Most institutional structures are organized along the lines of gender, including the economy, state, law, religion, politics (Lorber 1994) and sport, where they were historically and are presently dominated and defined by men. With that being said, we have not yet achieved gender equality. In a time, where there has been both progress and challenges to the conventional gender order, how do men and women construct their own gendered identities, manage their performances of gender, and understand masculinity and femininity in society?

當代女性及性別史權威學者曼素恩 (Susan Mann) 曾鄭重提出社會性別作為一種分析角度的重要性，以性別視角切入研究歷史，有助我們進一步了解歷史。"傳統社會女性為受害者" 的觀念已逐漸淡出主流學術界，以女性作為主要分析對象的性別史研究，成果甚豐。然而，研究性別史必須仔細地考察古代兩性關係及權力分配等議題，例如曼素恩指出在中國歷史文化研究的領域之中，我們應重視 "男性氣概"、男性的人際關係等課題。事實上，中國男性史的研究已日漸進入學者的視線，足證 "男性氣概" 的研究深具發展潛力。有見及此，本研究希望在前人的研究基礎上繼續開拓。另外，必須注意的是，過往男性研究較側重於採用男性文本及視野作為主要探討對象，似乎未有留意女性文本中有關男性的書寫。雷金慶 (Kam Louie)曾以五四前後女作家為分析對象，析論當時女性筆下如何塑造 "男性氣概"，是極具開拓性的探索。誠然，明清女性作品的探究已引起學術界的重視，一眾學者亦頗為致力於呈現明清女性作家的主體性 (subjectivity) 及能動性 (agency)。那麼，明清時期數量極其豐富的女性著作之中，女性有否對傳統男性人格加以討論？她們對社會中的男性角色有何看法？她們的著述中又如何塑造不同的男性形象？然而，此等書寫並未普遍為學者所注意，前人從女性著作切入來看男性人格的研究仍然相當缺乏。故此，本文之寫作盼能補苴罅漏。本研究將以兩個主要方向分析明清女性營建的男性人格，包括探討明清女性以男性家人為對象的男性角色論述，以及她們在各種詩篇和論史文章中所塑造的男性形象、以至對 "女中丈夫" 形象的建構。基於男性史的研究方興未艾，可以發揮的空間極其寬闊，因此筆者希望在這方面努力。筆者期望本文可以對明清時期性別史、男性性別認知、兩性關係、家庭史及古代女性著作研究作出增補與貢獻。進一步來說，由於明清女性筆下對傳統男性人格曾有多番論述，我們可以清楚認識到男性人格的構建，不一定只由男性來完成，當中或許有不少女性的聲音，正如傳統社會對女性的人格期許，同樣包含男女兩性的取態一樣。本文認為，以女性文本來探究她們對男性人格的看法，對於我們理解明清時期的兩性角色期望將有極大的啓發性。

Fatherhood is a gendered relationship between a male caregiver and a child. The change from non-father to father is a significant transition in men’s lives. Over the past fifty years in North America there appears to be increasing divergence between socially dominant masculinities and fatherhoods with men taking on more caregiving and domestic work. Using a qualitative narrative research methodology, I interviewed seven Canadian fathers about their experience of masculinity in their transition to first time fatherhood. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and individual narratives were generated. The narratives generated told the stories of fathers who spent more time engaged in direct caregiving and domestic labour than previous generations. They described divergence between hegemonic fatherhood roles and hegemonic masculinity as they transitioned to fatherhood. Fathers experienced a deepening of emotion in fatherhood incongruent with historical dominant masculinities. Overall, fathers found the experience of transitioning to fatherhood as meaningful and rewarding. / Graduate

Ph.D. University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Humanities, 2012 / The current study was aimed at exploring multiple voices of masculinity amongst township black adolescent boys in a particular South African setting of Alexandra Township, historically a working class community situated on the east side of Johannesburg. Thirty-two adolescent boys between the ages of 12 and 19 were recruited from two high schools in Alexandra and provided with disposable cameras to take 27 photos under the theme ‘my life as a boy’ in South Africa. Arrangements were made for these photos to be collected and processed. These photos were used to facilitate in-depth focus group discussions and individual interviews with each of the participants. In analyzing the data, the researcher combined discursive and applied psychoanalytic perspectives to identify meanings and contradictions that boys made in spoken texts about hegemonic and non-hegemonic masculinities. The key themes that emerged are that there are different ways of being a boy and that this process is characterised by mixed feelings of ambivalence, hesitation and self-doubt. It was evident that the process of negotiating all these voices of masculinity was not easy. The participants in the study seemed to simultaneously comply with and oppose hegemonic norms of masculinity in their narratives, revealing that negotiating alternative voices of young township masculinities is fraught with emotional costs and sacrifices. In conclusion, it is recommended that appropriate interventions need to be initiated and implemented to reduce high risk-taking behaviours associated with ‘hegemonic’ views of masculinity.

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Using the dataset, "Ethno-Methodological Study of the Subculture of Prison Inmate Sexuality in the United States, 2004-2005," this study investigated the relationship between masculinities and prison rape. These data was collected in 23 men's correctional institutions in 10 states. Between April 2004 and September 2005, 409 males were interviewed (Fleisher & Krienert, 2006). Findings showed that masculinity plays a complex and crucial role in the phenomenon of prison rape. Recommendations were made for inmate-oriented education and training which should include a discussion of masculinity as a possible preventative measure.

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This paper examines the relationship between hegemonic masculinity and violence within American society as seen in the HBO television show, True Detective. Ultimately, it claims that violence is a necessary aspect of hegemonic masculinity and that this violence not only affects the feminine other but also is destructive for men. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)