Manipuladores robóticos têm ganhado cada vez mais importância em operações espaciais por poderem substituir humanos na realização de tarefas perigosas ou demasiadamente demoradas e repetitivas. Em destaque tem-se os manipuladores de base livre, por poderem ser acoplados a satélites ou estações espaciais e representarem um grande desafio para engenheiros de controle. Tais robôs possuem dois modos de operação: com base livre controlada e com base livre flutuante. No primeiro modo a base do manipulador tem atitude e translação controladas por jatos propulsores ou rodas de reação, de modo que o comportamento do robô se aproxima de um manipulador de base fixa. Porém, há um considerável consumo de combustível e energia elétrica, além de novos distúrbios que são inseridos no sistema. No segundo modo, considerado neste trabalho de mestrado, os controles da base são desligados durante a operação e ela pode mover-se livremente em resposta aos movimentos do braço. Embora tenha-se notável economia de combustível e energia elétrica, o acoplamento dinâmico entre base e braço deve ser considerado tanto na modelagem como no projeto do controlador. Para modelar o robô espacial considerado neste projeto foi aplicado o método do Manipulador Dinamicamente Equivalente, que mapeia um manipulador de base livre flutuante através de um robô sub-atuado de base fixa. Dessa forma é possível utilizar sobre robôs espaciais técnicas de controle já desenvolvidas para manipuladores terrestres. Este trabalho trata da análise de controladores robustos e adaptativo aplicados sobre um manipulador planar de base livre flutuante com dois braços para realizar a tarefa de seguimento de trajetórias definidas no espaço de tarefa. Os sistemas de controle considerados foram: Regulador Linear Quadrático Recursivo Robusto (RLQR), controlador H-infinito robusto e controlador adaptativo com modos deslizantes. Os resultados mostraram que os controladores apresentaram desempenhos distintos mas ainda assim foram capazes de realizar a tarefa de seguir trajetórias no espaço de trabalho com erros de acompanhamento bastante pequenos. Foi elaborada também uma comparação quantitativa através de índices de desempenho considerando integral de torques e norma L2 de erros de acompanhamento. / Robotic manipulators gained greater importance in space operations by being able to replace humans in dangerous or very long and repetitive tasks. Free-floating manipulators are highlighted, because they can be coupled to satellites or space stations and represent a great challenge to control engineers. These robots have two operation modes: controlled base and free-floating base. In the first mode, the base has its attitude and translation controlled by propulsion jets or reaction wheels, so that the robot behavior is similar to a fixed-base manipulator. However, there is considerable fuel and electrical energy consumption, besides additional disturbances inserted in the system. In the second mode, which is considered in this work, the base is not controlled during operation and is able to move freely in response to movements of the arm. Even though there is a remarkable fuel and electrical energy saving, the dynamic coupling between base and arm must be taken into account during modelling and controller design. To model the space manipulator considered in this work the Dynamically Equivalent Manipulator method was used, which maps a free-floating manipulator into a underactuated fixed-base manipulator. Thus, it is possible to apply known control techniques for terrestrial manipulators on free-floating ones. This work discusses robust and adaptive controllers applied on a planar dual-arm free-floating space manipulator in order to track trajectories defined in the workspace. The considered control systems are: Robust Recursive Linear Quadratic Regulator, Robust H-infinity and Adaptive Sliding Modes. Results showed that the controllers had distinct performances but were still able to perform trajectory tracking in workspace with very small tracking errors. A quantitative comparison was also elaborated with performance indexes considering integral of torques and L2 norm of tracking errors.

