Abstract To facilitate the diagnosis of hypercholesterolemia, we wanted to create a simple and rapid method for diagnosing familial hypercholesterolemia in a homogenous population. The PCR method for the FH-Helsinki mutation detected 25 FH-Helsinki positive patients, two of whom had no clinical signs of FH, but had a positive family history for the disease. The method is exceptionally useful in Northern Finland, where 62% of the FH patients carry the FH-Helsinki mutation. The role of polymorphisms and mutations of the apo B particle as etiologic factors of hypercholesterolemia was studied in a population of moderately hypercholesterolemic individuals. The catabolism of the patients' own LDL was compared to that of a healthy and normocholesterolemic donor, and no major differences were observed. However, the presence of the XbaI cutting site was associated with elevated cholesterol values and a slightly lowered LDL catabolic rate. Patients homozygous for the EcoRI cutting site also had a slow LDL catabolic rate and slightly elevated cholesterol values. The MspI and Ins/del polymorphisms of the apo B particle were not associated with variations in LDL catabolism. The e 4 allele of apolipoprotein E was slightly more frequent in our hypercholesterolemic population than in the average population. The lipid values did not differ significantly between the apo E phenotypes in moderately hypercholesterolemic individuals, nor could we detect any differences in the catabolic rates of their LDL according to the apo E phenotype (individuals with the phenotype apo E 2/2 were excluded from the study). In our population of CAD patients, the frequency of the e 4 allele was lower than in CAD populations from Southern Finland (0.23 vs. 0.32), suggesting that apo E 4 is not so strongly associated with coronary disease in Northern Finland as in other populations. The E 4 phenotype was associated with slightly smaller LDL cholesterol reductions by colestipol and lovastatin treatment compared with patients with the phenotype 2/3. The lipid risk factors of male and female CAD patients were studied in a group of patients admitted to one ward of the Oulu University Hospital. We found the males to have the typical high LDL cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol lipid pattern, but women with two- or three-vessel CAD had high LDL and low HDL cholesterol associated with high VLDL lipids, and hypertension, diabetes or smoking. Pharmacological treatment of hypercholesterolemia was studied by comparing lovastatin to colestipol, and in a separate study where a new drug, enprostil was used. Enprostil, whose main effect is on the gastrointestinal tract, would be a useful alternative for long-term treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Unfortunately, however, gastrointestinal side-effects limit its long-term use. Colestipol reduced plasma LDL cholesterol and elevated plasma HDL cholesterol and triglycerides, but it, too, caused gastrointestinal side-effects. Lovastatin proved to be the most effective cholesterol-lowering drug with the least side-effects, and statins have now been established as the most widely used hypocholesterolemic drugs.

