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This article addresses one of the main problems faced by small- and medium-sized business in the non-metallic mining sector in Peru. These companies own warehouses and face the major problem of failing to deliver orders correctly and in a timely manner. This problem usually occurs when the business grows from a small- to medium-sized company in a short span of time; this situation leads to new processes within warehouses that are mostly not standardized. Besides, facilities are no longer optimal in space and the workers are not properly trained. The case study shows that the orders were not delivered on time due to factors such as lack of product identification, although the products have an expiration date and a warehouse without signaling and surrounded by traffic. To tackle this situation, a labeling process has been designed for the products, an adequate distribution technique is used in the warehouse through a newly designed warehouse layout, and a First Expired, First Out system has been implemented. Similarly, the design is accompanied by the 5s tool to provide a basis for order and continuous improvement. The results show that deliveries with delays were reduced from 38% to 10%. These results show that companies can grow rapidly and maintain quality of service through orderly management.

The study investigated the role of innovation management modes on organisationorganisational financial performance in South Africa. to examine what the relationship is with organisational financial performance. Although research has been conducted on the innovative strategy in South Africa none has been identified that seeks to establish the link to organisational financial performance. Innovativeness and an adapted innovation management mode questionnaire taken from Bisbe and Malagueno’s (2009), was administered to 73 companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. These 73 companies were selected because they were registered and they confirmed to be innovating companies. A poor response rate of 18% was obtained due to changes in the willingness of respondents from when the database was compiled to the date of the actual research. The Cronbach alpha coefficient analysis was conducted to ascertain the reliability of the measurement tool in relation to the small sample size obtained. The innovativeness tool proved to be reliable with a Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.845. Some of the innovation management mode tool items were coded and reversed and upon applying the Cronbach alpha coefficient, the tool was found not to be reliable when all 25 items were analysed. Reliability was obtained for three out of the six subsections when analysed separately. These subsections were used for Spearman rho correlation analyses, together with descriptive statistics for all items in the tool, in order to test innovativeness in organisations; relationship of innovativeness and IMM; and lastly the relationship between IMM and organisational financial performance; for the sample being observed. Shareholder wealth creation (SWC) was used as a tool for organisational financial performance measurement, together with other more common measures for profitability, leverage, growth and survival. A positive relationship between financial performance and innovativeness in the sample confirmed that innovation is a source of increased financial performance in organisations. No conclusive relationship could be ascertained between organisational financial performance using SWC, leverage, return on assets and survival. However the positive relationship found between growth and IMM in the sample, suggests that IMM may have a role to play in a growing organisation. The prevalence of systematic IMM in the sample and the high organisational financial performance of some of the companies using this mode could be due to the use of the contingency innovation management. Limitations were identified in the study, which included the small sample size obtained and suggestions to improve on the implementation of the empirical research. Areas of further study include improving implementation and opening it up to a wider population group to ascertain whether the results found in this research are representative for South African companies. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The study investigated the role of innovation management modes on organisationorganisational financial performance in South Africa. to examine what the relationship is with organisational financial performance. Although research has been conducted on the innovative strategy in South Africa none has been identified that seeks to establish the link to organisational financial performance. Innovativeness and an adapted innovation management mode questionnaire taken from Bisbe and Malagueno’s (2009), was administered to 73 companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. These 73 companies were selected because they were registered and they confirmed to be innovating companies. A poor response rate