Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T18:20:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiano Jackson da Costa Coelho.pdf: 3470255 bytes, checksum: c492192facd21902cdd596cbb341957f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-27 / Mangroves are tropical ecosystems that thrive in intertidal areas known for their ecological importance. The loss of surface urbans Brazilian mangroves in areas that are located in estuaries is driven by a multitude of economic and social causes. The state of Maranhao, alone, has more than 500,000 hectares of mangrove forest (30% of all Brazilian mangroves) and Sao Luis, the capital, it possesses about 18,000 ago. / Manguezais são ecossistemas tropicais que desenvolvem-se em áreas entre-marés conhecidos pelas sua importância ecológica. A perda das superfícies de manguezais brasileiros em áreas urbans que se localizam em regiões estuarinas é impulsionada por uma infinidade de causas econômicas e sociais. O Estado do Maranhão, sozinho, tem mais de 500.000 hectares de mangue (30% de todo o manguezal brasileiro) e São Luis, sua capital, posui cerca de 18.000 há.

Esta dissertação tem o objetivo de analisar as mudanças ocorridas nas condições de vida da população humana, na comunidade Canto do Mangue em Canguaretama (RN), e as possíveis relações com a introdução da carcinicultura a partir de 1980. Foram utilizadas técnicas de pesquisa qualitativa (análise documental, entrevistas e observações in loco) e quantitativa (análise de tendência central, dispersão e correlação). Constatou-se que as alterações ocorridas no espaço local estão associadas às pressões ocasionadas por fatores de ordens externa e interna, como a implantação e expansão dos projetos de carcinicultura, que levaram ao avanço da especulação imobiliária e intensificaram o desmatamento das áreas de manguezais ao longo do estuário do rio Curimataú/Cunhaú, contribuindo para o abandono da agricultura de subsistência nessa comunidade, além de estar levando também ao abandono da pesca artesanal, por conseguinte, a perda dos saberes da tradição aplicados na realização dessa atividade. Verificou-se, ainda, que as alterações no uso do território e dos recursos ameaçam a biodiversidade e têm contribuído para a redução dos estoques pesqueiros do município de Canguaretama e, conseqüentemente, do Canto do Mangue, sobretudo o estoque de caranguejo-uçá (Ucides cardatus). Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que a produção em larga escala numa economia de mercado, como se constitui a carcinicultura, desconsidera a busca de equilíbrio nas configurações territoriais. Assim, as perturbações ambientais decorrentes da carcinicultura têm conseqüências de dimensões sócio-culturais, afetando diretamente o modo de vida dos moradores do Canto do Mangue. As empresas de camarão têm absorvido parte dos pescadores que estão deixando a atividade pesqueira. No entanto, o baixo nível de escolaridade associado à idade são fatores que deixam muitos deles fora do quadro de funcionários dessas empresas. Portanto, há necessidade de se criar condições que possibilitem o desenvolvimento da carcinicultura sem colocar em risco a sustentabilidade da região. / The objective of this research was to analyze the changes occurred in the conditions of life in the human population, at community Canto do Mangue in Canguaretama (RN), and also their possible relationships with the introduction of the shrimp creation in captivity after 1980. Techniques of qualitative research were used (documentary analysis, interviews and observation in locus ) and quantitative (analysis of central trend, dispersion and correlation). It was evidenced that the occurred alterations in the local space are associated to the pressures caused by factors of external and internal order, such as implantation and expansion of the creation of shrimp in captivity projects. This led to the advance of the real estate speculation and intensified the deforestation of mangroves areas at the estuary of the river Curimataú/Cunhaú. It contributed to the abandon of the agriculture of subsistence in this community, as well as of handcraft fishing activity. Consequently, there was a loss of knowing traditional in the accomplishment of this activity. It was still verified that alterations in the use of territory and the resources threaten biodiversity and have contributed to the reduction of fishing supplies boats of the community of Canguaretama and consequently, the decrease of the quantity of shrimp (Ucides cardatus) at Canto do Mangue. The results allowed to conclude that the production in wide scale inside market economy, it disrespects the search of balance in the territorial configurations. Thus, the environmental disturbances caused by the shrimp creation of in captivity have social and cultural consequences, affecting directly the way of life of the Canto do Mangue inhabitants. The shrimp companies have employed part of the fishermen that are leaving the fishing activities, however the low level of scholarship and old age are factors that leave them out of team of employees of these companies. Therefore, conditions should be created to make possible to conciliate the shrimp creation in captivity and sustentability of the region.

