Mangroves represent an important source of livelihood for many poor people acrossthe world. However, insufficient policy responses relating to mangrove conservation,combined with the lack of clearly defined property rights contribute extensively to theconversion of mangroves to alternative uses, in particular shrimp aquaculture. On thebasis of relevant theoretical perspectives on property rights, this Master’s thesisanalyses various formal and informal institutions and existing governancemechanisms that determine natural resources management in the Mahakam delta, EastKalimantan, Indonesia. By employing a qualitative participatory research approachthe case study explores how different institutions in Indonesia shape the local propertyrights regime in mangroves. The results show that the interplay between formal andinformal institutions involved in defining property rights, along with the lack ofcoordination among responsible government agencies, has resulted in the clearing ofone of the largest Nypah forests in the world for shrimp pond construction withinthree decades. Moreover, the study suggests that the current problem of mangrovedestruction will not be solved merely by declaring the Mahakam delta as a protectedarea or by assigning full ownership rights to the local people. On the contrary, thestudy suggests that the coordination and enforcement mechanisms should be enhancedin such ways that they simultaneously address both local peoples’ needs as well asecosystem integrity.

Mangrove communities are unique environments that line coastlines in tropical and subtropical latitudes. In Florida, four mangrove tree species dominate these communities and are accompanied by other primary producers, infaunal, epifaunal, and juvenile faunal species that together form the base of a complex, chiefly detritus-based food web. In an effort to evaluate mangrove communities in Port Everglades, Florida, tissue samples were taken from a diversity of mangrove- associated producer and consumer species from three mangrove sites. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were used to establish patterns of energy flow of mangrove material, examine the influence of detrital material, and identify isotopic differences among mangrove species. R.mangle was the most depleted in δ13C, -34.11 to -26.19‰, while C.erectus was the most enriched, -29.91 to -25.30‰. This pattern mirrors the documented pattern of proximity to the waterline, but this pattern was not the same in δ15N, as C.erectus exhibited the narrowest range of δ15N values, -1.95 to 5.40‰. Significant differences were found in δ15N and δ13C signatures of the mangrove species among the tissue types, sampling sites, and trophic linkages among three sample sites, which could indicate differences between natural and anthropogenic influences, such as increased nitrate from a nearby residential area. Specifically, site 1, the only site located directly on the Intracoastal Waterway, differed significantly from sites 2 and 3, both of which were indirectly connected to the waterway. Results also established unique trophic levels, with primary producers at the bottom and carnivorous fish at the top. Slight differences among the trophic dynamics, such as a shift in diet specifically with fish species, among the sites revealed a possible influence of restricted tidal flow from mangrove communities.

Many marine fishes use the mangrove ecosystem for foraging, protection, spawning, and as a nursery habitat. To develop a better understanding of energy flow between the coastal mangrove and coral reef ecosystems, the ontogentic migration and trophic connectivity of reef fishes were examined through the use of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O) stable isotope ratios. Juvenile and adult gray snapper Lutjanus griseus, lane snapper L. synagris, bluestriped grunt Haemulon sciurus, French grunt H. flavolineatum, sailor’s choice H. parra, yellowfin mojarra Gerres cinereus, and great barracuda Sphyraena barracuda were collected from both mangrove and coral reef sites located near Port Everglades, Broward County, Florida. All species were analyzed for δ13C and δ15N of muscle tissues and δ 18O and δ 13C of otoliths to evaluate ontogenetic migrations, foraging, and occupation within both the mangrove and reef sites. The δ13C and δ15N in muscle tissue were more depleted in juvenile fish from the mangroves than their adult forms caught on the adjacent reef. The δ18O and δ13C otolith data were significantly different between species, age class, and habitat, with lower δ18O values for juvenile fish caught in the mangroves. A general trend of increasing δ13C in otoliths corresponded to increasing total length, also suggesting juvenile movements from mangrove to nearshore reefs with age. Overall, the findings of this study further confirm that several commercially and recreationally important reef-associated fishes utilize mangrove ecosystems during juvenile life stages.

