Magistrantūros darbo tikslas – ištirti oro taršą fermose, jų aplinkoje ir pasiūlyti priemones taršai sumažinti. Atlikus informacijos šaltinių apžvalgą yra aptarti gyvulininkystės objektu teršalai, išanalizuoti oro taršos prevencijos ES šalyse ir Lietuvoje teisiniai - norminiai aktai, oro taršos poveikis aplinkai, žmogui, inžinerinių priemonių oro taršai gyvulininkystės pastatuose (fermose) mažinti analizė. Atlikus eksperimentinius tyrimus nustatėme amoniako ir anglies koncentracijas 200 ir 450 vietų fermose. Didžiausia amoniako emisija žiemą 200 vietų fermoje (5,8 ppm), mažiausia amoniako emisija (0,8 ppm) pavasarį aplinkoje 450 vietų fermos. O žiemos metu CO (10,4 ppm) buvo 2 kartus didesnis už leistiną higienos normos dydį (5 ppm). Galime teigti, kad eksperimentiniai tyrimai patvirtino teorinius skaičiavimus, kad CO koncentracija būtų mažesnė, reikia kuo trumpiau dirbti su traktoriumi ir, kad traktorius būtų kuo mažesnio galingumo. / Object of the research – air pollution inside and outside the farm cowsheds. Aim of the research – to investigate air pollution of the farm, theirs environment and to propose measures to reduce the pollution. Objectives of the research: to review the related sources of information, to analyze the subject of livestock pollution, to investigate legal regulations on air pollution in the EU and Lithuanian and the impact of air pollution on the environment, to suggest engineering measures to reduce air pollution in livestock buildings (farms). Research results: found ammonia and carbon concentrations of 200 and 450 seats on the farms. The maximum ammonia emission of 200 seats in the winter on the farm (5,8 ppm), the lowest emission of ammonia (0,8 ppm) in the spring 450vietų farm environment. In winter, CO (10,4 ppm) was 2 times higher than acceptable hygienic standart size (5 ppm). We suggest that experimental studies have confirmed the theoretical calculations, the CO concentration is lower, it should be as brief as possible and work with a tractor, the tractor would be the lowest possible power.

A roof over a manure reservoir eliminates the entry of precipitations, reduces odour and volatile gas emissions, lowers the storage and handling costs and alleviates environmental impacts. / Structural analysis and testing were carried out to establish the feasibility of geodesic domes as manure reservoir roofting. A stress analysis, conducted by computer was used to determine maximum compression loads on roof members. Compression tests were carried out in the laboratory to test two laminated designs and to evaluate the performance of a member joint. / Structural analysis showed that the Lamella type dome, with a diameter/height ratio of 4, offers the best geometry considering design criteria for manure roofs. Compression tests confirmed that laminated members, made of 38 x 89 mm and 38 x 140 mm pieces, can resist the design stress developed in a 22 meter diameter dome. / Loading tests revealed that non laminated wood members failed at 80% of the design load. However, the joints (formed by two 3,1 mm thick steel plates bolted to the members) were still able to resist an increase in loading. / Data obtained from the tests were used for a preliminary design of a geodesic roof taking into account specific conditions such as humidity and manure gas. However further study is required to adapt this concept to real conditions over a manure reservoir. / The cost of a 22 meter diameter dome, for covering manure reservoirs, is estimated at 79$/m$ sp2$ which is more expensive than the cost of the currently used, least expensive manure pit roof (wood truss design).

Reducing tillage in Canadian organic cropping systems is a priority to preserve soil quality and increase long term sustainability. Novel methods for management of cover crops offer farmers the opportunity to reduce both tillage and herbicide use during this phase of the crop rotation but require further investigation across a range of cropping systems. The objective of this study was to compare the blade roller, flail mower and wide blade cultivator (noble blade) with standard tillage for management of an annual pea-barley (Pisum sativum L. – Hordeum vulgare L.) green manure in the Canadian prairies. The experiment was conducted twice at Carman, Manitoba (long-term organic management) and Lethbridge, Alberta (previous herbicide and fertilizer use) from 2010-2012. The green manure was planted in spring of year 1 and grown until pea full bloom when five management treatments were applied; 1) standard tillage with a field disc 2) blade roller, 3) blade rolled once plus tillage in late fall and spring, 4) wide blade cultivator and 5) flail mower. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was planted in spring of year 2. The effect of management treatment on surface residue, soil nitrogen, soil microclimate, weed population dynamics and subsequent spring wheat yield was evaluated. At Carman, managing green manure without tillage (blade roller or flail mower) significantly increased winter annual and perennial weed pressure and reduced soil nitrate availability; these factors contributed to wheat yield reductions in both years compared to standard tillage. Wide blade cultivation and blade rolling plus tillage maintained crop yield at one and both years, respectively, compared to tillage. Without sufficient mulch for weed suppression, soil disturbance was required to control weeds and ensure adequate nitrogen uptake in the crop. Replacing one tillage operation with blade rolling reduces energy costs and erosion risk without sacrificing yield. At Lethbridge, previous herbicide and fertilizer use masked the effect of green manure management. Markedly different results from Carman and Lethbridge emphasize that the adaptability of reduced tillage green manure management is site-specific due to differences in climate and cropping history. This research highlights important differences in the efficacy, erosion risk, weed control, nitrogen availability, main crop yield and energy savings associated with each management method.