本研究主要通過對香港七位MTFs（變性女人）進行深度訪談，以她們的經驗為立足點，探討其性別認同和體現（embodiment），及從中反映何種的性別文化及話語權力關係，並思考改變的可能。 / 香港社會和制度對變性人長期忽視，公眾也對變性人存在不少誤解和歧視。學術上香港缺少專門關注變性（者）經驗的研究，但性/別研究界卻受到西方主流性/別理論及論述的影響，把變性者想像為顛覆性別規範的戰士。同時，這些想像或理念也存在於本地性/別小眾運動裡。面對各種誤解或迷思，我認為亟需一種在地的探討--香港特有的脈絡和變性主體的經驗--來建構在地的變性和性/別知識與理論。 / 論文在性別作為話語、結構、體現三個層面展開：展現MTFs與醫療體制及話語的互動，她們並非被動的接受者，而是懂得利用緊缺資源和有限話語的主體；呈現她們在性別二元結構下受的壓迫及其生存策略，反映社會建構性別空間的限制；面對與自己身體及親密關係裡的矛盾，她們的主體性在徘徊、掙扎、妥協、協商、反抗中體現；從她們的切身經驗反思學術及運動裡主流性/別話語的局限。最後從女性主義的立場再思變性者為理論和實踐帶來的新視野，提出模糊主體疆界來超越當下主流的顛覆對保守二元思維、消融小眾對大眾對立模式之可能。 / This study is mainly based on in-depth interviews with seven local MTFs (Male-to-Females/Transsexual women) in Hong Kong. Taking off from MTFs’ lived experiences, the study focuses on their gender identity and embodiment, and explores the power relationships and discourses of gender in our culture. And it also suggests some possibilities for ideological and social changes. / The rights and needs of transsexual people have been neglected in our society, and there are often misunderstandings and discrimination from the public. In academic context, there is a lack of consideration for transsexual people’s voices and experiences in gender studies in Hong Kong. In particular, in the field of gender studies - nowadays seemingly dominated by sexuality issues - there is a non-critical tendency to imagine transsexual people to be warriors who subvert gender dualism and gendernorms warriors. Such imagination or discourse also exists in local movements of sexual and gender minorities. Realizing these misunderstandings and myths in society, academia and movement, I think a more localized and grounded study is needed to construct new knowledge and theories about transsexuality and gender/sexuality. / This thesis analyzes MTFs’ experiences at three levels: gender as discourse (including medical and theoretical-political), gender as structure, and gender as embodiment. Firstly, by analyzing how MTFs interact with the medical institution and discourse, I find that MTFs did not or do not play a passive or victim role, but nevertheless they can make use of these medical resources, although limited and restricted, to “do gender. And then, I explore oppression and survival strategies of MTFs living within the gender structure, and the possibilities and limitation of doing gender in our society can be analyzed. Afterwards, I reveal the contradictions inside MTFs’ own bodies and intimate relationships. Only by looking into their hesitation, struggling, compromise, negotiation and resistance in these contradictions can their gender embodiment and subjectivity be understood. The last analytical part focuses on what critiques and reflection MTFs’ experiences could bring us on the mainstream gender/sexuality discourses and identity politics in academia and movement. In conclusion, by theorizing transsexuality, with insights from feminist epistemology, I suggest destabilization and melting the boundary among different subjects, in order to surpass the binary thinking of Subversion vs Convention, and transcend the structure of opposing the Minority vs Majority into new theoretical, practical and political possibilities. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 陳文彦. / "2012年3月". / "2012 nian 3 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 174-178). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Chen Wenyan. / 簡介 --- p.I / 感謝 --- p.III / 目錄 --- p.V / Chapter 第一章 --- 背景 --- p.1 / Chapter 1 --- 語言的局限 --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- 變性的社會背景 --- p.3 / Chapter 2.1 --- 美國變性歷史和GID的誕生 --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2 --- 香港變性的醫療背景介紹 --- p.7 / Chapter 2.3 --- 香港和變性有關的法律介紹 --- p.9 / Chapter 2.4 --- 香港跨性別、變性的研究概括 --- p.11 / Chapter 2.5 --- 和變性有關的香港社會文化 --- p.11 / Chapter 2.6 --- 香港的跨性別社群與組織 --- p.13 / Chapter 3 --- 我的故事 --- p.14 / Chapter 3.1 --- 我的性/別經歷 --- p.14 / Chapter 3.2 --- 我與女性主義 --- p.16 / Chapter 3.3 --- 廣州人在香港 --- p.17 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文獻回顧與概念框架 --- p.18 / Chapter 1 --- 文獻回顧 --- p.18 / Chapter 1.1 --- 西方變性研究 --- p.19 / Chapter 1.2 --- 非西方變性研究 --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3 --- 香港本土研究 --- p.25 / Chapter 2 --- 理論爭議 --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1 --- 分離女性主義論述下的變性者 --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2 --- 北美跨性別政治下的變性者 --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3 --- 顛覆主流性/別的論述 --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4 --- 小結：研究的借鑒 --- p.30 / Chapter 3 --- 本研究的概念框架 --- p.31 / Chapter 3.1 --- 性別作為社會結構 --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2 --- 性別作為話語與權力關係 --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3 --- 性別作為體現 --- p.41 / Chapter 3.4 --- 小結 --- p.44 / Chapter 第三章 --- 研究問題與方法論 --- p.45 / Chapter 1 --- 研究問題 --- p.45 / Chapter 2 --- 女性主義方法論 --- p.47 / Chapter 2.1 --- 主體經驗：研究的起始點 --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2 --- 以女性主義為指導的研究實踐 --- p.47 / Chapter 3 --- 研究設計與執行 --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1 --- 文獻、文件資料收集 --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2 --- 與專業人士訪談 --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3 --- 與TS訪談 --- p.51 / Chapter 4 --- 研究的倫理 --- p.56 / Chapter 5 --- 方法論的反思 --- p.57 / Chapter 5.1 --- 「朋友-研究者」的位置 --- p.57 / Chapter 5.2 --- 「學者」與「學習者」 --- p.58 / Chapter 5.3 --- 介乎於當局者和局外人的位置 --- p.58 / Chapter 第四章 --- 性別作為醫療體制和話語 --- p.60 / Chapter 1 --- 香港的變性醫療制度 --- p.60 / Chapter 1.1 --- 香港醫療制度簡介 --- p.60 / Chapter 1.2 --- 變性醫療服務的歷史 --- p.62 / Chapter 1.3 --- 變性醫療服務的資源問題 --- p.64 / Chapter 1.4 --- 有心人遊走的空間 --- p.66 / Chapter 2 --- 變性醫療話語的運作 --- p.68 / Chapter 2.1 --- GID話語分析 --- p.69 / Chapter 2.2 --- 香港變性醫療話語：灰色地帶背後的話語/權力運作 --- p.72 / Chapter 3 --- MTFs與醫療體制的互動 --- p.74 / Chapter 3.1 --- 輾轉的變性歷程 --- p.74 / Chapter 3.2 --- 取得一定的話語權 --- p.77 / Chapter 4 --- MTFs與GID話語的互動 --- p.78 / Chapter 4.1 --- GID作為MTFs自我理解與表達的途徑 --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2 --- 對GID除病化的思考 --- p.82 / Chapter 5 --- 小結 --- p.87 / Chapter 第五章 --- 性別作爲社會結構 --- p.89 / Chapter 1 --- 非主流性別氣質在青少年時期的生存空間 --- p.90 / Chapter 1.1 --- 壓制，欺凌，孤立 --- p.90 / Chapter 1.2 --- 生存策略 --- p.92 / Chapter 2 --- MTFs在工作場所的生存空間 --- p.96 / Chapter 3 --- 敏銳的「自動判別性別機制」 --- p.103 / Chapter 3.1 --- 衣著打扮的性別意涵 --- p.103 / Chapter 3.2 --- 聲音與性別判別機制 --- p.105 / Chapter 3.3 --- 身體、氣質與性別判別機制 --- p.107 / Chapter 4 --- 性別二分場所 --- p.109 / Chapter 5 --- 異性戀規範的性別秩序 --- p.112 / Chapter 6 --- MTFs與家庭的互動 --- p.115 / Chapter 7 --- 小結 --- p.119 / Chapter 第六章 --- 性別作為矛盾中的體現（embodiment） --- p.121 / Chapter 1 --- 體認的矛盾 --- p.122 / Chapter 2 --- 性/別體現（the embodiment of gender and sexuality） --- p.126 / Chapter 2.1 --- 親密關係 --- p.127 / Chapter 2.2 --- 矛盾的性興奮/性幻想 --- p.130 / Chapter 2.3 --- 小結：性態與變性者的主體性 --- p.131 / Chapter 3 --- 身體的實踐 --- p.132 / Chapter 3.1 --- 作為客體的身體 --- p.133 / Chapter 3.2 --- 作為卑賤體（abject）的身體 --- p.135 / Chapter 3.3 --- 作為主體的身體 --- p.137 / Chapter 4 --- 小結：矛盾中體現的主體性 --- p.142 / Chapter 第七章 --- 性別作為政治身份（political identity）：變性者与政治身份/身份政治 --- p.144 / Chapter 1 --- 概述變性者與三種政治身份 --- p.145 / Chapter 2 --- MTFs在身份認同上的差異：想像中的「跨性別」？ --- p.147 / Chapter 3 --- MTFs與性（別）小眾運動：有志未必一同？ --- p.152 / Chapter 4 --- 顛覆性別二元之外的可能？ --- p.155 / Chapter 第八章 --- 結論 --- p.158 / Chapter 1 --- 對理論框架的反思 --- p.158 / Chapter 2 --- 對西方有關變性（者）的三個理論爭議之回應 --- p.159 / Chapter 2.1 --- 變性醫療制度及話語的複雜性 --- p.160 / Chapter 2.2 --- 肯定變性女人作為女人的經驗 --- p.161 / Chapter 2.3 --- 超越保守vs顛覆的論述：變性（女）人在理論與運動定位 --- p.163 / Chapter 3 --- 再思主體與主體性 --- p.165 / Chapter 3.1 --- 「自相矛盾」的主體 --- p.166 / Chapter 3.2 --- 變化：主體性的體現 --- p.167 / Chapter 3.3 --- 聽見主體的眾生喧嘩 --- p.168 / Chapter 3.4 --- 與矛盾共存的主體 --- p.170 / Chapter 3.5 --- p.171 / Chapter 4 --- 小結：變性者的矛盾與可能 --- p.172 / p.174

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 132 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 46-56).

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Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to determine the treatment strategies that male-to-female transgender individuals consider to be critical to passing as their true gender as well as the unique factors that may contribute to these individuals seeking speech therapy services. This study also seeks to determine awareness of the transgender population in regards to the availability and scope of speech therapy services relative to transitioning or passing as their true gender. Method: A 38-question electronic survey (N= 17 respondents in final data corpus) was developed to address our research questions and was distributed via email to various transgender listervs, organizations, etc. Results: Although male to female individuals, regardless of their age or geographic location, reported speech therapy to be an important part of the transition, they did not seek speech therapy for themselves. They are highly motivated to achieve an overall feminine presentation, specifically a more feminine vocal quality. These individuals are aware of speech therapy services but are not familiar with specific factors targeted in therapy or the breadth of services available. Conclusion: Preliminary results revealed the rated importance of speech therapy services for the male to female transgender population as well as the lack of awareness and availability of the breadth of speech therapy services available to transgender clients. These findings will further enhance our ability to meet the needs of the male to female transgender client. / text

No description available.

Previous research concerning violent offending has been fragmented considering different elements of violent offending separately. The aim of this thesis is to consolidate the different areas of previous research into one cohesive model of assault offenders and offences. This model will consider the developmental, cognitive, behavioural and environmental constituents of assault offenders and offences in a temporal framework. Interviews were conducted with 35 male and 13 female offenders who had a conviction for assault. Grounded Theory analysis was used to categorise the data and construct a model of assault including developmental factors, the time preceding the offence, the offence and the time after the offence producing the Pathways Model of Assault (PMA). Initial construction of the PMA was conducted using 25 of the male participant interview transcripts. The PMA was then validated across gender through inclusion of the 13 female participant transcripts. The PMA was also subject to an inter-rater reliability test, which provided high consistency between the coding of two researchers using the final 10 male participant transcripts and 10 randomly chosen female participant transcripts. The PMA consisted of 10 stages where the individual differences of the participants could be mapped, thus providing “pathways” through the model. Five major pathways were found. Further exploration of the PMA through quantitative analyses provided validation of four of the pathways, with significant associations found between two of the offender types and two of the offence types. The offender types reported were under-controlled, representing persistent repeat violent offenders and over-controlled, representing onetime violent offenders. (For complete abstract open document)

<p> Chapter 1-4 focuses on investigating whether forced copulations occur in teneral females, and how the female responds. There has only been one paper to report mating in newly eclosed (teneral) female matings in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), and it was suggested to be forced. The focus of this thesis is to determine whether teneral matings are forced and how this may affect the future remating and reproductive success of females. Within the thesis, chapter 1 and 4 results suggest that teneral matings occur in both Canton-S and wild caught females, and occur in females less than 30 minutes post eclosion. Chapter 3 compared the male/female interaction of teneral females vs. immature females that successfully reject male mating attempts. Males were more aggressive with teneral females, and females displayed more rejection behaviours during courtship and mating. Chapter 4, was aimed at investigating what the reproductive consequences are, and results suggest that a teneral mating yields less progeny than a mature mating, and 68% of tenerally mated females remate at maturity.</p> <p> Chapter 5 and 6 focuses on investigating whether situational caffeine tolerance can be developed in fruit flies. Chapter 5 results indicate that caffeine causes a rest disruption, and a general tolerance to the rest disrupting effects can be gained over 6 days of repeated administration. The experiments in chapter 6 used various protocols to investigate whether a situational tolerance will develop, using odours and colours as associative cues. No conclusive results were found.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Thesis (M.S.W.)--Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, Mass., 2007 / Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Social Work. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-90).

In Drosophila, the functionally conserved transcription factor, doublesex (dsx), is pivotal to the specification of sexual identity in both males and females. One of its key dedicated roles involves regulating the development of a sexually dimorphic nervous system (NS) that underlies both male and female reproductive behaviours. Specific inhibition of the function of dsx-expressing neurons in males and females results in a global disruption of these sex-specific behavioural outputs. However, little is known about the functional organisation of this dsx circuit that encodes the potential to display these behaviours. Such investigations require the generation of a novel transgenic tool, capable of separating the function of dsx in the NS from that of the body. To achieve this, I generated a novel split-GAL4 dsx^GAL4-DBD hemidriver by ends in homologous recombination. Coupling the novel tool with the pan-neuronal elav^VP16-AD hemidriver, revealed spatial restriction of dsx^GAL4-DBD/elav^VP16-AD expression to dsx neurons only; enabling the realisation of novel patterns of dsx-expression in the peripheral NS. Next, the ability to elicit male-specific behavioural outputs upon activation of all dsx neurons formed the basis of a large behavioural screen aimed at parsing dsx circuitry into functionally distinct clusters. I utilised the novel dsx^GAL4-DBD hemidriver to screen a large collection of extant enhancer trap lines (ET^VP16-AD), for the elicitation of distinct sub-behaviours of male courtship. Here, I show that the activity of dsx-expressing clusters in: i) the brain (dsx-pC1, -pC2 and -pC3 collectively) regulate the early steps of male courtship (initiation, orientation and wing extension), ii) the pro- and mesothoracic ganglia (dsx-TN1 and -TN2) regulate the middle steps of male courtship (wing extension and possibly courtship song) and iii) the abdominal ganglia (dsx-Abg) regulate the late steps of male courtship (abdominal curling, attempted copulation and copulation). These data establish functional correlations between dsx clusters in distinct neuroanatomical foci and specific sub-behaviours of the courtship repertoire. Furthermore, the novel intersectional tool primed a collaborative study on female post-copulatory behaviours. We identified key sensory neurons in the female reproductive tract involved in initiating post-mating behaviours. Subsequent functional interrogations of dsx circuitry in the central NS revealed a subset of dsx-expressing neurons in the Abg that mediate changes in the female behavioural repertoire after mating. Characterisation of this relatively simple neural circuitry sheds light on the organisation of the fly brain. Ultimately, future studies will define principles of neural circuit operation, which may be similarly conserved in the nervous systems of higher animals.