Doctor of Philosophy / Environmental Design and Planning / Timothy D. Keane / Kenya has been adversely affected by soil erosion due to population growth, changes in land use and land cover, and unsustainable agricultural practices. Issues related to land degradation cost the Kenyan government approximately $390 million or 3 percent of the country’s GDP yearly (Government of Kenya, 2013). Despite extensive land degradation, many attempts to encourage the use of soil and water conservation (SWC) practices have been unsuccessful. The study focuses on Merigi Ward, Kenya. Merigi Ward lies within the Mara River Basin (MRB), an ecologically and economically important river basin that has experienced extensive erosion problems. Increased agricultural activities driven by population growth in the area and changes in land use and land cover have degraded the landscape. SWC practices are greatly needed to mitigate the effects of erosion and conserve the natural resources within the MRB. Past studies suggest that social capital may increase the adoption of SWC practices (Knowler & Bradshaw, 2007; Nyangena, 2008). This study defines social capital as the groups and networks, trust and reciprocity, formal and informal rules, and information that informs the interactions among persons that lead to collective action. Twenty-five smallholder farmers within Merigi Ward were interviewed and the relationship between the adoption of SWC practices and social capital was explored through a qualitative analysis. Additionally, the MRB is home to the Mau Mara Serengeti Sustainable Water Initiative (MaMaSe). The MaMaSe initiative is a public private partnership (P3) with the goal to promote sustainable water use, economic growth, and environmental conservation within the basin. The effect the MaMaSe initiative had on the level of social capital amongst the study participants was also investigated. Findings suggest that social capital is an important aspect of SWC adoption in Merigi Ward. Groups and networks provide farmers with implementation support and information. Particularly, the local farmers’ cooperative provides farmers with implementation assistance and links (bridging capital) to experts at the MaMaSe initiative and the Ministry of Agriculture. Strong bonding capital works in the favor of this community allowing for high levels of trust. Thus, farmers collaborate to help one another implement practices and exchange information, materials, and experiences. In general, social capital has helped facilitate better environmental conservation awareness and the use of SWC practices. The largest impact the MaMaSe initiative had on the community’s social capital was expanding networks (particularly bridging and linking capital) and providing in depth information and guidelines for SWC practice use. The P3 has also helped the farmers integrate environmental conservation into their daily lives and has helped promote a shared understanding of the importance of conservation. The findings of this study will help environmental conservation professionals understand how to use social capital to strengthen natural resource management.

Increasingly erratic flow in the upper reaches of the Mara River, has directed attention to land use change as the major cause of this problem. The semi-distributed hydrological model SWAT and Landsat imagery were utilized in order to 1) map existing land use practices, 2) determine the impacts of land use change on water flux; and 3) determine the impacts of climate change scenarios on the water flux of the upper Mara River. This study found that land use change scenarios resulted in more erratic discharge while climate change scenarios had a more predictable impact on the discharge and water balance components. The model results showed the flow was more sensitive to the rainfall changes than land use changes but land use changes reduce dry season flows which is a major problem in the basin. Deforestation increased the peak flows which translated to increased sediment loading in the Mara River.

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Denna undersökning syftar till att undersöka hur samtida maraupplevelser kommer till uttryck i olika internetfora och vilken betydelse maraupplevelser har för den enskilde individen. Arbetet är en explorativ studie som inspirerats av grundad teori (GT). Genom att studera digitalt material och då främst olika spiritistiska internetfora och kommentarsfält har informanterna berättat om sina maraupplevelser. I analysen av det digitala materialet användes en narrativ teori. Den explorativa undersökningen har lett fram till att en kärnkategori, där dess egenskaper och dimensioner framträtt. Gemensamt för informanterna och deras maraupplevelser är att de anser sina upplevelser vara extraordinära, deras narrativ belyser en känsla av att bli paralyserad under sömnen, de förklarar hur någon sitter på deras bröst så att de inte får någon luft, panik, rädsla och skräck uppstår. Maraupplevelser under sömn är en röd tråd som binder ihop informanternas narrativ och begrepp. Informanterna har upplevt liknande händelser med maran och en gemenskap och ett skapande av mening i deras berättelser framkommer. Att informanterna benämner upplevelsen som riden av maran eller att de drabbats av sömnparalys är återkommande i den digitala empirin.

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the cephalometric changes in patients Class II division 1treated with Twin Block and MARA appliances. Material and Methods: The sample comprised 66 patients with Class II malocclusion divided into 3 groups: The Twin Block group consisted of 21 patients, the MARA group of 21 patients and the control group of 24 untreated subjects. Intergroup comparisons were performed at pre- (T1) and posttreatment (T2) stages. The initial and posttreatment measures concerning changes in angular and linear variables were compared using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: Both appliances showed improvement of the relation Class II. MARA resulted in a significant increase in FMA and the occlusal plane, 1º more than control. Twin Block revealed significantly greater increase in LAFH than the others. MARA produced a significantly greater amount of labial tipping and protrusion of the mandibular incisors than the others groups. TB showed significant extrusion of the mandibular incisors compared to MARA and extrusion of the mandibular molars in relation to the control. Both treated groups showed improvement in the overjet, overbite and molar relationship. The treatment time for MARA almost was 1 year less than TB. Conclusion: The appliances were effective in the treatment of Class II malocclusion; however, the correction was mainly due to dentoalveolar effects. / Proposição: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as alterações cefalométricas em pacientes Classe II divisão 1 tratados com os aparelhos Twin Block e MARA. Material e Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 66 pacientes com má oclusão de Classe II divididos em 3 grupos: o grupo Twin Block composto por 21 pacientes, o grupo MARA constituído por 21 e o grupo controle com 24 indivíduos não tratados. Comparações intergrupos foram realizadas nos estágios pré (T1) e pós- tratamento (T2). As medidas iniciais e pós-tratamento referentes as alterações nas variáveis angulares e lineares foram comparadas pelos seguintes testes: análise de variância (ANOVA) e Kruskal- Wallis. Resultados: Ambos os aparelhos apresentaram melhora na relação de Classe II. O MARA resultou em um aumento significante do FMA e do plano oclusal em relação ao controle. O Twin Block revelou um aumento significantemente maior na AFAI em relação aos outros grupos. O MARA produziu um aumento significantemente maior na inclinação vestibular e protrusão dos incisivos inferiores em relação aos outros grupos. O Twin Block promoveu significativa extrusão dos incisivos inferiores em relação ao MARA e significativa extrusão dos molares inferiores em relação ao controle. Ambos os grupos experimentais resultaram em melhora no trespasse horizontal, vertical e relação molar. O tempo de tratamento do MARA foi próximo de 1 ano a menos em relação ao Twin Block. Conclusão: Os aparelhos foram eficazes no tratamento da má oclusão de Classe II, porém a correção ocorreu em sua maior parte por efeitos dentoalveolares.

In this essay the aim is to examine what an analysis of records of the Swedish phenomenon called the “mara” or nightmare can tell us about gender relations in the nineteenth century Swedish peasant society. From Snorre Sturlasson to studies done in the present day I go through records and the people who has written them for answers to my questions. I use the methods sex/gender and Michel Foucault’s perspective of power and my main material I study is records from DAG.With this essay I take you through methods, and descriptions of the “mara”. I also take a closer look on the people who has written down what the people thought and their believes about the “mara” during the nineteenth century. I also take a closer look on the books that has been followed by the recorders.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:25:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunoBAC_DISSERT.pdf: 3893477 bytes, checksum: a86b7791b1beff994932336cb47aec2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-01 / A city is made not only to streets, sidewalks, buildings, bridges and viaducts. The city is also built by layers of sediment from the past that blend with layers of sediments present. The city's it's art, it's sociability is written. The aim of this study is to analyze how Mossor? historiographically the narrative is built by Lu?s da C?mara Cascudo. With this objective, we divide the work into three chapters. At first, we investigate the investment that the prefecture of the Mossor? city at the beginning of the forties, under the administration of Dix-sept Rosado, held for the construction of what would be the city's culture. A culture that was linked to the creation of a library, a museum, a university, the completion of several lectures on the themes of the city, and writing the history of Mossor?. The second chapter discusses the historical conditions of possibility that made Lu?s da C?mara Cascudo of the town historian. In the last chapter, we show how Mossor? was built by Cascudo from the specific analysis of the book Notas e Documentos para a hist?ria de Mossor? (1955). We discuss the conditions for its emergence, examining the interplay of interests that enabled its production / Uma cidade n?o ? feita somente de ruas, cal?adas, pr?dios, pontes e viadutos. A urbe ? constru?da tamb?m pelas camadas de sedimentos do passado que se misturam com as camadas dos sedimentos do presente. A cidade ? arte, ? sociabilidade, ? escrita. O objetivo desse trabalho ? analisar como a cidade de Mossor? ? constru?da historiograficamente pela narrativa de Lu?s da C?mara Cascudo. Com esse objetivo, dividimos o trabalho em tr?s cap?tulos. No primeiro, investigamos os investimentos que a prefeitura de Mossor? no in?cio dos anos quarenta, sob a administra??o de Dix-sept Rosado, realizou para a constru??o do que seria a cultura da cidade. Uma cultura que estaria vinculada ? cria??o de uma biblioteca, um museu, uma universidade, ? realiza??o de v?rias palestras sobre as tem?ticas da cidade, e ? escrita da hist?ria de Mossor?. No segundo cap?tulo, abordamos as condi??es hist?ricas de possibilidade que fizeram de Lu?s da C?mara Cascudo o historiador da cidade. No ?ltimo cap?tulo, mostramos como Mossor? foi constru?da por Cascudo a partir da an?lise espec?fica do livro Notas e documentos para a Hist?ria de Mossor? (1955). Discutimos as condi??es de sua emerg?ncia, analisando o jogo de interesses que possibilitaram a sua produ??o

Submitted by MARIO TAKEYA (mario.takeya@hotmail.com) on 2017-01-18T18:17:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Takeya, Mario_Tese.pdf: 10246686 bytes, checksum: 75915213c454d4042e3c7abe5793ff96 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elisangela Moura (lilaalves@gmail.com) on 2017-01-18T18:18:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Takeya, Mario_Tese.pdf: 10246686 bytes, checksum: 75915213c454d4042e3c7abe5793ff96 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-18T18:18:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Takeya, Mario_Tese.pdf: 10246686 bytes, checksum: 75915213c454d4042e3c7abe5793ff96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1992-09 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / From May 1987 to April 1988, a 9 station, seismic network was operated near the town of Jo?o C?mara (5?33'S, 35?51'W) in Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil. The network was installed 6 months after the occurrence of a mb =5.1 earthquake. This thesis is concerned with the study of microearthquakes recorded by this network, which is in the Precambrian Borborema Province of northeast Brazilian shield. The study revealed a remarkably well-defined distribution of seismicity associated with a simple fault structure. Hypocentre location was done using the HYPO71 program. The results of the analysis show that the fault is divided into two main segments with the same N37?E strike. The north segment is dipping 76?NW. The south segment is more nearly vertical, dipping about 82?NW and composed of three or more closely spaced almost parallel faults. A small gap and a low seismicity zone were found to separate the north and south segments. No events deeper than 9 km were found in the entire region studied. Examination of the epicentral map and corresponding vertical cross sections also revealed that events are not random but are clustered. Right lateral strike slip with a small normal component was inferred as the fault mechanism from composite fault plane solutions. Off-fault events distant from the main fault were also observed, their pattern showing a classical example explained by the model of Das & Scholz as a consequence of off-fault shear stress increase after the occurrence of the main earthquake. Magnitude determinations for the events recorded by the telemetric network have been performed by developing a specific earthquake magnitude scale based on the duration of the observed seismic signal. A maximum likelihood estimate of b-value shows no significant variation during the recording period. Shear wave splitting was observed in the J.C?mara region in all the selected events recorded by the three component station JCAZ. The polarization direction of the first split shear-wave arrival for those events lay in the north-south direction which does not agree with the premise of extensive dilatancy anisotropy for a maximum compressive stress in the east-west direction as inferred by the fault plane solutions. / Uma rede s?smica telem?trica composta por 9 esta??es, operou em torno da cidade de Jo?o C?mara (5?33'S, 35?51'W) no Estado do Rio Grande do norte, Brasil, entre os meses de maio de 1987 a abril de 1988. A rede foi instalada 6 meses depois da ocorr?ncia de um terremoto de magnitude mb=5.1. A presente tese analisa os dados de micro tremores registrados por esta rede, e que ocorreram na Prov?ncia Pr? cambriana da Borborema do nordeste brasileiro. O estudo revelou uma distribui??o de sismos bem definida, associada a uma falha geol?gica de estrutura simples. A determina??o dos hipocentros foi feita usando-se o programa HYPO71. Os resultados das an?lise mostram que a falha ? dividida em dois grandes segmentos com a mesma dire??o de N37?E. O segmento norte da falha mergulha num ?ngulo de 76?NW. O segmento sul mergulha na mesma dire??o, num ?ngulo de 82?NW, e ? composto de tr?s ou mais falhas quase paralelas. Um pequeno vazio de epicentros, acompanhado de uma zona de baixa sismicidade, separam os dois grandes segmentos. N?o foi encontrado evento a profundidades maiores que 9 km. As an?lises dos mapas de epicentros, e das respectivas proje??es verticais, revelaram que os eventos est?o distribu?dos em v?rios aglomerados. O mecanismo de falha foi determinado como sendo do tipo transcorrente, dextr?giro com uma pequena componente normal. Foram detectados micro tremores distantes, v?rios quil?metros da falha principal. Estes eventos s?o explicados pelo modelo cl?ssico de Das & Scholz, como conseq??ncia do aumento das tens?es de cisalhamento em regi?es fora da falha principal ap?s a ocorr?ncia do sismo principal. As magnitude dos micro tremores foram calculadas atrav?s da determina??o de uma escala espec?fica de magnitudes, baseadas na dura??o do sinal s?smico. Os valores determinados para o par?metro tect?nico b, da lei de Gutenberg e Richter, n?o mostraram varia??es significativas durante o per?odo de observa??es. O fen?meno da dupla refra??o, nas ondas s?smicas de cisalhamento, foi observada na regi?o de Jo?o C?mara em todos os eventos selecionados e registrados pela esta??o de tr?s componentes JCAZ. As an?lises mostraram a dire??o norte-sul como sendo a dire??o de polariza??o da primeira onda separada, em desacordo com as previs?es da te?ricas da extensive dilatancy anisotropy.

Masai Mara, a large nature reserve in south-western Kenya, was created in the midst of semi-arid agropastoralist rangelands to protect wildlife. Wildlife and indigenous people co-existed for many years, usually with limited conflict; but in recent years, the conflict has intensified, mainly due to increasing human population, changing land use patterns, and altered perceptions of wildlife. This study examines the causes and nature of wildlife-human conflict in the Masai rangelands of Kenya, and considers how wildlife conservation and human development needs can best be integrated. / Findings indicate that common conflicts are livestock depredation and crop damage, human deaths or injuries, transmission of diseases, and competition for resources. Land surrounding the reserve can be divided into two distinct topographic and agroclimatic regions. The degree of conflict is spatially varied within the region. Upland ranches have high land use potential, high human and livestock population densities, and more development of agriculture. They experience limited conflict with wildlife. Lowland ranches are more arid, have lower human population density and little agriculture, but have high wildlife and livestock population densities and experience a high degree of conflict. These conflicts vary seasonally, and with distance from the protected area. / Perceptions of wildlife and attitudes towards conservation are related to past experience with wildlife. The degree of loss, effectiveness of damage control, fairness of government compensation, and involvement in wildlife tourism affect the degree of tolerance for wildlife conflict. Various socio-economic factors including level of education, knowledge of conservation priorities, and system of land ownership are related to attitudes towards wildlife. As human activity increases in the region, wildlife is more likely to be displaced. Because most animals are migratory, conflict in the land surrounding the reserve puts the viability of animal population in the protected area in question. / A two-phase program for integrating wildlife conservation with human needs is proposed. The first phase involves designation of the region into four zones: Zone A--the protected area, Zone B--the peripheral area, Zone C--multiple use, and Zone D--agriculture. The second phase of the program is the integration of the wildlife conservation with human interests through: community wildlife-damage-control, compensation for loss, sharing of tourism benefits with local people, conservation education, and local participation in wildlife conservation policy. The program provides a framework within which operational decisions can be made, and serves broader natural resource management and community development objectives in the rangelands.

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