This laboratory column (125 cm high, 15 cm diameter) research investigated solids and P removal from liquid swine manure amended with calcium carbonate, magnesium sulphate, alum and polyacrylamide (PAM). Results showed that PAM was the most effective amendment for enhancing solids removal from manure containing 1% initial total solids (TS). The effectiveness of PAM was lower at 5% and 8% than at 1% due to resuspension of solids occurring at settling times beyond 4 h. After 24 h of settling, P removal from non-amended manure was comparable to that in amended manure and decreased with TS concentration for all amendments except alum, which was equally effective at all TS concentrations. These results indicate that, for manure containing 1% TS, P can be adequately removed by gravity separation without addition of chemical amendments while alum is a more effective amendment for removing P from manure containing higher (5% and 8%) TS.

No description available.

The transfer of N from legume green manures (GMr) can satisfy the needs of a successive cash crop, but rotations that have over-wintering legumes also carry an increased risk of off-season (Sep.–June) N losses, especially during spring thaw. Spring-wheat yield among four GMr systems were evaluated with respect to off-season (GMr; Sep.–June) and in-season (wheat; June–Sep.) N2O emissions, as well as full-year NO3– leaching and dissolved N2O losses during spring-thaw from a tile-drained sandy loam soil in Atlantic Canada over 2 rotations (2011–2013). Four GMr systems (treatments) differed in the timing and season of GMr incorporation and the use of additional N as fertilizer or manure. The majority (66%) of cumulative N2O emissions were measured during the off-season because of high N2O emissions events during spring thaw. There was no clear effect of GMr system on these emissions, which may have been a result of the pattern and duration of soil freezing and thawing. Spring thaw also coincided with the highest dissolved N2O concentrations (100–300 µg N2O-N L–1) in tile-drained water, which represented potential N2O emissions of 21 to 116 g N2O-N ha–1. Belowground N2O concentrations and soil water content measurements during winter provided further evidence of the relationship of N2O dissolved in drainage water and N2O emissions at the soil surface. Wheat yield among treatments in either year of study were not different, but was 1.5 times greater in Year 2 (2.62 ± 0.27 Mg ha–1), than Year 1 (1.05 ± 0.12 Mg ha–1). The highest NO3– concentrations in drainage water (Oct.; 13.8 mg NO3–-N L–1) were measured from the GMr system with the earliest fall incorporation (i.e., Sep.) and the addition of spring fertilizer when compared to the mean of all other treatments (9.8 mg NO3–-N L–1). The use of supplemental N did not translate into additional gains in yield, yet increased in-season N2O emissions and greater NO3– leaching. Off-season N losses proved to be a substantial part of the annual N loss budget and dissolved N2O in drainage water was identified as an additional pathway for N loss at spring thaw.

The hydrogeology, stable isotope distribution, and chemical distribution of Cl- and NO3--N within the Battersea Drainage Basin in southern Alberta were investigated. The Battersea Drainage Basin is characterized by widespread spreading of livestock manure on irrigated farmland and a high density of feedlots, creating concern about groundwater quality in the region. Past research has used conventional piezometers to study the source, distribution and fate of nitrate in the shallow groundwater. The key component of this research involved using the new technique of high-resolution profiling to determine the distribution, source, fate, and transport of nitrate in the shallow geological groundwater environment. High-resolution profiles of δ2H indicated groundwater throughout the glaciofluvial deposits and between 5.4 and 13.7 m below ground in glaciolacustrine deposits contained values > -150.0‰ and tritiated waters (> 0.08 TU). This suggested that this water recharged within the past 60 years. At depth 5.4 to 13.5 m BG, lower δ2H values did not coincide with detectable tritium, indicating the groundwater was much older and not vulnerable to agricultural contamination. High-resolution profiles of Cl- and NO3--N (solid core and squeezed pore water data) showed concentrations of these ions up to 411 and 219 mg L-1, respectively, in the glaciofluvial deposits. Concentrations of Cl- and NO3--N decreased to less than 50 mg L-1 (Cl-) and the Drinking Water Standard for NO3--N (10 mg L-1) in the underlying glaciolacustrine and glacial till deposits at most sites. Comparison to the high-resolution δ2H profiles suggested the high nitrate concentration in the glaciofluvial sediments is agricultural in origin. High concentrations for Cl- and NO3--N (up to 257 and 209 mg L-1, respectively) observed in glacial till and glaciolacustrine deposits below 6.0 m BG at two sites (LB5a and LB6) did not coincide with modern water, indicating the source of high nitrate is geologic in origin. The NO3--N to Cl- ratios suggested denitrification was not appreciable in the glaciofluvial deposits. However, denitrification may be a cause of decreased nitrate in the underlying fine textured deposits at certain sites. Interpretation of the high resolution profiles also suggested that the major conduit for nitrate migration is in near-surface glaciofluvial sediments via advection. The distributions of δ2H, Cl- and NO3--N with depth suggest that transport in the underlying glaciolacustrine and glacial till deposits is diffusion dominated, thus acting as a sink and removing nitrate from the permeable zone. However, the presence of fracturing in the oxidized zone of glacial tills and glaciolacustrine deposits suggests that transport may occur via advection through fracturing and diffusion in the material matrix. High-resolution profiling of δ2H, Cl- and NO3--N proved to be valuable in obtaining information regarding the distribution, source, and transport of groundwater and nitrate in the shallow groundwater environment at a level of detail that cannot be readily obtained through use of conventional piezometers.