of 18% was obtained due to changes in the willingness of respondents from when the database was compiled to the date of the actual research. The Cronbach alpha coefficient analysis was conducted to ascertain the reliability of the measurement tool in relation to the small sample size obtained. The innovativeness tool proved to be reliable with a Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.845. Some of the innovation management mode tool items were coded and reversed and upon applying the Cronbach alpha coefficient, the tool was found not to be reliable when all 25 items were analysed. Reliability was obtained for three out of the six subsections when analysed separately. These subsections were used for Spearman rho correlation analyses, together with descriptive statistics for all items in the tool, in order to test innovativeness in organisations; relationship of innovativeness and IMM; and lastly the relationship between IMM and organisational financial performance; for the sample being observed. Shareholder wealth creation (SWC) was used as a tool for organisational financial performance measurement, together with other more common measures for profitability, leverage, growth and survival. A positive relationship between financial performance and innovativeness in the sample confirmed that innovation is a source of increased financial performance in organisations. No conclusive relationship could be ascertained between organisational financial performance using SWC, leverage, return on assets and survival. However the positive relationship found between growth and IMM in the sample, suggests that IMM may have a role to play in a growing organisation. The prevalence of systematic IMM in the sample and the high organisational financial performance of some of the companies using this mode could be due to the use of the contingency innovation management. Limitations were identified in the study, which included the small sample size obtained and suggestions to improve on the implementation of the empirical research. Areas of further study include improving implementation and opening it up to a wider population group to ascertain whether the results found in this research are representative for South African companies. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Comme le titre l’indique, cette recherche contribue à une étude de l’institutionnalisation de la gouvernance des organisations, celles-ci pouvant être perçues comme des institutions ou des entreprises. Deux parties sont développées au cours de cette étude :une partie qui explore les concepts, les notions, les théories et les méthodes ;une deuxième qui concerne différentes études empiriques au travers d’une analyse de contenu, d’analyses factorielles, typologiques et binaires classiques.<p><p>Dans la première partie, le premier chapitre est consacré, après une introduction particulièrement réservée à la définition du concept d’institutionnalisation, à la description de ce que l’on entend par « organisation ». Le deuxième chapitre rassemble une bibliographie sur le concept de pouvoir ;tandis que le troisième interroge les finalités des organisations (et du pouvoir de celles-ci). Le quatrième chapitre, qui présente un statut particulier, explore la littérature sur le concept de gouvernance (des organisations). C’est au cours de ce chapitre que l’on analyse la relation qui existe entre les notions de pouvoir et de gouvernance. Le cinquième et dernier chapitre de cette première partie est consacré à la méthodologie. Il constitue un trait d’union entre la première partie dite théorique et la deuxième partie dite empirique, dans le sens où il mobilise et décrit les méthodes et techniques d’analyse empruntées lors des différentes études menées. <p><p>Cette deuxième partie se fonde sur une analyse de la perception du discours sur la gouvernance au travers d’une analyse de contenu de certains documents (textes) de référence en matière de gouvernance (dont le discours contribue à l’institutionnalisation de la gouvernance) et des analyses statistiques à l’aide d’un questionnaire. Quatre études sont principalement menées. La première consiste en une analyse de contenu des chartes de gouvernance des entreprises du Bel 20, l’objectif étant de voir comment se structure le discours porté par ces documents :les résultats montrent qu’il existe un lien d’ancrage entre le contenu du discours de ces chartes et celui du code belge de gouvernance auquel ces entreprises déclarent adhérer. Lors de la deuxième étude, des interviews sont menées pour comprendre comment se sont déroulées la rédaction et la publication de ces documents de référence. Dans le but de vérifier s’il existe (ou non) une institutionnalisation de la gouvernance (et du discours sur celle-ci), une autre analyse de contenu des chartes et codes belges de gouvernance est réalisée (troisième étude). Elle consiste en une analyse de traces, d’indices et d’indicateurs (de cette institutionnalisation) dans deux chartes (de l’entreprise Befimmo) et deux codes belges de gouvernance (ceux de 2004 et 2009). Les résultats montrent qu’il existe une tendance d’institutionnalisation de la gouvernance et du discours sur celle-ci au travers de l’évolution des facteurs psychologiques repérés dans ces documents. Parallèlement, cette étude révèle qu’il y a institutionnalisation de ce discours par la loi (notamment les lois récentes qui règlent certaines matières relevant de la gouvernance). <p><p>Pour clore cette recherche, une quatrième étude est réalisée sur la base d’un questionnaire (analyses statistiques). Elle vise à comprendre la structuration de la perception de ce discours sur la gouvernance au sein d’une catégorie d’acteurs, à savoir les étudiants de l’Université Libre de Bruxelles, futurs acteurs des organisations. Il s’agit d’une étude de cas :six cas en l’occurrence. L’objectif est de tenter de récolter des types de perceptions possibles et observer comment se structurent celles-ci. L’analyse des résultats montre in fine que le discours sur la gouvernance est davantage perçu (par une grande partie d’étudiants) comme un mode de gestion qui privilégie les mécanismes informels sous-tendant la négociation, la coopération, le dialogue… Par ailleurs, dans l’ensemble, les résultats de l’étude suggèrent l’existence d’une institutionnalisation de la gouvernance à travers le discours sur la gouvernance (lois, chartes, codes de gouvernance…) et la perception de celle-ci. Ce discours prône moins de mécanismes formels et plus de mécanismes informels ;d’où le pouvoir institutionnel sous-tendu par les premiers doit être redéfini ou réinventé. Cette institutionnalisation présente alors un impact sur le pouvoir (des organisations) ;d’où elle doit être mieux étudiée et mieux gérée afin de favoriser leur adaptation. <p><p>Summary :<p><p>As suggested by the title, this research contributes to a study of the institutionalization of the governance of organizations, institutions or enterprises. Two parts are developed :the first one explores the concepts, notions, theories and methods ;the second one concerns various studies through content analysis, factor analysis, typological analysis and classic binary analysis. <p><p>In the first part, the first chapter, after an introduction dedicated to the definition of the concept of institutionalization, is concerned with the description of what ‘organization’ meant. A second chapter contains literature about the concept of power, while the third one questions the goals or finalities of the organizations (and their power). The fourth chapter, which has a particular status, explores the literature covering the concept of governance (of organizations). We analyze in this chapter the relationship between the notions of power and governance. The fifth and last chapter of this first part is devoted to the methodology. It is a hyphen between the first part called theoretical and the second part called empirical, in the sense that it mobilizes and describes the methods and analytical techniques used in the various realized studies. <p><p>The second part is based on an analysis of the perception of discourse on governance through a content analysis of some reference’documents (texts) for governance (including the discourse that contributes to the institutionalization of governance) and a statistical analysis displaying a questionnaire. Four studies are carried out. The first one consists in a content analysis of corporate charters of the enterprises of Bel 20. The aim is to see how is structured the discourse supported by these documents. The results show an ‘anchorage’ link between the content discourse of these charters and the content discourse of belgian corporate governance to which these companies declare their allegiance. In the second study, interviews are conducted to understand how the writing and publication of these reference’documents were realized. In order to check if the institutionalization of governance (and discourse about it) exists (or not), another content analysis of charters and belgian governance codes is achieved (third study). It consists in the study of the trace, indices and indicators analysis (about this institutionalization) in two charters (company Befimmo) and two belgian governance codes (those of 2004 and 2009). The results show a tendency to institutionalize governance and discourse on it through the development of psychological factors identified in these documents. At the same time, this study reveals the institutionalization of this discourse by the law (including recent laws that regulate certain matters of governance). <p><p>To close this research, a fourth study is proposed on the basis of a questionnaire (statistical analysis). It aims to understand the structure of the perception of the discourse on governance within a category of actors, namely students at Free University of Brussels (ULB), future organizations’actors. It is takes the form of a case study :six cases. The goal of this study is to try to collect the possible perceptions and observe how they are structured. The analysis shows that ultimately the discourse on governance is more perceived (by a majority of students) as a management approach that focuses on informal mechanisms underlying the negociation, cooperation, dialogue… Moreover, in the overall, the results of this study suggest the existence of an institutionalization of governance through the discourse on governance (laws, charters, governance codes…) and the perception of it. This discourse advocates less formal and more informal mechanisms ;hence the institutional power underpined by the formal mechanisms must be redefined or reinvented. This institutionalization presents then an impact on the power of organizations ;hence it must be better investigated and managed to promote their adaptation. <p><p><p><p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