The thesis analyses relationships between ecological and social systems in the context of coastal ecosystems. It examines human impacts from resource extraction and addresses management and governance behind resource exploitation. The main premises are that a lack of ecological knowledge leads to poor ecosystem management and that the dichotomy between social and natural systems is an artificial one. The thesis illustrates the importance of basing resource management on the ecological conditions of the resource and its ecosystem. It also demonstrates the necessity of accounting for the human dimension in ecosystem management and the challenges of organising human actions for sustainable use of ecosystem services in the face of economic incentives that push users towards short-term extraction. Many Caribbean coral reefs have undergone a shift from coral to macroalgal domination. An experiment on Glovers Reef Atoll in Belize manually cleared patch reefs in a no-take zone and a fished zone (Papers I and II). The study hypothesised that overfishing has reduced herbivorous fish populations that control macroalgae growth. Overall, management had no significant effect on fish abundance and the impacts of the algal reduction were short-lived. This illustrated that the benefits of setting aside marine reserves in impacted environments should not be taken for granted. Papers III and IV studied the development of the lobster and conch fisheries in Belize, and the shrimp farming industry in Thailand respectively. These studies found that environmental feedback can be masked to give the impression of resource abundance through sequential exploitation. In both cases inadequate property rights contributed to this unsustainable resource use. The final paper (V) compared the responses to changes in the resource by the lobster fisheries in Belize and Maine in terms of institutions, organisations and their role in management. In contrast to Maine’s, the Belize system seems to lack social mechanisms for responding effectively to environmental feedback. The results illustrate the importance of organisational and institutional diversity that incorporate ecological knowledge, respond to ecosystem feedback and provide a social context for learning from and adapting to change.

Esta dissertação tem o objetivo de analisar as mudanças ocorridas nas condições de vida da população humana, na comunidade Canto do Mangue em Canguaretama (RN), e as possíveis relações com a introdução da carcinicultura a partir de 1980. Foram utilizadas técnicas de pesquisa qualitativa (análise documental, entrevistas e observações in loco) e quantitativa (análise de tendência central, dispersão e correlação). Constatou-se que as alterações ocorridas no espaço local estão associadas às pressões ocasionadas por fatores de ordens externa e interna, como a implantação e expansão dos projetos de carcinicultura, que levaram ao avanço da especulação imobiliária e intensificaram o desmatamento das áreas de manguezais ao longo do estuário do rio Curimataú/Cunhaú, contribuindo para o abandono da agricultura de subsistência nessa comunidade, além de estar levando também ao abandono da pesca artesanal, por conseguinte, a perda dos saberes da tradição aplicados na realização dessa atividade. Verificou-se, ainda, que as alterações no uso do território e dos recursos ameaçam a biodiversidade e têm contribuído para a redução dos estoques pesqueiros do município de Canguaretama e, conseqüentemente, do Canto do Mangue, sobretudo o estoque de caranguejo-uçá (Ucides cardatus). Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que a produção em larga escala numa economia de mercado, como se constitui a carcinicultura, desconsidera a busca de equilíbrio nas configurações territoriais. Assim, as perturbações ambientais decorrentes da carcinicultura têm conseqüências de dimensões sócio-culturais, afetando diretamente o modo de vida dos moradores do Canto do Mangue. As empresas de camarão têm absorvido parte dos pescadores que estão deixando a atividade pesqueira. No entanto, o baixo nível de escolaridade associado à idade são fatores que deixam muitos deles fora do quadro de funcionários dessas empresas. Portanto, há necessidade de se criar condições que possibilitem o desenvolvimento da carcinicultura sem colocar em risco a sustentabilidade da região. / The objective of this research was to analyze the changes occurred in the conditions of life in the human population, at community Canto do Mangue in Canguaretama (RN), and also their possible relationships with the introduction of the shrimp creation in captivity after 1980. Techniques of qualitative research were used (documentary analysis, interviews and observation in locus ) and quantitative (analysis of central trend, dispersion and correlation). It was evidenced