possível formação de momento magnético nos sítios dessas impurezas para T < Tc. Para isso, utilizamos o m´etodo LAPW, baseado na Teoria do Funcional da Densidade, para calcular a densidade de estados do composto puro. Para descrever o sistema supercondutor foi utilizado o modelo de Hubbard atrativo. Os efeitos de desordem induzidos pela adição de impurezas de metais de transição M no material, foram tratados dentro da aproximação do potencial coerente. Usando o formalismo de Nambu para representar o hamiltoniano e as funções de Green associadas aos propagadores do sistema efetivo (g) e do sistema perturbado (G), calculamos o momento magn´etico das impurezas através dos termos diagonais e as variações do parâmetro de ordem efetivo a partir do termo fora da diagonal. Os resultados obtidos comprovam o que é observado experimentalmente, ou seja, o Mn forma momento magn´etico que aumenta com a concentração, enquanto que nas impurezas de Fe e Co nenhuma magnetização foi observada. Além disso, o parâmetro de ordem diminui com a concentração de Mn e Fe. Além desse estudo, também investigamos, através de um cálculo de primeiros princípios (LAPW), a possível formação de momento magnético neste composto para concentrações de 25 e 12.5%. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que para x = 25%, tanto as impurezas de Mn quanto as de Fe, apresentaram um momento magnético. A magnetização no síıtio do Co foi bastante pequena comparada com as duas anteriores e dessa forma pode-se concluir que esta impureza não forma momento quando diluída neste sistema.

L'EMCD, Energy Loss Magnetic Chiral Dichroism, est une technique récente, mise en œuvre dans le microscope électronique à transmission (TEM), qui utilise la spectroscopie de pertes d'énergie d'électrons (EELS). Elle a pour objectif la mesure du moment magnétique local d'un élément chimique donné. Son utilisation contribue à progresser dans la compréhension des phénomènes magnétiques à l'échelle nanométrique. Cette thèse propose d'élargir les domaines d'applications de l'EMCD. Nous avons exploité l'EMCD pour l'étude de films minces de MnAs épitaxiés sur un substrat de GaAs(001). Ce travail montre l'utilité de cette technique dans le cas de structures hexagonales présentant une anisotropie magnéto-cristalline élevée. Le rapport des moments orbital et de spin du Mn dans les films de MnAs ferromagnétique de structure hexagonale a été mesuré par EMCD et comparé à des calculs DFT, ceci le long des axes magnétiques facile, difficile et intermédiaire. Une rupture de l'ordre ferromagnétique a par ailleurs été observée et mesurée in situ dans le microscope grâce à un porte-objet chauffant, lors de la transition cristallographique de a-MnAs hexagonal à ß-MnAs quasi-hexagonal. La technique EMCD a également été mise en œuvre pour sonder le moment 4f de composés de terres rares à base de dysprosium. Il s'agissait d'étudier des super-réseaux DyFe2/YFe2. Les règles de somme ont été établies pour le seuil M4,5 du Dy. En outre, le couplage antiparallèle des moments Dy et Fe a été confirmé en comparant leurs signaux dichroïques et en prenant en compte la théorie dynamique de la diffraction. Ce travail de thèse illustre pour la première fois d'une part la faisabilité de la technique EMCD pour l'étude quantitative de l'anisotropie et des transitions magnétiques, et d'autre part son potentiel pour étudier les terres rares et leur moment 4f, ainsi que le couplage avec des éléments de transition. / EMCD (Energy-Loss Magnetic Chiral Dichoism) is an emerging technique based on energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It aims at measuring the element-specific local magnetic moment of solids at a nanometer scale, and hence improving our understanding of magnetic local magnetic phenomena. This thesis presents the exploring work on developing the EMCD technique and its applications. We have applied EMCD to epitaxial MnAs thin films grown on a GaAs(001) substrate, extending the application of this technique to hexagonal structure with high magnetocrystalline anisotropy. The 3d orbital-to-spin moment ratio of Mn in hexagonal ferromagnetic MnAs along easy, hard and intermediate magnetic axes has been respectively estimated and then compared to DFT calculations. Moreover, a breaking of the ferromagnetic order in MnAs thin film, together with the crystallographic transition from hexagonal a-MnAs to quasi-hexagonal ß-MnAs, has been locally studied in-situ by modifying the temperature of the crystal inside the electron microscope. EMCD has also been settled to probe 4f moment in rare earth compounds, by investigating Dy-M4,5 edges in DyFe2/YFe2 superlattices. We have derived sum rules which are specified for 4f moment and applied them to the obtained dichroic signal over Dy-M4,5 edges. In addition, antiparallel coupling of Dy and Fe moments has been confirmed by comparing their dichroic signals, taking into account the dynamic diffraction effect. The work in this thesis illustrates for the first time the feasibility of EMCD technique for quantitative study of magnetocrystalline anisotropy and magnetic transition, and also proves its potential as a tool to investigate 4f moment as well as moment coupling in magnetic materials.

