The economic development in Mainland China is obvious to all. After adopting the open door policy, the differences of competitive advantages among regions gradually contribute to an unbalanced economic development. The huge difference will cause not only economic crisis but also political crisis resulting from people's dissatisfaction on the decline of living standard. This has been gradually erodes the fruits of opening policy and causes a bottleneck on the way forward economic development in the future. The aim of this thesis is to discuss about the unbalanced phenomenon of economical development resulted from the competitive superiority in regions. We thus objectively evaluate the degree of advantages in each region on the aspects of exterior environment, such as plentiful resources in each region, and the demand structure of market, the mutual influence of the geographical distribution of industries and the governmental economical development policies, and the competitive ability of enterprises. In this article, we also want to reach the following goals. First of all, we try to realize what reasons caused the gaps of economical development among regions, what situations it current presented, and what problems it existed. Secondly, looking for the most suitable way of economic development in each region, it would suggest how to upgrade the competitive advantage in those disadvantaged regions. Finally, introducing the environmental competition of each region in the Mainland China to investors, it will let those investors choose the best location for business to promote their market competitiveness in the future.

ABSTRACT Construction industry was used to be famous as the leader of whole industry, and had close relationship with prosperity, influenced the development of industry. However, the industry in Taiwan now is facing economic moves in circles and structure adjustment, and the key roles of the leading industry were replaced by high-tech industry. There were many documents about oversea entry mode and management abroad in Taiwan, but the records almost tended to manufacturing industry especially concentrating on the electronic industry, seldom discussed about construction industry. This study base on former experience and relevant theory in accordance with entry mode and operation strategy for construction industry which already to or desire to invest in Mainland China, and try to bring up some actually suggestion and manner, hopping that it can contribute to government for reference to draw up guidance and assistance policy. At the mean time, it is anticipated that this study could also assists the construction industry to make a right determination at business operation in Mainland. This study has found that even through the construction industry lied in difficult operation and low profits recently, the willing to Mainland China for invest is still weak. Most of them were changed their business to decoration, real estate, housing management and building materials industry .The main reason is people thought Mainland market still has some uncertain factors till now. According to this research, the restricted factors on laws & decrees and entry threshold are main influences for construction industry, which attends to invest in Mainland China. As above result it bring up many different kinds of register, such as borrowing a license form local company, registering by local people, acquiring local company, attaching to local company for cooperative business operation, registering as Taiwan merchant and registering as oversea company..etc. On the topic of operation strategy, traditional operation strategy for construction industry in Taiwan are overall cost leadship, economical scale, brand priority strategy, turnkey with funds raised by them, market segmentation. This study base on four strategies: market extension, market development, market penetration and diversification, which could further understanding the similarities and dissimilarities between theory and practice for construction industry. Investigating result shoes that the construction industry still place greater expectation in Mainland China, it is hope that they could use their superiority in company management & control, financial affairs control, marketing sale & development to coordinate various strategies such as diversification, brand priority strategy to develop new market, and in specialized field to get reasonable price .At the same time, they also wish themselves to be competed against in different market level, and choose a professional specialty to reach the goal . In general, this study has also found that the reasons for construction industry could not go all out to Mainland are the restriction on law & decrees in cross-Strait, high entry threshold relatively, difficult to shift business from one side to another, industry scale & capital insufficient, still raw in Mainland market, not have steady subcontractor, difficult to get business from the local government, lacking international view & globalization experience. It results that most of the construction industry now still can¡¦t make a decision to invest in Mainland China. The concrete suggestion of this study includes long-term & planned way to overall arrangement, carefully choose the right entry mode, localized in new business area, strategy alignment, seriously deal with account & tax, to be familiar with industry profession laws & decrees, specialization & diversification, operation management & cost control, train up globalization specialized field ability, to seize the opportunity of joining the WTO & applying for the Olympics, and other particular considerations such as region , traffic , climate ..etc. Restricted by the incompletely open up cross-Strait policy, the construction industry couldn¡¦t go all out to Mainland as manufacturing industry. Even through it was noticed during sample designing stage; the result of this study is difficult to get a universal experience in order to further analyze the entry mode of the construction industry. This study also uses case study to enhance the contents, but the number of sample and its representative is still insufficient. Herein, the successor could rely on more experience of construction industry and this topic to carry on further research in future.