Este trabalho trata da implementação de uma técnica de controle robusto, Síntese-&#956 em um robô manipulador de três graus de liberdade com juntas passivas. A necessidade de um de controle robusto se deve ao fato de que em uma aplicação real o sistema está sujeito a mudanças nos seus parâmetros internos e a distúrbios externos (ruído dos sensores, etc). Aqui, uma metodologia de controle robusto que combina o método do torque computado e controladores robustos projetados via Síntese-&#956 é proposta e utilizada com êxito. O equacionamento matemático da distância do sistema é apresentado e a linearização é realizada pela realimentação de estados presentes no método. Uma abordagem dos conceitos teóricos presentes na teoria de Síntese-&#956 é feita e um procedimento de projeto é apresentado. Modelos nominais para diferentes configurações do robô são definidos e controladores robustos são projetados utilizando o método de iterações D-K. O teste e a validação dos controladores projetados são verificados em um ambiente de simulação e também no manipulador experimental UArmII (Underactuated Robot Manipulator II), que é um robô manipulador (equipado com 3 juntas, atuadores e freios) projetado para o estudo de dinâmicas passivas. / This work deals with implementation of a robust control technique, &#956-Synthesis, in a mani- pulator robot with three degrees of freedom and passive joints. The necessity of a robust control is due to the fact that in a real application the system is subject to changes in its internal parameters and external disturbances (sensor noise, etc). Here, a robust control methodology that combines the computed torque method and robust controllers designed via &#956-Synthesis is proposal and used with success. The mathematical formulation of the system dynamics is presented and the linearization is accomplished by the state feedback included in the method. An overview of theoretical concepts presents in the &#956-Synthesis theory is made and a design procedure is presented. Nominal models for all robot\'s configurations are defined and robust controllers are designed using the D-K iterations method. The test and validation of the controllers are realized in a simulation environment and also in the experimental manipulator UArmII (Underactuated Robot Manipulator II), that is a robot manipulator (equipped with 3 joints, actuators and brakes) projected for the study of passive dynamics.

Este trabalho apresenta uma comparação entre as estratégias de controle por torque calculado e controle repetitivo aplicadas a manipuladores robóticos. O objetivo no uso desses controladores é para que o manipulador siga referência de trajetória periódica no espaço das juntas. O desenvolvimento e implementação dos controladores são focados no manipulador WAM (Whole Arm Manipulator) da Barrett Technology®Inc. Neste trabalho, também são apresentadas uma formulação do modelo não linear do manipulador e as sínteses dos controladores por torque calculado e repetitivo aplicados ao modelo do manipulador linearizado por realimentação. O controlador por torque calculado é apresentado e sintetizado na sua forma clássica. Para o controlador repetitivo, a síntese parte do princípio do modelo interno com a adição de uma estrutura repetitiva e uma realimentação proporcional e derivativa do erro de seguimento de referência O projeto dos ganhos do controlador repetitivo é feito através de um problema de otimização convexa com restrições na forma de inequações matriciais lineares (ou no inglês: Linear Matrix Inequalities - LMI). A formulação do problema de otimização parte da teoria de estabilidade segundo Lyapunov com um funcional Lyapunov-Krasoviskii, adição de um custo quadrático, para ajuste de desempenho, e de um critério de desempenho transitório dado pela taxa de decaimento exponencial da norma dos estados. É apresentada a comparação entre as estratégias de controle e a validação do controlador repetitivo proposto aplicado ao caso com linearização perfeita e ao caso com o modelo não linear do manipulador. No primeiro caso, é feita a simulação do modelo linear do manipulador com adição de um torque de atrito na junta. No segundo caso, é utilizado o sistema ROS (Robot Operating System) com o programa Gazebo simulando o manipulador WAM considerando erros de linearização, isto é, incertezas paramétricas. / This work presents a comparison between the strategies of computed-torque control and repetitive control applied to robotic manipulators. The main objective in use these controllers with the manipulator is to tracking periodic trajectory in joint space. The development and implementation of controllers are focused on the Whole Arm Manipulator (WAM) of the Barrett Technology®Inc. Also featured are a non-linear model formulation of the manipulator and the synthesis of controllers for computed-torque control and repetitive control applied to the manipulator model linearized by state feedback. The computed-torque controller is presented in its classic form. For the repetitive controller, the synthesis is based on the internal model principle with the addition of a repetitive structure and a proportional-derivative reference tracking error feedback. The design of the repetitive controller gains is done through a convex optimization problem with linear matrix inequalities (LMI) constraints. The formulation of the optimization problem is based on the Lyapunov stability theory using a Lyapunov-Krasoviskii functional, addition of a quadratic cost for performance adjustment and a transient performance criteria given by the exponential decay rate of the states norm. A comparison between the control strategies and the validation of the repetitive controller applied to the case with perfect linearization and the case with the non-linear model of the manipulator are presented. In the first case, is made simulations of the linear model of the manipulator in MATLAB program, with the addition of a disturbance modeling the friction torque at the joint. In the second case, is used the Robot Operating System (ROS) with Gazebo program simulating the WAM nonlinear model. In this case, a possible mismatch between the model used for the feedback linearization and the real system is taken into account.