<p>Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is a promising technique to study tissue properties and function <em>in vivo</em>. The presence of a susceptibility source will lead to a non-local field variation which manifests as a non-local behavior in magnetic resonance phase images. QSM is an ill-posed inverse problem that maps the phase back to the susceptibility source. In practice, the phase images are usually contaminated by background field inhomogeneities. In this thesis, several technical advances in QSM have been made which accelerate the data processing and improve the accuracy of this ill-posed problem. For background field removal, the local spherical mean value filtering (LSMV) is proposed, in which the global phase unwrapping is bypassed. This algorithm improves the time-efficiency and robustness of background field removal. For solving the inverse problem, an improved version of the k-space/image domain iterative algorithm is demonstrated using multi-level thresholding to account for the variation in the susceptibilities of different structures in the brain. The susceptibility maps could be used to generate orientation independent weighting masks, to form a new type of susceptibility weighted image (SWI), referred to here as true-SWI (tSWI). The tSWI data show improved contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the veins and reduced blooming artefacts of the microbleeds. Finally, it is shown that the effective magnetic moment, being the product of the apparent volume and the measured susceptibility of the small object, is constant. This can be used to improve the susceptibility quantification, if <em>a priori</em> information of the volume is available.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Vacuum polarization integral involves the vector spectral functions which can be experimentally determined. As the dominant uncertainty source to the integral, the precision measurement of the %born cross section of $e^+e^-\rightarrow\pi^+\pi^-(\gamma)$ as a function of energy from $2\pi$ threshold to 3GeV is performed by taking the ratio of $e^+e^-\rightarrow\pi^+\pi^-(\gamma)$ cross section to $e^+e^-\rightarrow\mu^+\mu^-(\gamma)$ cross section which are both measured with {\babar\ }data using ISR method in one analysis. Besides that taking the ratio of the cross sections of the two processes can cancel several systematic uncertainties, the acceptance differences between data and MC are measured using the same data, and the corresponding corrections are applied on the efficiencies predicted by MC which can control the uncertainties. The achieved final uncertainty of the born cross section of $e^+e^-\rightarrow\pi^+\pi^-(\gamma)$ in $\rho$ mass region ($0.6\sim0.9$GeV) is 0.54\%. As a consequence of the new vacuum polarization calculation using the new precision result of the $e^+e^-\rightarrow\pi^+\pi^-(\gamma)$ cross section, the impact on the SM prediction of muon anomalous magnetic moment $g-2$ is presented, which is also compared with other data based predictions and direct measurement.

В работе изучается динамическая восприимчивость феррожидкости, которая моделируется системой взаимодействующих подвижных магнитных частиц. Предполагается, что система находится в постоянном и переменном магнитном полях, направленных параллельно друг другу. / In this work, we study the dynamic susceptibility of a ferrofluid, which is modeled by an system of interacting moving magnetic particles. It is assumed that the system is in a constant and an alternating magnetic field, directed parallel to each other.

Les moments magnétiques anomaux des leptons ont joué un rôle important dans le développement du modèle standard de la physique des particules. Aujourd’hui, celui du muon est mesuré très précisément et le sera avec une precision encore plus grande par une expérience qui débutera en 2017. Dans la mesure où la prédiction théorique pourra être faite avec des incertitudes comparables, un test rigoureux du modèle standard sera possible. Nous étudions ici le facteur limitant de cette prédiction, la contribution de la polarisation hadronique du vide à l’ordre dominant (HVP-LO). Nous calculons cette contribution numériquement à l’aide d’une version discrétisée de la théorie de l’interaction forte, la chromodynamique quantique sur réseau. Le calcul haute-performance permet de résoudre la théorie dans son régime hautement non-linéaire qui est le plus pertinent ici. Les algorithmes de simulation et les méthodes utilisées pour obtenir la polarisation hadronique, ainsi que les incertitudes associées, sont décrits. Ces méthodes sont ensuite appliquées à des simulations réalisées avec la collaboration Budapest-Marseille-Wuppertal. Dans un premier temps, elles sont implémentées dans une étude dédiée des effets de volume fini. Les méthodes les plus robustes sont ensuite utilisées pour calculer la polarisation hadronique avec des simulations qui comprennent N_f=2+1+1 saveurs de quarks. Celles-ci sont réalisées directement à la valeur physique des masses de quarks u, d, s et c, avec six tailles de maille et dans de gros volumes de 6 fm^3. Elles nous permettent de calculer la contribution HVP-LO au moment magnétique anomal du muon avec des erreurs contrôlées d’environ 3%. / The anomalous magnetic moments of leptons have played an important role in the development of the Standard Model of particle physics. Today, that of the muon is measured very precisely and will be so with even higher precision in an experiment that will begin in 2017. To the extent that the theoretical prediction can be made with comparable uncertainties, a rigorous test of the Standard Model will be possible. Here we study the limiting factor in this prediction, the leading-order hadronic vacuum polarization contribution (HVP-LO). We compute this contribution numerically with a discretized version of the theory of the strong interaction: lattice Quantum Chromodynamics. High-performance computing allows to solve the theory in its highly nonlinear regime, which is the one most relevant here. The simulation algorithms and the methods used to obtain the HVP, as well as the associated statistical and systematic uncertainties, are described. These methods are then applied to simulations performed with the Budapest-Marseille-Wuppertal collaboration. First they are implemented in a dedicated study of finite-volume effects. The most robust methods are then used to compute the HVP with simulations which include N_f=2+1+1 flavors of quarks. These are performed directly at the physical values of the u, d, s and c quark masses, with six lattice spacings and in large volumes of 6 fm^3. They allow us to compute the HVP-LO contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon with controlled errors of around 3%.