The rainbow parrotfish Scarus guacamaia is a prominent herbivore in the coastal waters of southeastern Florida whose life history is strongly linked to a dependence on both mangrove and coral reef habitats. Rainbow parrotfish in turn serve in maintaining the health of coral reefs by keeping algal populations in check. This study used NOAA Fisheries data from the Mangrove Visual Census and the Reef Visual Census in Biscayne Bay and Upper Florida Bay. Observations of abiotic factors at individual sites were used to correlate and predict presence and absence of this species. This was done to visualize habitat presence and ontogenetic shifts present in this species between juvenile and adult stages through ArcGIS mapping. Logistic regression analysis was used to predict presence or absence using the environmental variables of temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, average depth, distance from channel openings, mangrove presence, temperature Δ, and salinity Δ. Average depth, distance from channel openings, temperature Δ and salinity Δ were significant in predicting the presence of this species, while salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and mangrove presence were not. Conservation efforts for this species, listed as vulnerable under the IUCN, need to be given greater consideration. The health of this and other parrotfish may have a greater impact on coral reef ecosystems across the Caribbean Sea than currently acknowledged and management breadth and priorities should be adjusted to reflect this role.

Throughout this thesis I have laid out several factors that have contributed to the sustainability of shrimp farming in Thailand, and if sustainability whilst maintaining production can ever be achieved. To find out the current situation of shrimp farming in Thailand, the history of global and Thai shrimp farming is described. The social and environmental problems of the unsustainable history of shrimp farming in Thailand is then considered. Solutions to these effects conclude that it is up to the consumer to demand for better regulations from the government and the shrimp companies to ensure a sustainable future for shrimp farming both globally and in Thailand.

[ES] A través de la fitosociología se ha estudiado las agrupaciones de plantas, sus interrelaciones y su dependencia con el medio ambiente en la costa del golfo Arabe en los Emiratos Arabes Unidos (EAU). La vegetacion de los Emiratos se caracteriza por la presencia del manglar paleotropical propio de las zonas intertidales en clima subtropical, acompañado por halofitas de desierto. Se han identificado 9 grupos de vegetación: (I) Asoc. Avicennietum marinae Chapman, J. 1970, (II) Asoc. Salicornietum fruticosi Br. Bl. 1928, (III) Asoc. Arthrocnemum machostachi- Halocnemetum strobiliaci Associatio nova Leandro, P. 2018, (IV) Asoc. Suaedetum verae (fruticosae) Br. Bl. ex O. Bolós & Molinier 1958. (V) Asoc. Tetraena qatarensis Associatio nova Leandro, P. 2018 (VI) Com. Calotropis procera (VII) Com. Heliotropium bacciferum (VIII) Com. Prosopis cineraria en orden deacuerdo al transecto que va dese la primera linea de costa al interior, y las comunidades nuevas como consecuencia de alteraciones en el entorno (IXa) Com. Avicennio marinae y Sesuvietum portulacastri y (IXb) Com. Avicenium y Salicornietum fruticosi. Se ha utilizado el programa TWINSPAN para la confirmacion de las mismas. Mediante los analisis de ACC se observa que las comunidades de Avicennia marina se correlacionan positivamente con la conductividad / salinidad del suelo, la alcalinidad o el pH y con las concentraciones de cationes. Se ha observado que las alteraciones antrópicas de la costa causan diferencias en la distribución normal de las poblaciones y este estudio propone medidas de restauración para garantizar la adaptación y la viabilidad de un proyecto futuro de revegetación costera a través del conocimiento geobotánico adquirido. / [CA] A través de la fitosociologia s'ha estudiat les agrupacions de plantes, les seues interrelacions i la seua dependència amb el medi ambient en la costa del golf Arabe als Emirats Arabs Units (EAU). La vegetacio dels Emirats es caracteritza per la presència del manglar paleotropical propi de les zones intertidales en clima subtropical, acompanyat per halofites de desert. S'han identificat 9 grups de vegetació: (I) Assoc. Avicennietum marinae Chapman, J. 1970, (II) Assoc. Salicornietum fruticosi Br. Bl. 1928, (III) Assoc. Arthrocnemum machostachi- Halocnemetum strobiliaci Associatio nova Leandro, P. 2018, (IV) Assoc. Suaedetum verae ( fruticosae) Br. Bl. ex O. Bolós & Molinier 1958. (V) Assoc. Tetraena qatarensis Associatio nova Leandro, P. 2018 (VI) Com. Calotropis procera (VII) Com. Heliotropium bacciferum (VIII) Com. Prosopis cinerària en ordre d'acuerd al transecte que va desde la primera llínia de costa a l'interior, i les comunitats noves com a conseqüència d'alteracions a l'entorn ( IXa) Com. Avicennio marinae i Sesuvietum portulacastri i ( IXb) Com. Avicenium i Salicornietum fruticosi. S'ha utilitzat el programa TWINSPAN per a la confirmacion d'aquestes. Mitjançant els analisis de ACC s'observa que les comunitats de Avicennia marina es correlacionen positivament amb la conductivitat / salinitat del sòl, l'alcalinitat o el pH i amb les concentracions de cations. S'ha observat que les alteracions antròpiques de la costa causen diferències en la distribució normal de les poblacions i aquest estudi proposa mesures de restauració per a garantir l'adaptació i la viabilitat d'un projecte futur de revegetació costanera a través del coneixement geobotánic adquirit. / [EN] Through phytosociology, plant clusters, their interrelations and their dependence on the environment on the Arabian Gulf coast in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) have been studied. The vegetation of the Emirates is characterized by the presence of paleotropical mangroves typical of intertidal areas in subtropical climate, accompanied by desert halophytes. Nine vegetation groups have been identified: (I) Assoc. Avicennietum marinae Chapman, J. 1970., (II) Assoc. Salicornietum fruticosi Br. Bl. 1928, (III) Assoc. Arthrocnemum machostachi- Halocnemetum strobiliaci nova. Leandro, P. 2018, (IV) Assoc. Suaedetum verae (fruticosae) Br. Bl. ex O. Bolós & Molinier 1958. (V) Assoc. Tetraena qatarensis nova hoc loco (VI) Com. Calotropis procera (VII) Com. Heliotropium bacciferum (VIII) Com. Prosopis cineraria, in order according to the transect that goes from the first coastline to the interior, and the new communities originated by anthropic factors are (IXa) Com. Avicennio marinae-Sesuvietum portulacastri nova and (IXb) Com. Avicenium- Salicornietum fruticosi nova. The TWINSPAN program has been used to confirm them. Through the CCA analysis, the communities of Avicennia marina can be positively correlated with the conductivity / salinity of the soil, the alkalinity or the pH and with the concentrations of cations. It has been seen that the anthropic alterations of the coast cause differences in the normal distribution of the populations and this study proposes restoration measures for the adaptation and viability of the future coastal revegetation project through the acquired geobotanical knowledge. / Leandro Baladrón, P. (2021). Estudio de la vegetación costera de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos (EAU) (Golfo Arábigo). Análisis del estado actual [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/167018 / TESIS

The coastline of Florida has been formed by geomorphic processes which have created suitable habitats for certain vegetation and organisms. One type of vegetation is the mangrove; this plant has a latitudinal range of 24° to 32° N latitude which is associated with local climatic changes (Mitsch 2000). There are three species of mangrove found in Florida: red (Rhizophora), black (Avicennia), and white (Languncularia) (USGS 2006). Mangroves have adapted overtime to live in different ecosystems which cause mangroves, along the Florida coast, of the same species not be the same. Climatic variation causes individual mangrove trees have structural differences such as: tree height, diameter, and density; these variations are related to geographic location (Pool 1997, Schaeffer-Novelli 1990). Tree height is the measurement from the base of the tree trunk of the ground to the top of the tree. The diameter, also known as diameter at breast height (DBH), is the circumference of the tree trunk 1.21 meters from the ground. Density is the frequency of individual tress within predetermined distance. Florida's southwest coast has one of the world's biggest mangrove swamps called Ten Thousand Islands (Mitsch 2000). In northern Florida the mangrove swamps begin to mix with salt marsh vegetation, here mangroves are more like shrubs than trees (Mitsch 2000). The changes in individual mangrove structure could be a result of available freshwater and temperature. This project was a quantitative analysis using published and original data for graph production to understand the structural variation of mangroves on Florida's gulf coast at different latitudes. Study sites were located in bays along the Gulf of Mexico. The gulf coast of Florida was the study area of this project because it is the northern latitudinal limit for mangroves and as the latitude changes mangrove plant structure changes (Mitsch 2000). The tree height, diameter, basal area, biomass, and densities were compared to the precipitation and temperature values to understand the effect climate has on mangroves.

No description available.