that the occurred alterations in the local space are associated to the pressures caused by factors of external and internal order, such as implantation and expansion of the creation of shrimp in captivity projects. This led to the advance of the real estate speculation and intensified the deforestation of mangroves areas at the estuary of the river Curimataú/Cunhaú. It contributed to the abandon of the agriculture of subsistence in this community, as well as of handcraft fishing activity. Consequently, there was a loss of knowing traditional in the accomplishment of this activity. It was still verified that alterations in the use of territory and the resources threaten biodiversity and have contributed to the reduction of fishing supplies boats of the community of Canguaretama and consequently, the decrease of the quantity of shrimp (Ucides cardatus) at Canto do Mangue. The results allowed to conclude that the production in wide scale inside market economy, it disrespects the search of balance in the territorial configurations. Thus, the environmental disturbances caused by the shrimp creation of in captivity have social and cultural consequences, affecting directly the way of life of the Canto do Mangue inhabitants. The shrimp companies have employed part of the fishermen that are leaving the fishing activities, however the low level of scholarship and old age are factors that leave them out of team of employees of these companies. Therefore, conditions should be created to make possible to conciliate the shrimp creation in captivity and sustentability of the region.

The Pimpama estuarine plain in subtropical southeast Queensland is comprised of Quaternary sediments infilling older bedrock. These multilayered unconsolidated sediments have various depositional origins, and are highly heterogeneous. The plain is low-lying and the surface drainage is controlled by flood mitigation measures including tidal gates and channelised streams. The control of surface drainage potentially affects the shallow water table. This modification of hydrology has implications for future viability of agriculture and also the environmental health of waterways. Increased landscape modification and water management is likely in the coming years. The combination of sediment heterogeneity, low hydraulic gradients, and artificial drainage modification result in the plain being hydrogeologically complex. In order to understand hydrologic processes in this setting, a multi-disciplinary research programme was conducted which included a drilling program, overland electromagnetic induction and other geophysical surveys (downhole gamma log, electromagnetic induction and magnetic susceptibility) to initially establish the geologic framework. These surveys were followed by hydrogeochemical testing which includes for major and minor ions and also stable isotopes, and mineralogical analysis of drillhole material. Underlying basement rock occurs at up to 60 m depth. Unconsolidated gravel and sand deposits occur within incised paleo-valleys and are overlain by predominantly low-permeability fluvial sandy clays and estuarine and lagoonal muds. Fine-grained delta sands occur in the top 15 m of the sub-surface. Within the unconsolidated sediments, hydrodynamic trends clearly discriminated between upper unconfined and lower semi-confined aquifer systems. A comparison of surface water and shallow groundwater levels indicate limited interaction of groundwater and surface water. Hydrogeochemical analysis effectively distinguished between groundwater bodies, and also distinguished saline groundwater from seawater. Trends in major ion chemistry in the semi-confined system (particularly Na/Cl and Ca/Cl ratios) showed ion exchange accompanying saline intrusion. However, due to factors such as mineral dissolution, major ion chemistry does not clearly identify solute flux trends in the shallow aquifer system. Water stable isotope analysis (δ18O and δ2H) indicated the provenance of fresh and saline groundwater and also the relative importance of the principal hydrologic processes, i.e. evaporation and water uptake by plants. Groundwater exhibited a wide range in salinity, from very fresh to hypersaline. The formation of hypersaline groundwater was attributed largely to uptake of water by mangrove forests. Since mangrove forests were more extensive at the time of the Holocene maximum sea level (approximately 6,000 years ago) than at present, some of this groundwater may represent relict salinity from this earlier time. The relationship of relict salinity to low permeability sediments, particularly at intermediate depths, and their depositional history was examined. Vertical salinity gradients and hydrogeochemistry within these sediments varied according to position within the plain, suggesting