The research deals with the extent to which multi-national corporation rely on Taiwan subsidiaries¡¦ knowledge resource while operating their capital in subsidiaries in Mainland China. From the interview of the case study, there are three major driving forces affecting parent companies to count on their Taiwan subsidiaries, forces such as specific of parent companies, resource specific of Taiwan subsidiaries and local resource specific in Mainland China, Regarding specific of parent companies, the following factors effect the extent to which parent companies depend on Taiwan subsidiaries¡¦ knowledge resource:1.entry mode 2.experience in Chinese markets 3.The scope of value activities 4. the human resource exercise. Regarding resource specific of Taiwan subsidiaries, the following factors effect the extent to which parent companies depend on Taiwan subsidiaries¡¦ knowledge and resource.1.the strategic roles 2.strive actively to develop 3.industries 4. vertical and horizontal mode of value activities Regarding specific of local resource qualities in Mainland China, the following factors increase the extent to which parent companies depend on Taiwan subsidiaries¡¦ knowledge and resource.1.culture distance 2.uncertainty of local political and economic environment 3.industry value system of the local environment 4.local appropriate talent and the cost

In 2008,the KMT became the ruling party of R.O.C. again, and many new cross-strait policies had been addressed . The cross-strait direct transportation was established since December 15th, 2008. Of all visitors to Taiwan, there are 35 thousand tourists from mainland in December, 2008. The numbers of tourists from mainland in 2008 is three times more than those in 2007 . Although financial crisis is world-wide, the direct transportation is benefit to tourism industry of Taiwan. Around the world, the mainland tourists have the No. 1 expenditure in Hong Kong. After Hong Kong signed the CEPA with P.R.C. , tourists to Hong Kong increases from 150 million in 2003 to 252 million in 2006. The growth rate is 63% . Developing tourism can improve Taiwan economy and the direct transportation is good to most industries. This study discusses the history of direct cross-strait transportation and new policies of airline limitation and the number of persons in a tourist group. We also review articles to explain the market of tourism in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Asia and the world. The study send 250 questionnaires to people living in Beijing , Nanking , Shanghai , Guangzhou , and Xaimen . The main purpose of this questionnaire is to understand mainland tourist¡¦s favors about resorts ,foods ,landscapes , consumptions in Taiwan. The interview with experts is based on the result of questionnaires. According to results, we also make a SWOT analysis of Kaohsiung tourism. The conclusion is that the key points of developing tourism in Kaohsiung city are those operators in tourism-related industries . The development of tourism in Kaohsiung city is feasible.

Worldwide, education systems have undergone unprecedented change due to a variety of economic, social, and political forces (Limerick, Cunnington & Crowther, 2002). The People’s Republic of China (PRC) is no exception. Continuous educational reform at primary and secondary levels in Mainland China has created new challenges and accountabilities for school principals. The important role of principals in primary and secondary schools has been acknowledged in both policy documents and the broader literature (Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, 1985; F. Chen, 2005; Chu, 2003; W. Huang, 2005; T. Wang, 2003). Yet, most of the literature on primary and secondary school principals in Mainland China is prescriptive in nature, identifying from the perspectives of researchers and academics what principals should do and how they should enact leadership. Lacking in this research is an awareness of the daily practices and lived experiences of principals. Furthermore, within the small body of writing on primary and secondary school principals in Mainland China, gender is seldom given any attention. To date, only a small number of empirical studies have focused on female principals as a specific category of research (Zen, 2004; Zhong, 2004). This study aimed to explore the professional lives of two female exemplary school principals in urban primary schools in Mainland China. A qualitative exploratory case study was used. Semi-structured interviews with each individual female principal, with six teachers in each of the school sites and with the superintendent of each principal were conducted. Field observations and document analysis were also undertaken to obtain multiple insights about their leadership practices. The conceptual framework was based largely on the theory of Gronn (1999) and incorporated five core leadership practices (vision building, ethical considerations, teaching and learning, power utilisation, and dealing with risks and challenges) taken from the wider literature. The key findings of this study were twofold. Firstly, while the five leadership practices were evident in the leadership of the two principals, this study identified some subtle differences in the way they approached each of them. Secondly, contextual factors such as Chinese traditional culture, the contemporary societal context, and the school organisational context, in addition to the biographical experiences of each principal were significant factors in shaping the way in which they exercised their leadership practices in the schools.