In tropical seascapes, coral reefs often exist in proximity to marine vegetated habitats such as seagrass, mangroves, and macroalgae. This habitat mosaic offers the possibility for connection and exchange of both organisms and nutrition between habitats, mediated by biological and physical processes. This dissertation examines flows of organisms and nutrition between coral reefs and tropical vegetated habitats in the central Red Sea through 3 different mechanisms: 1) Use of multiple habitat types by tropical marine fishes, 2) Transport of algal material to coral reefs via the foraging behavior and movements of herbivorous fishes, and 3) Physical flow of water between coastal habitats. The results of this thesis suggest that coastal tropical habitats maintain a variety of ecological links at different spatial and temporal scales. A large fraction (36%) of fish species found on coral reefs are also found in at least one marine vegetated habitat in the central Red Sea, with many species mainly living in vegetated habitats as juveniles. This demonstrates the value of mangrove, seagrass, and macroalgae habitats to coral reef fishes, and suggests that many species make ontogenetic migrations between reef and non-reef habitats through their lives. Two species of herbivorous reef fishes (Naso elegans and N. unicornis) were found on coral reefs with algae in their guts which likely originated from nearby Sargassum-dominated macroalgae canopies, representing a fish-mediated, cross-habitat flux of nutrition from macroalgae habitats to coral reefs. Finally, we used a combination of remote sensing, a dye tracer study, and in-water measurements to observe water movement from shallow seagrass and mangrove habitats to nearby lagoon and coral reef habitats. Water exiting seagrass and mangrove habitats had altered concentrations of various nutrients (such as increased particulate organic carbon or decreased dissolved nutrients), suggesting that Red Sea mangroves and seagrasses change nutrient concentrations in water and the movement of water from these habitats to coral reefs could supply reefs with an allochthonous source of nutrition. These various linkages, controlled by a range of physical and biological processes, highlight the interconnected nature of tropical coastal ecosystems, and thereby the need to conserve whole habitat mosaics in the pursuit to protect coral reefs and maintain healthy and functioning coastal ecosystems.

La compréhension des processus contrôlant le fonctionnement des mangroves est capitale au vu des services socio-économiques/écosystémiques rendus par ces écosystèmes et des menaces qu’ils subissent. En Guyane Française, les mangroves se développent rapidement en réponse aux contraintes sédimentaires récurrentes induites naturellement par les apports sédimentaires amazoniens. Cette thèse étudie la structure et la composition de trois classes de taille de communautés benthique (méso, macro, mégafaune), et les activités de bioturbation associées (remaniement sédimentaire biologique : RS, terriers) dans les jeunes stades de mangrove. 51 taxons de méso-macrofaune et 12 espèces de crabes (mégafaune) ont été identifiés. Bien que la biodiversité benthique soit spécifique à l'âge de la mangrove, des taxons tolèrent les modifications brusques du milieu, et cette persistance maintient des fonctions clés du remaniement sédimentaire tout au long du développement des mangroves. L’intensité du RS varie le long de ce gradient (21-146 g PS.m-2.cycle tidal-1). Si les crabes dominent le RS, cette thèse souligne la contribution effective de la méso-macrofaune aux transports particulaires. Les communautés benthiques montrent des capacités de bioturbation adaptées aux instabilités récurrentes du littoral. Les variations du RS au cours du temps pourraient indiquer l’état fonctionnel des mangroves. Cette étude conclut que l’hétérogénéité morpho-sédimentaire au sein des jeunes stades de mangroves influence la structuration spatiale des crabes, le remaniement sédimentaire qu’ils induisent, et la morphologie des terriers. Les microhabitats devraient être considérés lors de l'évaluation du rôle fonctionnel de la faune benthique des mangroves. / Understanding the processes that control mangroves functioning is essential regarding the socioeconomic/ecosystemic services these ecosystems provide and the increasing threats they suffer. In French Guiana, mangroves grow rapidly in response to natural sedimentary perturbations caused by sediment inputs from the Amazon River. This thesis characterizes the structure and the composition of benthic fauna communities (three size classes: meso-, macro- and megafauna) and the associated bioturbation activities (biological sediment reworking: SR, burrows) in mangrove early growth stages. 51 meso- macrofaunal taxa and 12 crab (megafauna) species were identified.Despite a mangrove age specific biodiversity, some taxa tolerate abrupt environmental changes, and such persistence maintains key sediment reworking functions along mangrove development.The SR intensity varies along this gradient from 21 to 146 g DW.m-2.tidal cycle-1. Burrower crabs dominate the SR but this thesis also outlines the non-negligible contribution of smaller-sized (meso- and macrofauna) organisms to particulate transport. Benthic communities’ bioturbation capacities are adapted to recurrent environmental instabilities. Changes of the biologicallyinduced SR may be used as a proxy of the functional status of mangrove ecosystems. This study concludes that morpho-sedimentary heterogeneity of early-growth mangrove stages influences crab spatial structuration, the crab-induced sediment reworking and burrow shapes. Thus, microhabitat specificities should be considered when evaluating the role of benthic fauna in mangroves ecosystem functioning.