Quando as atividades de um sistema mecatrônico são realizadas em ambientes com intenso campo elétrico e ou magnético, os dispositivos que irão executar as tarefas devem ser cuidadosamente projetados para que a presença de peças metálicas não se torne um risco. O campo elétrico pode gerar descargas elétricas e o campo magnético, exercer forças não previstas sobre peças metálicas. Assim o uso de alguns elementos, como motores elétricos, peças metálicas ou sensores eletrônicos se torna inviável. A motivação inicial para esse trabalho foi encontrar um atuador que possa ser construído sem o uso de elementos metálicos e com ele, construir um manipulador inerte a campos magnéticos e elétricos. Neste contexto, a transmissão de energia para os atuadores por meios hidráulicos ou pneumáticos se torna a opção mais indicada. Frequentemente, sistemas pneumáticos e hidráulicos apresentam atuadores com componentes metálicos, devido a resistência mecânica destes componentes. Em situações na qual os requisitos quanto a esforços são menores, elementos metálicos podem ser substituídos por materiais poliméricos de uso comum na Engenharia. Entre os atuadores hidráulicos e pneumáticos, um que já apresenta poucas partes metálicas é o músculo pneumático artificial (MPA). O MPA possui características tais como: baixo peso relacionado ao esforço gerado, escala de esforços similar a um cilindro pneumático de mesmo tamanho e construção simples. Assim, o MPA foi escolhido como atuador para o manipulador não-condutor desenvolvido neste trabalho. Adotando o MPA como elemento central, este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar as diretrizes para a aplicação do MPA na construção de um manipulador inerte a campos elétricos e magnéticos. Para isso, primeiramente foi desenvolvido um MPA livre de qualquer parte metálica. Visando sua aplicação, as características do músculo como: gama de esforços, tempo de resposta e histerese foram avaliadas através de testes. Algumas estratégias de controle do atuador foram testadas e comparadas, e com o atuador desenvolvido foi construído um manipulador inerte a campos magnéticos e elétricos. O manipulador construído tem como objetivo exercer movimentos distintos sobre a mão de um paciente, o mesmo deve acompanhar o paciente durante um exame de ressonância magnética. O atuador apresentou uma gama de esforços dentro do previsto, um tempo de resposta característico de atuadores pneumáticos e ao contrário do esperado, uma baixa histerese. Através de elementos mecânicos e com o uso de dois MPA, o manipulador foi capaz de exercer um trabalho sobre a mão de um voluntario fora do campo da RM, mostrando a viabilidade da aplicação. / When activities executed by a mechatronic system are performed in environments with strong magnetic and or electric field, the devices that will perform the tasks should be carefully designed so that the presence of metal parts does not become a risk. The electric field can generate electrical currents and the magnetic field may exert unexpected force in a metal part. Thus the use of some elements, such as electric motors, metallic parts or electronic sensors becomes unviable. The initial motivation for this work was to find an actuator that could be built without metallic elements and, using such actuator, build a manipulator inert to magnetic and electric fields. In this context, the use of hydraulic or pneumatic actuators becomes the most indicated option. Frequently, pneumatic and hydraulic systems have actuators with metal parts so as resist mechanical loads. In situations where the actuator is loaded by small loads, metal parts may be replaced by polymeric materials commonly used in Engineering. Among hydraulic and pneumatic actuators, one that already presents a few metal parts is the pneumatic artificial muscle (PAM). PAM has characteristics such as: low weight to effort ratio, simple construction as well as range of generated force and dimensions similar to a pneumatic cylinder. Thus, the PAM is chosen as the actuator for the non-conductive manipulator developed in this work. Adopting the PAM as a central element, this work aims identifying directives on using the PAM in the construction of a manipulator inert to electric and magnetic fields. For this, firstly it is developed a PAM free from any metal part. Next, the characteristics of the PAM such as range of efforts, response time and hysteresis curve are assessed through tests. Some strategies for the actuator control are tested and compared. Finally, using the developed actuator, a manipulator inert to magnetic and electric fields are constructed. The purpose of this manipulator is to induce motions to the fingers of a patient hand while the patient is examined in a MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) equipment. The actuator presented a range of efforts according to expectations, a response time compatible with pneumatic actuators and, contrary to expectations, low hysteresis.