With the 2016 election of Tsai Ing-wen and the Democratic People’s Party, the number of Mainland Chinese visitors in Taiwan has fallen precipitously. There is much debate as to whether or not this will prove to be a catastrophe for Taiwan’s tourism sector or whether it will even be felt. The purpose of this thesis is to ascertain the impact of the reduction in Mainland Chinese tourist numbers on the economy, and what it may mean for China-Taiwan economic and political relations. Due to the large amount Mainland Chinese tourists spend relative to other visitors, their length of stay, and their propensity for traveling to locations rarely visited by other types of tourists, the decrease in Mainland Chinese visitor numbers will have negative consequences for some parts of the Taiwanese economy. Furthermore, Chinese tourism trends in Taiwan correlate with larger Cross-Strait economic concerns, implying that what happens with tourism may be mirrored in trade. Should this prove to be the case, a cooling of China-Taiwan economic relations may be an indicator of difficult times for the China-Taiwan relationship as a whole. However, there is certainly opportunity for Taiwan’s tourism sector, and there is evidence that by refocusing on a more diverse array of visitors, Taiwan is capable managing without such heavy, and coercive, Chinese influence.

The purpose of this thesis is to make an exploratory study of the British Columbia Mainland Travelling Child Guidance Clinic. One of the main goals is a more definitive statement and clarification of the current functions and services of the clinic. The study includes: (1) A description of travelling child guidance clinics generally, in terms of underlying theory and assumptions, historical development, and current problems and functioning; (2) A brief description of the travelling child guidance services in Canada; (3) A detailed description of the British Columbia Mainland Travelling Child Guidance Clinic: a. its historical development; b. its stated functions and goals; c. its operation "in the field." The above includes material drawn directly from a sample of clinic files, which describes: the characteristic group of clients referred for individual service; problems seen by the referral sources as indicating the need of clinical assessment and help; the channels of referral and presentation to the clinic; the professional members of the community who, through attendance at case conference, come into direct contact with clinical concepts and knowledge about the understanding and treatment within the community of behavior disorders in children, and general mental health methods in the alleviation and prevention of further similar difficulties; and the recommendations made for such community treatment of the disorder. A questionnaire circulated to all Social Welfare Branches indicated the field offices' concept of the effectiveness and adequacy of clinical services. The British Columbia Mainland Travelling Clinic has achieved a good beginning. Staff exigencies in both the clinic and the field have made ideal objectives impossible to achieve. The addition of another travelling clinic team together with more field personnel will alter this criticism. The success of any such undertaking will always depend on harmonious relationships among clinic staff, field health and welfare staff, and other citizens in the communities. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Chinese society has greatly emphasized filial piety and other related societal norms. This thesis explores how Mainland Chinese international students, especially those who are from one-child households, maintain their familial responsibilities while studying in Canada away from home. The research is framed by the family migration strategy literature and empirically adopts a qualitative approach. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews with Mainland Chinese international students are undertaken. The findings show that as with many other types of migration, student migration, in this case, is a familial decision. To a certain extent, obtaining a foreign degree is the foundation for fulfilling familial responsibilities in the future. In addition, a new concept, delay remittances, is introduced as a way of conceptualizing the concrete meaning of familial responsibility for Mainland Chinese international students. The findings also show that the most significant tension for Mainland Chinese international is related to the uncertainty of how and where they will be able to fulfill their familial obligations to their parents.

