The water and land located in Tehuacán, Puebla, México, and its surrounding villages including San Francisco, Altepexi has provided individuals with food, jobs, and agricultural products. Currently, the descendants of these indigenous communities find their cultural, social and economical practices related to the daily use of water under threat of disappearance. A primary focus in this thesis is the pollution of water by the maquiladora industry, and pork and chicken processing. Community cooperative associations such as La Guadalupana work by administering the use of water in the villages. Scarcity and water pollution undermine one of their main sources of income to support their families. Furthermore, the health of members of the community, the peasant work activities related to water management, and the prevention of the population on their right to access to clean water are some of the social aspects that are targeted here. As a result, this thesis will explain the extent to which the autonomous Sociedad de Aguas La Guadalupana is playing a role in addressing the problem of water pollution, through a campesino way of organizing. / text

V práci je rozebráno hospodářství Mexika a hospodářství Spojených států, specifika těchto tržních prostředí a jednotlivé prvky vzájemných hospodářských vztahů. Dále se práce zabývá vlivem Dohody o volném obchodě (NAFTA) na vývoj vzájemných vztahů, migrací a možnými východisky řešení vzájemných vztahů.

<p>I denna uppsats undersöker vi Export Processing Zones (EPZ) roll i ett lands ekonomiska utveckling, exemplifierat med Mexico. Fokus för uppsatsen är centrerat kring de bakåtriktade länkeffekter som förväntas uppstå som en effekt av ett EPZ-program. Fenomenet längs den mexikansk-amerikanska gränsen kan sägas ha flera orsaker, men grundas i tillgången på billig arbetskraft samt närhet till världens enskilt största konsumentmarknad. Uppsatsen visar på ett minskat FDI-inflöde, ökad sysselsättning, begränsad teknologiöverföring samt mest jobbspecifik kunskapsöverföring. Eftersom få lokala eller inhemska underleverantörer kontrakteras av EPZ-företagen minimeras länkbildningen. De flesta ekonomiska vinster av zonen noteras i form av fler arbetstillfällen. Resultaten visar att även fast Mexico förlorat sina komparativa fördelar inom arbetsintensiv tillverkning i jämförelse med andra länder har man inte lyckats få ett motsvarande skift mot en mer kapitalintensiv produktion. Detta kan till stor del sägas bero på hur staten har hanterat zonen, bland annat med avseende på utländskt ägande.</p>

I denna uppsats undersöker vi Export Processing Zones (EPZ) roll i ett lands ekonomiska utveckling, exemplifierat med Mexico. Fokus för uppsatsen är centrerat kring de bakåtriktade länkeffekter som förväntas uppstå som en effekt av ett EPZ-program. Fenomenet längs den mexikansk-amerikanska gränsen kan sägas ha flera orsaker, men grundas i tillgången på billig arbetskraft samt närhet till världens enskilt största konsumentmarknad. Uppsatsen visar på ett minskat FDI-inflöde, ökad sysselsättning, begränsad teknologiöverföring samt mest jobbspecifik kunskapsöverföring. Eftersom få lokala eller inhemska underleverantörer kontrakteras av EPZ-företagen minimeras länkbildningen. De flesta ekonomiska vinster av zonen noteras i form av fler arbetstillfällen. Resultaten visar att även fast Mexico förlorat sina komparativa fördelar inom arbetsintensiv tillverkning i jämförelse med andra länder har man inte lyckats få ett motsvarande skift mot en mer kapitalintensiv produktion. Detta kan till stor del sägas bero på hur staten har hanterat zonen, bland annat med avseende på utländskt ägande.

abstract: ABSTRACT Water resources in many parts of the world are subject to increasing stress because of (a) the growth in demand caused by population increase and economic development, (b) threats to supply caused by climate and land cover change, and (c) a heightened awareness of the importance of maintaining water supplies to other parts of the ecosystem. An additional factor is the quality of water management. The United States-Mexican border provides an example of poor water management combined with increasing demand for water resources that are both scarce and uncertain. This dissertation focuses on the problem of water management in the border city of Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua. The city has attracted foreign investment during the last few decades, largely due to relatively low environmental and labor costs, and to a range of tax incentives and concessions. This has led to economic and population growth, but also to higher demand for public services such as water which leads to congestion and scarcity. In particular, as water resources have become scarce, the cost of water supply has increased. The dissertation analyzes the conditions that allow for the efficient use of water resources at sustainable levels of economic activity--i.e., employment and investment. In particular, it analyzes the water management strategies that lead to an efficient and sustainable use of water when the source of water is either an aquifer, or there is conjunctive use of ground and imported water. The first part of the dissertation constructs a model of the interactive effects of water supply, wage rates, inward migration of labor and inward investment of capital. It shows how growing water scarcity affects population growth through the impact it has on real wage rates, and how this erodes the comparative advantage of Ciudad Juarez--low wages--to the point where foreign investment stops. This reveals the very close connection between water management and the level of economic activity in Ciudad Juarez. The second part of the dissertation examines the effect of sustainable and efficient water management strategies on population and economic activity levels under two different settings. In the first Ciudad Juarez relies exclusively on ground water to meet demand--this reflects the current situation of Ciudad Juarez. In the second Ciudad Juarez is able both to import water and to draw on aquifers to meet demand. This situation is motivated by the fact that Ciudad Juarez is considering importing water from elsewhere to maintain its economic growth and mitigate the overdraft of the Bolson del Hueco aquifer. Both models were calibrated on data for Ciudad Juarez, and then used to run experiments with respect to different environmental and economic conditions, and different water management options. It is shown that for a given set of technological, institutional and environmental conditions, the way water is managed in a desert environment determines the long run equilibrium levels of employment, investment and output. It is also shown that the efficiency of water management is consistent with the sustainability of water use and economic activity. Importing water could allow the economy to operate at higher levels of activity than where it relies solely on local aquifers. However, at some scale, water availability will limit the level of economic activity, and the disposable income of the residents of Ciudad Juarez. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Sustainability 2011

xiii, 103 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / NAFTA has had a significant impact on production, exchange, and labor throughout North America. An area significantly transformed by NAFTA is the maquiladora production region in northern Mexico. While once predominantly a female space of labor, we now see more male workers employed by industrial units there than in the past. This thesis interrogates what has happened to the women workers of the maquiladoras. In what ways have NAFTA, global economic restructuring, and the resultant legal atmosphere affected women's daily lives and employment opportunities? What strategies of resistance have these women developed to contend with the new economic landscape? I argue that women are adapting by moving away from the U.S.- Mexico border to work in garment industries and resisting the economic and social pressures resulting from globalization by engaging in subtle protests within in the maquiladoras, opting to participate in the informal economy, and utilizing community groups to facilitate social change. / Committee in Charge: Dr. Anita M. Weiss, Chair; Professor Ibrahim Gassama; Professor Marcela Mendoza

This topic is immersed within the study program of the current Plan of Studies «D»for the License in Geography and Territorial Management, Unit 11, New Production and Spatial lmpact's Models. The objective of this program is:to make a detailed analysis of the new industrial facts, especially in relation to the organization foundations and strategic management of industry. lt strengths changes in the re-adaptation processes followed by industry in the developed countries as well as in the Third World. On this basis, it tries to valuate the spatial impacts of thestrategies and new industrial models. (UAEM s/f: 56)Then, the objective of this paper is to show how current world industrial restructuring is leading to deep changes in the territorial organization' patterns. It stresses the modernization of industrial equipment, giving insights about their territorial implications that are leading to industrial restructuring, such as is the case of the maquilas in Mexico. / El tema que se presenta  se ubica  dentro del programa  de Geografía  Industrial,  delactual plan de estudios D de la licenciatura en Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio, unidad 11 («Nuevos modelos de producción e impacto espacial»), cuyo objetivo es:Analizar detalladamente la nueva realidad industrial, en especial todo lo referente a los fundamentos organizativos y a las directrices estratégicas de comportamientos de la industria. Se hace hincapié en los cambios y en los procesos de readaptación seguidos en la industria de los países desarrollados así como en los países del tercer mundo. Sobre esta base, se trata de valorar con profundidad el impacto espacial de las estrate­ gias y nuevos modelos de industrialización. (UAEM s/f: 56)El objetivo del presente ensayo es mostrar cómo la actual reestructuración indus­ trial, que se da en el ámbito mundial, desencadena profundas modificaciones en los patrones de organización territorial. Se incide en la modernización de los aparatos industriales y se reflexiona acerca de las implicaciones  territoriales que impulsa la reestructuración industrial, en especial, en el caso de las maquilas de México.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:12:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1996-03-01T00:00:00Z / Trata da análise macroeconômica do México durante o período 1988 - 1993, apontando os motivos que levaram o país a apresentar baixo crescimento econômico apesar dos crescentes ingressos de capitais externos. Aborda ainda o resultado econômico da renegociação da dívida externa mexicana sob o Plano Brady. Aponta os resultados da troca da política de substituição de importações pela ampla liberalização econômica, num ambiente de constante valorização cambial.

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