Manipuladores robóticos têm ganhado cada vez mais importância em operações espaciais por poderem substituir humanos na realização de tarefas perigosas ou demasiadamente demoradas e repetitivas. Em destaque tem-se os manipuladores de base livre, por poderem ser acoplados a satélites ou estações espaciais e representarem um grande desafio para engenheiros de controle. Tais robôs possuem dois modos de operação: com base livre controlada e com base livre flutuante. No primeiro modo a base do manipulador tem atitude e translação controladas por jatos propulsores ou rodas de reação, de modo que o comportamento do robô se aproxima de um manipulador de base fixa. Porém, há um considerável consumo de combustível e energia elétrica, além de novos distúrbios que são inseridos no sistema. No segundo modo, considerado neste trabalho de mestrado, os controles da base são desligados durante a operação e ela pode mover-se livremente em resposta aos movimentos do braço. Embora tenha-se notável economia de combustível e energia elétrica, o acoplamento dinâmico entre base e braço deve ser considerado tanto na modelagem como no projeto do controlador. Para modelar o robô espacial considerado neste projeto foi aplicado o método do Manipulador Dinamicamente Equivalente, que mapeia um manipulador de base livre flutuante através de um robô sub-atuado de base fixa. Dessa forma é possível utilizar sobre robôs espaciais técnicas de controle já desenvolvidas para manipuladores terrestres. Este trabalho trata da análise de controladores robustos e adaptativo aplicados sobre um manipulador planar de base livre flutuante com dois braços para realizar a tarefa de seguimento de trajetórias definidas no espaço de tarefa. Os sistemas de controle considerados foram: Regulador Linear Quadrático Recursivo Robusto (RLQR), controlador H-infinito robusto e controlador adaptativo com modos deslizantes. Os resultados mostraram que os controladores apresentaram desempenhos distintos mas ainda assim foram capazes de realizar a tarefa de seguir trajetórias no espaço de trabalho com erros de acompanhamento bastante pequenos. Foi elaborada também uma comparação quantitativa através de índices de desempenho considerando integral de torques e norma L2 de erros de acompanhamento. / Robotic manipulators gained greater importance in space operations by being able to replace humans in dangerous or very long and repetitive tasks. Free-floating manipulators are highlighted, because they can be coupled to satellites or space stations and represent a great challenge to control engineers. These robots have two operation modes: controlled base and free-floating base. In the first mode, the base has its attitude and translation controlled by propulsion jets or reaction wheels, so that the robot behavior is similar to a fixed-base manipulator. However, there is considerable fuel and electrical energy consumption, besides additional disturbances inserted in the system. In the second mode, which is considered in this work, the base is not controlled during operation and is able to move freely in response to movements of the arm. Even though there is a remarkable fuel and electrical energy saving, the dynamic coupling between base and arm must be taken into account during modelling and controller design. To model the space manipulator considered in this work the Dynamically Equivalent Manipulator method was used, which maps a free-floating manipulator into a underactuated fixed-base manipulator. Thus, it is possible to apply known control techniques for terrestrial manipulators on free-floating ones. This work discusses robust and adaptive controllers applied on a planar dual-arm free-floating space manipulator in order to track trajectories defined in the workspace. The considered control systems are: Robust Recursive Linear Quadratic Regulator, Robust H-infinity and Adaptive Sliding Modes. Results showed that the controllers had distinct performances but were still able to perform trajectory tracking in workspace with very small tracking errors. A quantitative comparison was also elaborated with performance indexes considering integral of torques and L2 norm of tracking errors.

