Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2015-12-01T23:27:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GeiseKellyTeixeiraDaSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 1571411 bytes, checksum: 0ce9a113623c8b765d4cdf26163c5ac9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-12-08T23:24:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GeiseKellyTeixeiraDaSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 1571411 bytes, checksum: 0ce9a113623c8b765d4cdf26163c5ac9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-08T23:24:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GeiseKellyTeixeiraDaSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 1571411 bytes, checksum: 0ce9a113623c8b765d4cdf26163c5ac9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-29 / Esta disserta??o aborda a obra memorial?stica do escritor potiguar Lu?s da C?mara Cascudo (1898 - 1986) a partir de uma leitura integrada das quatro obras que a comp?e: O Tempo e Eu (1968), Pequeno Manual do Doente Aprendiz (1969), Na Ronda do Tempo (1971) e Ontem (1972). Produzidas sob a conting?ncia do moderno, do movimento e da reforma urbana, as mem?rias de C?mara Cascudo evocam as velhas paisagens de outrora, povoadas por aqueles que pertenceram ? velha Natal rom?ntica e provinciana que j? n?o existe, mas que ainda sobrevive idealizada na mem?ria do autor e que ? (re)constru?da por ele a partir de uma escrita permeada de toques de imagina??o e por um sentimento de nostalgia. Buscando analisar como se d? o processo de constru??o memorialista de Cascudo, bem como refletir sobre o papel que a mem?ria exerce na (re)constru??o de um tempo e de um espa?o perdidos, recorremos aos estudos de Maurice Halbwachs (2006) e Ecl?a Bosi (1994). Dentro desse quadro te?rico, buscamos, sobretudo, compreender n?o apenas o modo como as experi?ncias vividas por Cascudo no presente ir?o trabalhar a mat?ria de sua mem?ria, mas tamb?m como esta ir? nortear uma escrita que toca na hist?ria e nos quadros sociais do passado. / This dissertation addresses the work of the memoirs of the potiguar writer Lu?s da C?mara Cascudo (1898 - 1986) from an integrated reading of four works that comprise: O Tempo e Eu (1968), Pequeno Manual do Doente Aprendiz (1969), Na Ronda do Tempo (1971) and Ontem (1972). Produced under the contingency of the modern movement and urban reform, memories Cascudo evoke the old landscapes of old, populated by those who belonged to the old romantic and provincial Natal that no longer exists, but which still survives in the idealized memory author and that is (re)constructed by him from a written permeated with touches of imagination and a sense of nostalgia. Seeking to analyze how is the process of building memoirist of Cascudo, as well as reflect on the role that memory plays in the (re)construction of a time and a lost space, we used the studies of Maurice Halbwachs (2006) and Ecl?a Bosi (1994). Within this theoretical framework, we seek, above all, to understand not only how the lived experiences of Cascudo will work in this matter of his memory, but also as this will guide a writing that touches on the history and social frameworks of the past

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-04-17T21:15:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DacioTavaresFreitasGalvao_TESE.pdf: 8343853 bytes, checksum: 6cdc5765e312d804a490750580d12fce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-04-18T18:47:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DacioTavaresFreitasGalvao_TESE.pdf: 8343853 bytes, checksum: 6cdc5765e312d804a490750580d12fce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T18:47:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DacioTavaresFreitasGalvao_TESE.pdf: 8343853 bytes, checksum: 6cdc5765e312d804a490750580d12fce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-10 / Estudo sobre a produ??o po?tica de Lu?s da C?mara Cascudo, constituindo um corpus de nove poemas e outros textos sobre poesia, al?m de tradu??es de poemas realizadas por ele. Para se pensar as especificidades dessa produ??o po?tica, no contexto da moderna literatura brasileira, consideram-se os denominadores do sistema liter?rio apontados por Candido (1975): um conjunto de produtores mais ou menos conscientes de seu papel, os diversos p?blicos, obras interligadas por linguagem ou estilo ? na situa??o inicial de produ??o da obra em quest?o. Considerando esses denominadores, foi poss?vel investigar as especificidades dos textos analisados, antes que as tend?ncias centralizadoras da ?poca viessem impor as formas decisivas do c?none, uma vez que o poeta em quest?o enveredou por outros g?neros da cria??o liter?ria e cultural. O ponto de partida da pesquisa foram os estudos j? realizados acerca do modernismo na literatura brasileira, com repercuss?o local. A leitura dos poemas estabeleceu pontos de interesse comuns entre o poeta e outros que estavam situados historicamente em realidades consideradas perif?ricas do complexo cultural ocidental, cujos sistemas liter?rios tamb?m podem ser estudados do ponto de vista adotado. Tais considera??es t?m como princ?pio a leitura do texto liter?rio como fonte primordial de questionamentos. Neste sentido, todos os cap?tulos t?m como eixo central a an?lise, dos poemas selecionados para o corpus. O primeiro cap?tulo analisa poemas em que se percebe como recorrente a tematiza??o do espa?o sertanejo e que formam um conjunto de textos plenos de ?brasilidade?, produzidos na perspectiva est?tica de modernidade desencadeada ?quela ?poca, no seu aspecto de experimenta??o formal. O segundo cap?tulo realiza uma leitura de poemas cuja tem?tica gira em torno de aspectos da coloniza??o do Brasil, estabelecendo um di?logo com as vozes que constru?ram essa hist?ria. No terceiro cap?tulo, a pesquisa analisa a perspectiva do poeta em rela??o ? sua contemporaneidade, quando se depara com uma modernidade em que a cultura norteamericana exerce forte influ?ncia. No ?ltimo cap?tulo, s?o analisados os exerc?cios po?ticos de C?mara Cascudo, seja na produ??o mesma de poemas, seja em torno da quest?o da poesia como tema filos?fico ou como atividade de tradu??o. Verificou-se a contribui??o do poeta ao movimento modernista brasileiro e foi demonstrada a for?a da poesia como polo atrativo da percep??o de mundo do intelectual que produziu uma das mais importantes obras da cultura brasileira. / Study on the poetic production of Lu?s da C?mara Cascudo, forming a corpus of nine poems about poetry and other texts, and translations of poems performed by him. To have into consideration the details of this poetic production in the context of modern Brazilian literature, we consider the denominators of the literary system mentioned by Candido (1975): a set of producers more or less aware of their role, the many different kinds of works linked by language or style - in the initial production of the work in question. Considering these denominators, it was possible to investigate the specifics of the analyzed texts, before the main time tendencies come to impose decisive forms of the canon, since the poet in question has embarked on other genres of literary and cultural creation. The starting point of this research were previous studies about the Brazilian modernism in literature, with local repercussions. Reading the poems established points of common interest between the poet and others who were historically located in the complex realities considered peripheral western culture, whose literary systems can also be studied from the point of view adopted. Such considerations have as a principle the reading of literary texts as a primary source of questions. In this sense, all chapters have, as their main concern, the analysis of the poems selected for the corpus. The first chapter analyzes poems in what is noticed the thematization of space and form a set of full texts of "Brasilidade", produced in the aesthetic perspective of modernity triggered at that time, in the aspect of formal experimentation. The second chapter conducts a reading of poems whose theme revolves around aspects of the colonization of Brazil, establishing a dialogue with the voices that built this story. In the third chapter, the research analyzes the perspective of the poet in relation to his contemporary, when faced with a modernity in which American culture has a strong influence. The last chapter analyzes C?mara Cascudo?s poetic exercices, be it in the production of poems, also as translation activity. It is the poet?s contribution to the Brazilian modernist movement, that we show the power of poetry as a pole of attraction of the intellectual perception of the world that produced one of the most important works of Brazilian culture.

Écriture féminine moving towards Others writing: A close reading of Mara Lee’s literary figuration strategies and the Other in Kärleken och hatet (2018) This essay examines how Mara Lee re-negotiates écriture féminine through an artistic writing practice from a contemporary horizon of queer-theory and post-colonial perspectives on the immanent power structures of language. Arguing for the relevance of écriture féminine as an entry to understand the figurations of the Other, through the similar literary strategies that navigates past the repressive and subordinating structures of language. Using Mara Lee’s thesis När Andra skriver (2014) to approach and display the literary figuration strategies of the Other at work in her poetic text Kärleken och hatet. Departing from écriture féminine Lee re-use and add to the defining features that operate through a critique of the binary system of language and the notion of uniform meaning. Lee presents time as a new perspective to negotiate the old concepts and puts temporalization into practice as a strategy to elude the double bind of difference. The common tendency of Lee’s literary strategies works through a subversive opening of the language, dislocating, shifting, and forcing it into motion. Lee displays how motion precludes stagnation, binary conceptions, and stereotype images. By using metaphors and imagery with multiplying, moving, and floating qualities as a way to return to and invoke the body Lee brings forward the subordinated experience. The body works as a common denominator for both the Other and the female experience of historically being reduced and referred to primarily as object and body rather than subject. Intertextuality, autofiction, and rebellious crossing of genres, mixing different styles of text, and refusing to conform to the expected linear narrative is another defining aspect of écriture féminine that echoes in Lee’s work. Kärleken och hatet departs from the poetic format and uses an extensive number of intertextual references that activate the infinite textual potential and destabilize uniform meaning as it continues towards other literary contexts. Through subjectivity and the fragmented, non-uniform subject Lee aligns with the strategies of écriture féminine while giving voice to the lived bodily experience of the Other. The spiral works as a returning yet opening motion through the metaphorical imagery and the narrative as repetition with a slight shift that re-negotiates the production of meaning. With this spiraling motion, Lee addresses revolutionary time and enforces a return to the repressed experience of the body while insisting on difference as a continuous process.

No description available.

Foram realizados testes de toxicidade ao longo de dois anos, com amostras de água e sedimento do rio Corumbataí, entre Novembro de 2004 e Setembro de 2006, com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade da água e do sedimento. Os testes de toxicidade aguda realizados com os organismos Chironomus xanthus, Daphnia magna, Hydra attenuata, Lactuca sativa e Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata indicaram variados graus de toxicidade nos diferentes pontos de coleta do rio Corumbataí, com maior ocorrência de toxicidade nos pontos de coleta mais próximos à foz do rio, principalmente devido à afluência do Ribeirão Claro. Todas as amostras de sedimento se mostraram mais tóxicas do que as amostras de água dos mesmos locais, para todos os organismos utilizados, em todas as coletas realizadas. Para todos os organismos, foram realizados testes de sensibilidade, com substância de referência (NaCl), mensalmente, a fim de garantir a qualidade dos cultivos em laboratório e dos bioensaios realizados, com resultados regulares e satisfatórios. Os efeitos produzidos pelas amostras ambientais sobre as sementes de alface (Lactuca sativa) foram bastante variáveis e irregulares, não possibilitando os cálculos de CI50. Decidiu-se por bem suspender a realização deste teste após um ano. Dentre todos os endpoints avaliados, os dos testes de Hydra attenuata e Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata se mostraram mais sensíveis, e o de Daphnia magna o menos sensível às amostras testadas. A avaliação da toxicidade através de efeitos subletais em H. attenuata se mostrou um bom parâmetro de avaliação das condições ambientais do rio Corumbataí, sendo um dos endpoints mais sensíveis utilizados. Outros testes de toxicidade foram realizados em algumas das oito coletas realizadas neste estudo, em caráter complementar: teste de toxicidade crônica com D. magna, teste de toxicidade LuminoTox, que utiliza sistemas enzimáticos vegetais, e o teste de genotoxicidade com Allium cepa, com o objetivo de avaliar suas sensibilidades e contribuições ao estudo. Estes bioensaios adicionaram informações a respeito dos níveis de poluição e toxicidade do rio Corumbataí, contribuindo com os bioensaios principais. Informações como parâmetros físicos e químicos, quantificação de elementos químicos e herbicidas ofereceram subsídios para a interpretação dos resultados obtidos com os testes de toxicidade. São apresentados também resultados das atividades referentes ao estágio de doutorado realizado no exterior (doutorado-sanduíche), no período de Setembro a Dezembro de 2007, na agência de proteção ambiental Environment Canada, no qual foi aplicado um teste de toxicidade com linhagens microbianas (MARA assay) em amostras de água e sedimento, juntamente com nanomateriais / Toxicity tests were conducted for two years with water and sediment samples from Corumbataí River, between November 2004 and September 2006, in order to assess the water and sediment quality. Acute toxicity tests conducted with Chironomus xanthus, Daphnia magna, Hydra attenuata, Lactuca sativa and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata showed varying degrees of toxicity along the river course, with more toxic results in the sampling sites near the river mouth, due mainly to the inflow of Ribeirão Claro. All sediment samples were more toxic than the water samples (from the corresponding sites), for all test organisms, and for all samplings. Sensitivity tests were performed monthly, with NaCl as the reference toxicant, in order to guarantee both the laboratory culture quality and the bioassays conducted with these organisms. Results with NaCl were regular and satisfactory. The effects of the samples on lettuce seeds (L. sativa) were irregular, thus not allowing the estimative of IC50. It was decided to suspend the performance of this bioassay after one year of testing. Among all studied tests and endpoints, the tests with H. attenuata and P. subcapitata had the most sensitive endpoints, and the acute toxicity test with D. magna had the less sensitive one. Toxicity assessment of Corumbataí River based on Hydra sub-lethality endpoint was one of the most sensitive among the tested ones. Other bioassays were conducted at least once as part of this study, as a complementary assessment: the 21-day chronic toxicity test with D. magna, the LuminoTox bioassay, and the genotoxicity test with Allium cepa, in order to assess their sensitivity and contribution to the present study. These bioassays added information about the contamination levels and toxicity of Corumbataí River, contributing with the main bioassays performed. Data such as physical and chemical parameters, metals and herbicides determinations had a contribution to bioassay results interpretation. Results from a research project developed during a four-month stay (from September 2007 to December 2007) at Environment Canada Protection Agency are further described, regarding the application of the MARA bioassay, (conducted with 11 microbial strains), testing water and sediment samples, along with nanomaterials

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:25:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoFSNpdf.pdf: 2298702 bytes, checksum: 6fe821caefd5c0e3fecd12104ca189d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The objective of this work is to problematize a strong identification of Lu?s da C?mara Cascudo (1898-1986), a norte-riograndense author, to the city of Natal, analyzing the constitution of a spaciality that takes this author as this city s intellectual exponent and cultural monument, which I name as Natal cascudiana. In this sense, I investigate the process of C?mara Cascudo s monumentalization by the city of Natal, questioning the way his life has been articulated to the site of his production. Bearing this in mind, I have structured the work in three parts: on the first one, I examine the emerging of this identity relationship considering the intellectual formation of young Cascudinho and the beginnings of his literary activities, verifying the reasons that led him to remain in Natal; on the second part I investigate his appointment as Natal s historian in 1948, discussing the ways through which this intellectual function institutionalized the works of Cascudo and conferred the city with a historical knowledge of itself; and finally, I analyze the constitution of a city memory regarding Cascudo, that has transformed him into spatial marks and urban toponym: names of streets, museum, library, bookstores etc. On these terms, I deal with the biographic gender to achieve a history of the city s spaces, problematizing the monumentalization of Cascudo in Natal, interrogating the emerging of this Natal cascudiana / O objetivo deste trabalho ? problematizar uma forte identifica??o do escritor norte-riograndense Lu?s da C?mara Cascudo (1898-1986) com a cidade do Natal, analisando a constitui??o de uma espacialidade que toma esse escritor como expoente intelectual e como monumento cultural natalenses: o que nomeio de uma Natal cascudiana. Nesse sentido, investigo o processo de monumentaliza??o de C?mara Cascudo pela cidade do Natal, questionando como sua vida foi sendo articulada ao local de produ??o de sua obra. Com essa inten??o, estruturei o trabalho em tr?s partes: na primeira delas, examino a emerg?ncia dessa rela??o identit?ria a partir da forma??o intelectual do jovem Cascudinho e do in?cio de sua atividade liter?ria, verificando os motivos que o fizeram permanecer em Natal; na segunda parte, investigo a sua nomea??o ao cargo de historiador da cidade do Natal, em 1948, discutindo como esta fun??o intelectual institucionalizou a obra cascudiana e dotou a cidade de um conhecimento hist?rico sobre si mesma; e, por fim, analiso a constitui??o de uma mem?ria citadina sobre Cascudo que o transformou em marcos espaciais e em topon?mia urbana: nome de rua, de museu, de biblioteca, de livraria etc. Nesses termos, lido com o g?nero biogr?fico para empreender uma hist?ria dos espa?os da cidade, problematizando a monumentaliza??o cascudiana em Natal , ou seja, interrogando o surgimento dessa Natal cascudiana

Foram realizados testes de toxicidade ao longo de dois anos, com amostras de água e sedimento do rio Corumbataí, entre Novembro de 2004 e Setembro de 2006, com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade da água e do sedimento. Os testes de toxicidade aguda realizados com os organismos Chironomus xanthus, Daphnia magna, Hydra attenuata, Lactuca sativa e Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata indicaram variados graus de toxicidade nos diferentes pontos de coleta do rio Corumbataí, com maior ocorrência de toxicidade nos pontos de coleta mais próximos à foz do rio, principalmente devido à afluência do Ribeirão Claro. Todas as amostras de sedimento se mostraram mais tóxicas do que as amostras de água dos mesmos locais, para todos os organismos utilizados, em todas as coletas realizadas. Para todos os organismos, foram realizados testes de sensibilidade, com substância de referência (NaCl), mensalmente, a fim de garantir a qualidade dos cultivos em laboratório e dos bioensaios realizados, com resultados regulares e satisfatórios. Os efeitos produzidos pelas amostras ambientais sobre as sementes de alface (Lactuca sativa) foram bastante variáveis e irregulares, não possibilitando os cálculos de CI50. Decidiu-se por bem suspender a realização deste teste após um ano. Dentre todos os endpoints avaliados, os dos testes de Hydra attenuata e Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata se mostraram mais sensíveis, e o de Daphnia magna o menos sensível às amostras testadas. A avaliação da toxicidade através de efeitos subletais em H. attenuata se mostrou um bom parâmetro de avaliação das condições ambientais do rio Corumbataí, sendo um dos endpoints mais sensíveis utilizados. Outros testes de toxicidade foram realizados em algumas das oito coletas realizadas neste estudo, em caráter complementar: teste de toxicidade crônica com D. magna, teste de toxicidade LuminoTox, que utiliza sistemas enzimáticos vegetais, e o teste de genotoxicidade com Allium cepa, com o objetivo de avaliar suas sensibilidades e contribuições ao estudo. Estes bioensaios adicionaram informações a respeito dos níveis de poluição e toxicidade do rio Corumbataí, contribuindo com os bioensaios principais. Informações como parâmetros físicos e químicos, quantificação de elementos químicos e herbicidas ofereceram subsídios para a interpretação dos resultados obtidos com os testes de toxicidade. São apresentados também resultados das atividades referentes ao estágio de doutorado realizado no exterior (doutorado-sanduíche), no período de Setembro a Dezembro de 2007, na agência de proteção ambiental Environment Canada, no qual foi aplicado um teste de toxicidade com linhagens microbianas (MARA assay) em amostras de água e sedimento, juntamente com nanomateriais / Toxicity tests were conducted for two years with water and sediment samples from Corumbataí River, between November 2004 and September 2006, in order to assess the water and sediment quality. Acute toxicity tests conducted with Chironomus xanthus, Daphnia magna, Hydra attenuata, Lactuca sativa and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata showed varying degrees of toxicity along the river course, with more toxic results in the sampling sites near the river mouth, due mainly to the inflow of Ribeirão Claro. All sediment samples were more toxic than the water samples (from the corresponding sites), for all test organisms, and for all samplings. Sensitivity tests were performed monthly, with NaCl as the reference toxicant, in order to guarantee both the laboratory culture quality and the bioassays conducted with these organisms. Results with NaCl were regular and satisfactory. The effects of the samples on lettuce seeds (L. sativa) were irregular, thus not allowing the estimative of IC50. It was decided to suspend the performance of this bioassay after one year of testing. Among all studied tests and endpoints, the tests with H. attenuata and P. subcapitata had the most sensitive endpoints, and the acute toxicity test with D. magna had the less sensitive one. Toxicity assessment of Corumbataí River based on Hydra sub-lethality endpoint was one of the most sensitive among the tested ones. Other bioassays were conducted at least once as part of this study, as a complementary assessment: the 21-day chronic toxicity test with D. magna, the LuminoTox bioassay, and the genotoxicity test with Allium cepa, in order to assess their sensitivity and contribution to the present study. These bioassays added information about the contamination levels and toxicity of Corumbataí River, contributing with the main bioassays performed. Data such as physical and chemical parameters, metals and herbicides determinations had a contribution to bioassay results interpretation. Results from a research project developed during a four-month stay (from September 2007 to December 2007) at Environment Canada Protection Agency are further described, regarding the application of the MARA bioassay, (conducted with 11 microbial strains), testing water and sediment samples, along with nanomaterials

The crucial role of antibiotics in modern medicine, in curing infections and enabling advanced medical procedures, is being threatened by the increasing frequency of resistant bacteria. Better understanding of the forces selecting resistance mutations could help develop strategies to optimize the use of antibiotics and slow the spread of resistance. Resistance to ciprofloxacin, a clinically important antibiotic, almost always involves target mutations in DNA gyrase and Topoisomerase IV. Because ciprofloxacin is a substrate of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump, mutations causing pump up-regulation are also common. Studying the role of efflux pump-regulatory mutations in the development of ciprofloxacin resistance, we found a strong bias against gene-inactivating mutations in marR and acrR in clinical isolates. MIC and fitness measurements revealed that amino acid substitutions conferred smaller susceptibility reductions and smaller fitness costs than gene-inactivating mutations, suggesting that resistance mutations in clinical isolates are selected for high fitness rather than high resistance (Paper I and II). We asked whether the high fitness costs of marR-inactivating mutations could be ameliorated without affecting the resistance phenotype. Multiple independent lineages were experimentally evolved to select for improved growth fitness. Whole genome sequencing revealed mutations affecting marA, lon and arcA as potential compensatory pathways. For the marA and lon mutations the improved growth rate was associated with an increased susceptibility (arcA is being investigated). (Paper III). An evolution experiment selecting for ciprofloxacin resistance revealed upon whole genome sequencing the expected mutations in drug target and efflux-regulatory genes, but also in genes encoding aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. We investigated two independently selected leuS mutations, and concluded that they contributed to ciprofloxacin resistance by activating the stringent response that in turn caused up-regulation of genes involved in efflux. However, these leuS mutations incur a high fitness cost (Paper IV). To summarize, the research findings in this thesis suggest that the potential ciprofloxacin resistome may include more genes than previously thought, but a strong selection for high fitness selectively purifies many resistance mutations from clinical isolates. In conclusion, selection for high relative fitness constrains the spectrum of mutations that survive and get fixed in clinical populations of bacteria.

<p>The conditions for art in Romania have gone through big changes since the collapse of the regime in December of 1989. Under the Communist regime the artists had to work within a dualistic system completely unlike the one that developed in the West during the same period.</p><p>Similar to the other countries of the former Eastern block, the communist Romanian state had understood the great potential that art has as a form of propaganda. Thus the regime secured full control over the art that would be allowed into the public space. In response to the confines set on the artistic expressions, a non-official art began to develop alongside the official art of the state.</p><p>These two layers of Romanian art history were dissolved when Ceausescu’s regime finally came to an end in 1989. The underground art was suddenly available to an audience, while the official art was discredited. Out of the chaos that followed, a new Romanian art was born. During the 1990’s many Romanian artists started to process the past to try to understand their present situation, while others investigated Romanian identity as perceived from the outside.</p><p>The main focus of this paper has been to look at the conditions for contemporary Romanian art under Communism, and how they have changed since 1989.</p><p>My research has been based on literature such as The History of the Romanian People (1970), Primary Documents (2002) and Actionism in Romania during the Commuinist Era (2002), as well as on my own interviews with artists Constantin Mara, Ion Grigorescu, Matei Lazarescu, Kuki Constantinescu and Stefan Constantinescu.</p>

The conditions for art in Romania have gone through big changes since the collapse of the regime in December of 1989. Under the Communist regime the artists had to work within a dualistic system completely unlike the one that developed in the West during the same period. Similar to the other countries of the former Eastern block, the communist Romanian state had understood the great potential that art has as a form of propaganda. Thus the regime secured full control over the art that would be allowed into the public space. In response to the confines set on the artistic expressions, a non-official art began to develop alongside the official art of the state. These two layers of Romanian art history were dissolved when Ceausescu’s regime finally came to an end in 1989. The underground art was suddenly available to an audience, while the official art was discredited. Out of the chaos that followed, a new Romanian art was born. During the 1990’s many Romanian artists started to process the past to try to understand their present situation, while others investigated Romanian identity as perceived from the outside. The main focus of this paper has been to look at the conditions for contemporary Romanian art under Communism, and how they have changed since 1989. My research has been based on literature such as The History of the Romanian People (1970), Primary Documents (2002) and Actionism in Romania during the Commuinist Era (2002), as well as on my own interviews with artists Constantin Mara, Ion Grigorescu, Matei Lazarescu, Kuki Constantinescu and Stefan Constantinescu.