住戶對其居家環境每日必需的管理維護工作通常有兩大類選擇：住戶自行負責或委託管理維護公司。目前國內集合住宅在管理維護執行上的現況，係「自行管理」佔了68﹪，「委託管理」佔32﹪，這樣的比例與香港及日本的集合住宅大部分係屬委託管理的情形相差甚遠。為何台灣集合住宅委託管理的情形較不普遍？究竟是什麼因素在影響住戶對管理維護模式的選擇？而不同的管理模式其管理維護的效果有何不同？又是哪一種管理維護模式最能讓住戶感到滿意？此乃本研究關注之焦點。 實證結果發現，集合住宅的「規模」與「價格」是影響管理模式選擇的關鍵，當戶數規模與管理費用越足夠，選擇委託管理模式的機率將越大。平均而言，高層大廈與社區，選擇委託管理較自行管理的勝算分別為公寓的6．357倍與4．245倍。此外，當戶數規模平均每增加10戶，選擇委託管理模式的機率就會增加3．9﹪；而當管理費用平均每坪增加10元時，選擇委託管理模式的機率亦會增加6．5﹪。 至於管理維護模式與住戶滿意度的探討，委由管理維護公司來維護社區的結果均比自行管理來得讓住戶滿意，而「部分委託管理模式」則是四種模式中滿意度最高者。究其原因，管理公司雖有其專業知能與經驗的優勢，但也可能存在著代理問題，受到這二者相互權衡（trade-off）的影響，全部委託管理的滿意度便不如部分委託管理。 為使理論實證結果能與實務連結，本研究對「規模」與「價格」做門檻值推估，發現委託大樓管理業者的社區，住戶至少每月每坪需繳交70元的管理費，且該社區的總戶數應該在100戶左右，由此可知，台北市集合住宅的平均戶數可能因未達經濟規模門檻值（因為目前已報備管理組織的公寓大廈有八成其戶數都在百戶以下），致使台北市委託管理的情形並不普遍。此外，集合住宅內生存在的協商困難與外部性問題，也是委託管理比例偏低的原因，建議政府應藉租稅優惠方式來使外部效果內部化，並直接或委託民間非營利團體協助輔導集合住宅管理組織之報備，減少其中的協商成本。 　　關鍵字：集合住宅、管理維護、管理模式、住戶滿意度、戶數與管理費門檻值 / Households typically manage their living environment using one of two modes. Under the first, household conducts all of the basic and day-to-day management functions. Under the second approach, the household hires a property management company to provide and monitor a number of services such as repair and maintenance quality control. In Taiwan, the current proportion of the implementation of condominium ( collective housing ) management and maintenance is 68% of owner management and 32@/o of company management. Comparing to Hong Kong and Japan where the company management is more common than owner management, this proportion is far behind. This research is focus on the reason of less popular of company management in Taiwan collective housing and the factors of affecting the choice of management mode. Moreover this research also discusses the results and effects of different management modes and which management mode can provides the highest degree of satisfaction. The empirical results show that the main factors of selections between different management modes are the "scale" and the "price" of the condominium. On average, comparing company management and owner management, the possibility of choosing company management is 6.357 times more in high-rise buildings (above 13 floor) than in apartment (under 5 floor) and 4.245 times more in the community (large projects) than in apartment. Besides, when the scale of the quantity increases additional ten units averagely, the possibility of choosing company management will increase 3.9% ; and when the management cost averagely goes up extra ten dollars per Pin, the possibility of choosing company management will also increase 6.5 % . As for the discussion of the relationship between the management modes and the household satisfaction, general speaking, the household can get more satisfaction from the result of appointing building management & maintenance companies. Moreover, the outcome of "part company management mode" is the most outstanding one in the four types. The reason is that although the company has the professional knowledge and superior management skills, there does also exist the problem of agency. Due to the trade-off relationship, the satisfaction of complete company management mode is less than part company management mode. In order to relate the theoretical model to the practice, this research infers the thresholds of "scale" and "price". The results show that every household in the community which has hired the building management & maintenance industry has to pay 70 NT$ per Pin-Month in average; furthermore, the number of its households should be approximate 100 units. Therefore it can be said because of the fact that the average number of the household in condominium in Taipei might not excess the threshold of economic scale, company management is not very common in Taipei.( note that at this stage 80% of the registered condominium is less than hundred households.). Besides, the reason of low proportion of company management is that there does exist the difficulty in negotiations and externalities. Consequently, it is suggested that government should use the effect of tax policy to intemalize the externalities. It is also recommended that government can direct or indirectly authorize the non-profit organizations to assist home owners associations to register, so that the cost of negotiations can be reduced. keywords: condominium、 management & maintenance 、 management mode、household satisfaction 、 thresholds of "scale" & "price"