In this thesis, dynamic modeling and nonlinear control of autonomous underwater vehicle manipulator systems are presented. Mainly, two types of systems consisting of a 6-DOF AUV equipped with a 6-DOF manipulator subsystem (UVMS) and with an 8-DOF redundant manipulator subsystem (UVRMS) are modeled considering hydrostatic forces and hydrodynamic effects such as added mass, lift, drag and side forces. The shadowing effects of the bodies on each other are introduced when computing the hydrodynamic forces. The system equations of motion are derived recursively using Newton&ndash / Euler formulation. The inverse dynamics control algorithms are formulated and trajectory tracking control of the systems is achieved by assigning separate tasks for the end effector of the manipulator and for the underwater vehicle. The proposed inverse dynamics controller utilizes the full nonlinear model of the system and consists of a linearizing control law that uses the feedback of positions and velocities of the joints and the underwater vehicle in order to cancel off the nonlinearities of the system. The PD control is applied after this complicated feedback linearization process yielding second order error dynamics. The thruster dynamics is also incorporated into the control system design. The stability analysis is performed in the presence of parametric uncertainty and disturbing ocean current. The effectiveness of the control methods are demonstrated by simulations for typical underwater missions.

In this thesis, dynamic modeling and nonlinear control of autonomous underwater vehicle manipulator systems are presented. Mainly, two types of systems consisting of a 6-DOF AUV equipped with a 6-DOF manipulator subsystem (UVMS) and with an 8-DOF redundant manipulator subsystem (UVRMS) are modeled considering hydrostatic forces and hydrodynamic effects such as added mass, lift, drag and side forces. The shadowing effects of the bodies on each other are introduced when computing the hydrodynamic forces. The system equations of motion are derived recursively using Newton&ndash / Euler formulation. The inverse dynamics control algorithms are formulated and trajectory tracking control of the systems is achieved by assigning separate tasks for the end effector of the manipulator and for the underwater vehicle. The proposed inverse dynamics controller utilizes the full nonlinear model of the system and consists of a linearizing control law that uses the feedback of positions and velocities of the joints and the underwater vehicle in order to cancel off the nonlinearities of the system. The PD control is applied after this complicated feedback linearization process yielding second order error dynamics. The thruster dynamics is also incorporated into the control system design. The stability analysis is performed in the presence of parametric uncertainty and disturbing ocean current. The effectiveness of the control methods are demonstrated by simulations for typical underwater missions.

To stay competitive internationally, the Swedish forestry sector must increase its productivity by 2 to 3% annually. There are a variety of ways in which productivity can be increased. One option is to develop remote-controlled or unmanned machines, thus reducing the need for operator intervention. Another option—and one that could be achieved sooner than full automation—would be to make some functions semi-automatic. Semi-automatic operation of the knuckle boom and felling head in particular would create “mini-breaks” for the operators, thereby reducing mental and physiological stress. It would also reduce training time and increase the productivity of a large proportion of operators. The objective of this thesis work has been to develop and evaluate algorithms for simplified boom control on forest machines. Algorithms for so called boom tip control, as well as automatic boom functions have been introduced. The algorithms solve the inverse kinematics of kinematically redundant knuckle booms while maximizing lifting capacity. The boom tip control was evaluated – first by means of a kinematic simulation and then in a dynamic forest machine simulator. The results show that boom tip control is an easier system to learn in comparison to conventional control, leading to savings in production due to shorter learning times and operators being able to reach full production sooner. Boom tip control also creates less mental strain than conventional control, which in the long run will reduce mental stress on operators of forest machines. The maximum lifting capacity algorithm was then developed further to enable TCP path-tracking, which was also implemented and evaluated in the simulator. An evaluation of the fidelity of the dynamic forest machine simulator was performed to ensure validity of the results achieved with the simplified boom control. The results from the study show that there is good fidelity between the forest machine simulator and a real forest machine, and that the results from simulations are reliable. It is also concluded that the simulator was a useful research tool for the studies performed in the context of this thesis work. The thesis had two overall objectives. The first was to provide the industry and forestry sector with usable and verified ideas and results in the area of automation. This has been accomplished with the implementation of a simplified boom control and semi-automation on a forwarder in a recently started joint venture between a hydraulic manufacturer, a forest machine manufacturer and a forest enterprise. The second objective was to strengthen the research and development links between the forestry sector and technical university research. This has been accomplished through the thesis work itself and by a number of courses, projects and Masters theses over the last three years. About 150 students in total have been studying forest machine technology in one way or the other. / QC 20100729

No description available.

Current submerged science projects such as VENUS and NEPTUNE have revealed the need for small, low-cost and easily deployed underwater remotely operated vehiclemanipulator (ROVM) systems. Unfortunately, existing small remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROV) are not equipped to complete the complex and interactive submerged tasks required for these projects. Therefore, this thesis is aimed at adapting a popular small ROV into a ROVM that is capable of low-cost and time-efficient underwater manipulation. To realize this objective, the coordinated control of ROVM systems is required, which, in the context of this research, is defined as the collection of hardware and software that provides advanced functionalities to small ROVM systems. In light of this, the primary focus of this dissertation is to propose various technical building blocks that ultimately lead to the realization of such a coordinated control system for small ROVMs. To develop such a coordinated control of ROVM systems, it is proposed that ROV and manipulator motion be coordinated optimally and intelligently. With coordination, the system becomes redundant: there are more degrees of freedom (DOF) than required. Hence, the extra DOFs can be used to achieve secondary objectives in addition to the primary end-effector following task with a redundancy resolution scheme. This eliminates the standard practice of holding the ROV stationary during a task and uncovers significant potential in the small ROVM platform. In the proposed scheme, the ROV and manipulator motion is first coordinated such that singular configurations of the manipulator are avoided, and hence dexterous manipulation is ensured. This is done by using the ROV's mobility in an optimal, coordinated manner. Later, to accommodate a more comprehensive set of secondary objectives, a fuzzy based approach is proposed. The method considers the human pilot as the main operator and the fuzzy machine as an artificial assistant pilot that dynamically prioritizes the secondary objectives and then determines the optimal motion. Several model-based control methodologies are proposed for small ROV/ROVM systems to realize the desired motion produced by the redundancy resolution, including an adaptive sliding-mode control, an upper bound adaptive sliding-mode control with adaptive PID layer, and an H∞ sliding-mode control. For the unified system (redundancy resolution and controller), a new human-machine interface (HMI) is designed that can facilitate the coordinated control of ROVM systems. This HMI involves a 6-DOF parallel joystick, and a 3-D visual display and a graphical user interface (GUI) that enables a human pilot to smoothly interact with the ROVM systems. Hardware-in-theloop simulations are carried out to evaluate the performance of the coordination schemes. On the thrust allocation side, a novel fault-tolerant thrust allocation scheme is proposed to distribute forces and moments commanded by the controller over the thrusters. The method utilizes the redundancy in the thruster layout of ROVM systems. The proposed scheme minimizes the largest component of the thrust vector instead of the two-norm, and hence provides better manoeuvrability. In the first phase of implementation, a small inspection-class ROV, a Saab-Seaeye Falcon™ ROV, is adopted. To improve the navigation, a navigation skid is designed that contains a Doppler Velocity Log, a compass, an inertial measurement unit, and acoustic position data. The sensor data is blended using an Extended Kalman Filter. The developed ROV system uses the upper bound adaptive sliding-mode control with adaptive PID layer. The theoretical and practical results illustrate that the proposed tools can transform, a small, low-cost ROVM system into a highly capable, time-efficient system that can complete complex subsea tasks. / Graduate