The objectives of the study were to evaluate the soil disturbances and manure dispersion created by the AerWay aerator in a silt loam soil; and to generate a calibrated and validated soil-tool model using Discrete Element Methods (DEM) that simulate the draft and vertical forces of the aerator. The experimental results showed that a trend indicated that the faster tractor speeds would disturb more soil. After one hour with the manure application rate of 42 000 L/ha, manure was spread to a depth of 250 mm, 200 mm in the forward direction and 100 mm in the lateral direction. The model draft forces had a relative error of 13.4-31.2% when compared to the literature data between 100-150 mm depth while the predicted vertical force was found to linearly increase until 150 mm depth at around 700 N per rolling tine and plateaus until the full insertion of 200 mm.

Reducing tillage in Canadian organic cropping systems is a priority to preserve soil quality and increase long term sustainability. Novel methods for management of cover crops offer farmers the opportunity to reduce both tillage and herbicide use during this phase of the crop rotation but require further investigation across a range of cropping systems. The objective of this study was to compare the blade roller, flail mower and wide blade cultivator (noble blade) with standard tillage for management of an annual pea-barley (Pisum sativum L. – Hordeum vulgare L.) green manure in the Canadian prairies. The experiment was conducted twice at Carman, Manitoba (long-term organic management) and Lethbridge, Alberta (previous herbicide and fertilizer use) from 2010-2012. The green manure was planted in spring of year 1 and grown until pea full bloom when five management treatments were applied; 1) standard tillage with a field disc 2) blade roller, 3) blade rolled once plus tillage in late fall and spring, 4) wide blade cultivator and 5) flail mower. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was planted in spring of year 2. The effect of management treatment on surface residue, soil nitrogen, soil microclimate, weed population dynamics and subsequent spring wheat yield was evaluated. At Carman, managing green manure without tillage (blade roller or flail mower) significantly increased winter annual and perennial weed pressure and reduced soil nitrate availability; these factors contributed to wheat yield reductions in both years compared to standard tillage. Wide blade cultivation and blade rolling plus tillage maintained crop yield at one and both years, respectively, compared to tillage. Without sufficient mulch for weed suppression, soil disturbance was required to control weeds and ensure adequate nitrogen uptake in the crop. Replacing one tillage operation with blade rolling reduces energy costs and erosion risk without sacrificing yield. At Lethbridge, previous herbicide and fertilizer use masked the effect of green manure management. Markedly different results from Carman and Lethbridge emphasize that the adaptability of reduced tillage green manure management is site-specific due to differences in climate and cropping history. This research highlights important differences in the efficacy, erosion risk, weed control, nitrogen availability, main crop yield and energy savings associated with each management method.

The objectives of the study were to evaluate the soil disturbances and manure dispersion created by the AerWay aerator in a silt loam soil; and to generate a calibrated and validated soil-tool model using Discrete Element Methods (DEM) that simulate the draft and vertical forces of the aerator. The experimental results showed that a trend indicated that the faster tractor speeds would disturb more soil. After one hour with the manure application rate of 42 000 L/ha, manure was spread to a depth of 250 mm, 200 mm in the forward direction and 100 mm in the lateral direction. The model draft forces had a relative error of 13.4-31.2% when compared to the literature data between 100-150 mm depth while the predicted vertical force was found to linearly increase until 150 mm depth at around 700 N per rolling tine and plateaus until the full insertion of 200 mm.