deposition under various hydrological and sea level regimes. A preliminary investigation using analysis of stable sulfate isotopes (δ34S and δ18OSO4) was made. This study shows substantial potential for the application of this technique for quantification of solute flux and sulfur chemical transformations within settings such as this coastal plain. To establish shallow groundwater flow processes, a MODFLOW-based numerical model was used to inversely estimate aquifer parameters under various recharge scenarios. The model was designed to examine the relative importance of evapotranspiration and discharge to surface waters. However, largely due to the complexity of the drainage network and non-uniform surface water flows, the quantification of surface water- groundwater interaction by consideration of hydrodynamics is problematic. Therefore, the chemistry of groundwater and surface water was compared. While the estimated contribution of rainfall to groundwater level fluctuations was significant (46%), high evapotranspiration rates reduced net recharge and it was concluded that baseflow to drains and creeks during dry periods was insignificant, and groundwater velocities in the shallow aquifer are low. The study illustrates the value of both hydrodynamic and hydrogeochemical analyses in estuarine settings where relict salinity and groundwater-aquifer interactions impact significantly on water quality. Saline groundwater is chemically distinct from theoretical mixtures of seawater and freshwater. The study also demonstrates the value of particular chemical parameters, e.g. Na/Cl and SO4/Cl ratios and stable water isotopes, for identifying hydrologic processes in this setting.

1 Abstract This thesis presents an analysis of fossil plants from the Cenomanian Peruc-Korycany Formation of the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin and from the Bückeberg Formation of the Lower Saxony Basin in Germany. Based on earlier studies, both areas provide sediments that are considered to have developed in tidally influenced fluvial systems. Studied fossil plants are represented by ginkgoalean plant leaves (Ertemophyllum, Tritaenia), branches of conifers (Frenelopsis) and lauroid angiosperms (Eucalyptolaurus). Frenelopsis, Eretmophyllum and Tritaenia are considered to be halophytic plants, while Lauroid angiosperms were considered to grow in fresh water conditions. The fossil plants were studied using cuticle analysis and two methods of stable carbon isotope analysis: Bulk carbon isotope analysis and Compound Specific Isotope analysis. For cuticle analysis samples were observed and documented macroscopically and microscopically. To specify the environmental conditions, recent samples from three salt marshes in Great Britain were studied and analysed using the same methods as the fossil samples. The data from all observations and measurements were processed and their interpretation supported the modelled environment based on the sedimentological data. Frenelopsis were growing in a haline environment with low...

In the past decades, there has been an alarming increase in the amount of toxicity on earthdue to pollution and consumerism and the natural environment is faster than everdisappearing due to the extensive activity of humans on planet earth (Nations United,2020; United Nations, 2020). The increased amount of rubbish and non-natural waste hasbeen identified as a major issue in the supply chain and waste management inhumanitarian organizations across the board. This thesis has reviewed existing academic research and identified the five commonthemes: Management – training and standardization – stakeholders and donors -transparency - climate change and development, in which the ability to become moresustainable is present. United States Agency for International Development (USAID) hasbeen showing environmental accountability and for that reason, its environmental policyand supply chain have been addressed to understand its waste management and if it issupporting the three sustainable dimensions. Plastic pollution is addressed as a humanitarian crisis and arguing that the devastatingeffects that microplastics are having on our ecosystem and it is clearly showing that it iscausing harm to the environment, the economy, and the social effect. Haiti has since theearthquake in 2010 received a variety of aid, majority from USAID but the sustainableaccountability in their action have been hard to identify. Reviewing the work of USAID and their collaboration with environmental protectioncompanies makes you likely to say that they are supporting the three sustainabledimensions but with further assessment, it is obvious, that humanitarian waste is doingharm and there must be improvements within the organization’s perspective onwaste/plastic while attending a crisis.