The expanding population in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, has been accompanied by a commensurate increase in the pressure of demand for land. In recent years attention has been focused on the competition for the regional land resources by agricultural and urban interests. Coincident with this conflict, public concern has been expressed over market allocation of agricultural land to urban uses. In this respect reference has often been made by the public, to the benefits of planning regional land allocation. To date no quantitative economic examination of this trend in land resource allocation has been undertaken. This thesis is an attempt to show how a mathematical technique - linear programming, - can be used to analyse and evaluate such land allocation problems. The linear programming model optimizes a system based on a conceptual framework in which the stated objective is the allocation of land to its "highest and best use". Economic, highest and best use of land is shown to exist when the activity bidding the highest price for the resource is allocated the site. Utilizing Lower Mainland Regional Planning Board land inventories and population projections, and Vancouver Real Estate Board price data, the specifications of the linear programming model were formulated such that the allocation of land uses results in the maximization of the aggregate value of the regional land base. The model was used to analyse the allocation of land in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia for four time periods: 1966-1971, 1966-1976, 1966-1981 and 1966-1986. In each case, the pattern of land use associated with the maximum aggregate land value as determined by the model, shows from an economic standpoint, the most efficient possible use of land in the whole region. The plans derived are normative in that they show the pattern of land use development which should be followed to achieve optimum land allocation. The model, apart from being normative, also appears positive in that it shows the actual present day trend of continuing urban expansion onto rural land. The positive aspects of the model were attributed to the mechanism by which the real estate market operates, and it was hypothesised that by being to some extent positive, the model could be used for predictive purposes. This specific model appears limited in its applicability on account of certain problems of specification and data availability, but the methodology is considered to be a significant advance on present land use planning concepts which lack explicit economic criteria and objectives applicable to land resource development. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

A nine month field and laboratory study was undertaken to measure, predict and model the variation of detected ammonia concentrations in landfill gas. An additional side study attempted to characterize organic trace contaminants found in landfill gas. The field project consisted of biweekly sampling of gas extraction wells from four Vancouver-area landfills for the analysis of NH₃-N in the gas and leachate. Methane and other common landfill gases were also analyzed. The wet chemical boric-acid sampling technique used in this study was estimated to have a ammonia gas recovery efficiency of 50 %. Other than a low recovery efficiency, problems encountered with this sampling technique was the high humidity and negative interferences inherent in the landfill gas. Laboratory analysis of the collected NH₃-N gas samples was by the automated phenate method, which could detect NH₃-N gas concentrations greater than 10 ppb. The NH₃-N concentrations in gas were found to exceed 600 ppb, but were more commonly in the 50 to 200 ppb range. In the statistical and graphical analysis, gas temperature and precipitation were found to correlate the most to the variation in ammonia gas concentration, while leachate ionic strength correlated strongest with most CH₄ % analysis. Prediction of both NH₃-N gas and CH₄ % by regression analysis was found to be suspect due to low R² values and non-normality of some data. Four different Henry's Law constants of ammonia gas were evaluated to help predict the concentration of NH₃-N in the gas phase. The combination of already measured NH₃-N leachate concentrations and Henry's Law constants yielded results that over and underpredicted measured NH₃-N gas data by 2000 fold or more. This leads the author to believe Henry's Law may not be applicable in a landfill environment due to non-equilibrium conditions coupling with various other reaction mechanisms. Comparison of landfill ammonia gas flux rates with total ammonia leachate flux rates in two of the four landfills yielded an insignificant gas flux rate of less than 0.03 % of the total leachate NH₃-N fluxes. The NH₃-N gas flux results were calculated from a spreadsheet emission model employing both convection and diffusion flow through the landfill cover. A comparison of the emission model results for the 20 ha Richmond landfill study area (3.862 kg/yr) compared favorably to the mass flux results determined from a simple gas generation mass balance model. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate