O presente trabalho objetiva buscar um maior entendimento da história em quadrinhos como produto cultural e compreender como, com o passar dos anos, ela passou por um processo de legitimação que a tirou do estigma de mero artigo de massa, sem nenhum valor cultural, para um objeto culturalmente valorizado. Buscou-se em um primeiro momento compreender de onde surge o preconceito contra a cultura de massas e, consequentemente, contra as histórias em quadrinhos, e como tal preconceito pode ser entendido a partir de uma relação de poder estabelecida pelo uso do conceito de \"cultura\". Para tal, a abordagem metodológica inicial baseou-se nos Estudo Culturais, especialmente a partir da reformulação do conceito de cultura proposto por Raymond Williams, além das premissas de outros estudiosos da cultura, focando principalmente nos conceitos de ideologia, de John B. Thompson, e de distinção, de Pierre Bourdieu. Dentro de uma abordagem fenomenológica, foi selecionada a Hermenêutica da Profundidade proposta por John B. Thompson. A técnica de coleta de dados utilizada é a documentação indireta, formada pela pesquisa bibliográfica (os textos, acadêmicos ou não, afins com o objeto e metodologia adotados) e a pesquisa documental (o conjunto das histórias em quadrinhos selecionado). Traçou-se, a partir daí, uma linha do tempo no contexto norte-americano que buscou demonstrar que o processo de legitimação cultural teve início na década de 1960 com o movimento intelectual europeu e o movimento underground norte-americano, seguidos pela publicação de Maus, de Art Spiegelman, e da chegada das graphic novels ao mercado. Ademais, buscou-se elucidar como as histórias em quadrinhos constituem-se como um campo de produção cultural específico e autônomo, que pouco tem a ver com o campo da literatura ou das artes plásticas. Para tal, voltamo-nos ao conceito de campo de Pierre Bourdieu. Como resultados principais, foi identificado que os quadrinhos passaram a ser valorizados como um produto cultural legítimo e instâncias que antes os desprezavam, passaram a reconhecer seu valor e importância no espectro cultural mundial. Com esses resultados, visa-se contribuir para a cristalização do entendimento da história em quadrinhos como um campo de produção cultural legítimo, fazendo com que o debate sobre o mesmo cresça e se diversifique cada vez mais. / This study aims to seek a greater understanding of comics as a cultural product and to understand how, over the years, it has undergone a process of legitimation that has removed it from the stigma of mere mass article, with no cultural value, for a culturally valued object. We sought at first to understand where prejudice against mass culture and consequently against comics arises, and how such prejudice can be understood from a relation of power established by the use of the concept of \"culture \". For this, the initial methodological approach was based on the Cultural Studies, especially from the reformulation of the concept of culture proposed by Raymond Williams, in addition to the premises of other culture scholars, focusing mainly on the concepts of ideology, by John B. Thompson, and of distinction, by Pierre Bourdieu. Within a phenomenological approach, the Depth Hermeneutics proposed by John B. Thompson was selected. The technique of data collection used is indirect documentation, constituted by bibliographic research (texts, academic or not, related to the object and methodology adopted) and documentary research (the set of selected comics). A time line was drawn, in the North American context, which sought to demonstrate that the process of cultural legitimacy began in the 1960s with the European intellectual movement and the North American underground movement, followed by the publication of Art Spiegelman\'s Maus and the arrival of graphic novels in the market. In addition, we tried to elucidate how comics constitute a specific and autonomous field of cultural production that has little to do with the field of literature or the plastic arts. To this end, we turned to Pierre Bourdieu\'s field concept. As main results, it was identified that the comic books came to be valued as a legitimate cultural product and instances that previously despised them, began to recognize its value and importance in the world cultural spectrum. With these results, it aims to contribute to the crystallization of the understanding of comics as a legitimate cultural production field, making the debate about it grow and diversify more and more

[pt] Salò e o Cinema Impopular segundo Pier Paolo Pasolini, pretende analisar o último filme de Pier Paolo Pasolini (1922-1975), Salò, o 120 giornate di Sodoma (1975), estabelecendo uma analogia com seus últimos ensaios publicados nos livros Empirismo Eretico (1972), Scritti Corsari (1975) e Lettere Luterane (1976), destacando a idéia de um Cinema Impopolare escrito em 1970, como possível indício de um reorientamento ou acentuação de determinados procedimentos artísticos que conduziriam a Saló, verificando antecedentes na obra de Pasolini ou influências de teorias e práticas cinematográficas anteriores, que poderiam ter contribuído para a formulação deste conceito. E por fim, observar a relação destas idéias com alguns fenômenos que ocorreram contemporaneamente a este período. / [en] Salò and the Unpopular Cinema by Pier Paolo Pasolini, intend to analyze the last film by Pier Paolo Pasolini (1922-1975), Salò, o 120 giornate di Sodoma (1975), establishing an analogy with his last published essays in books Empirismo Eretico (1972), Scritti Corsari (1975) Lettere Luterane (1976), emphasizing the idea of a Cinema Impopolare written in 1970 as a possible indication of a redirection or intensification of certain artistic procedures that lead to Salò, checking the background of the work of Pasolini or influences of theories and practices prior movie that could have contributed to the formulation of the concept. Finally, observe the relationship of these ideas with some events that occurred contemporaneously in this period.

[pt] A indústria cinematográfica tem na acentuada tipificação da linguagem uma estratégia para a produção e comercialização dos filmes, o que promove numa proliferação de clichês, determinando os lugares das imagens e de suas leituras. Parte de uma cultura de massa presente em escala global, essas representações valem-se das convenções e do ilusionismo dos efeitos técnicos para seduzir o olhar do espectador e manter afastados os aspectos obscuros e misteriosos da existência. Analisamos neste trabalho como o cineasta contemporâneo Lars von Trier realiza uma leitura crítica dos clichês da cultura contemporânea em sua própria cinematografia. No filme Dançando no Escuro (Dancer in the Dark, 2000), von Trier recorre à tradição da tragédia, do melodrama e do musical não apenas como mero efeito estilístico, mas como estratégia para realizar um jogo reflexivo. Promovendo, a cada filme, o movimento duplo de continuidade e ruptura com as convenções, observamos como o cineasta herda a tradição do cinema moderno e apresenta em seu estilo cinematográfico profundas afinidades com o também dinamarquês Carl Th. Dreyer, em sua busca por criar vida na tela. / [en] The movie industry has evolved a standardised visual strategy for film production and marketing, which promotes a proliferation of clichés, determining the use of the known images and their respective readings. Part of a mass culture that is present in a global scale, these representations are attached to the conventions and illusionism of cinema through technical effects to seduce the viewer s gaze and keep out the dark and mysterious aspects of life. We analyze in this work how the contemporary filmmaker Lars von Trier performs his critical reading of the clichés of contemporary culture in his own films. In the film Dancer in the Dark (2000), von Trier uses the tradition of tragedy, melodrama and musical not as a mere stylistic effect, but as a strategy to make a reflexive game. Promoting in each movie the double movement of continuity and breaking of conventions, we notice how von Trier s film style inherits a tradition of modern cinema and how it demonstrates so many affinities with his fellow Dane Carl Dreyer, in his quest to create life on the screen.

The work brings critical and philosophical perspective on the issue of art and mass culture in contemporary society. Relying on H.-G. Gadamer's, T. W. Adorno's and Walter Benjamin's ideas. The work performs a summary of their thoughts, focusing on art as an example of humanities- scientific investigation in the case of H.-G. Gadamer, the criticism of the cultural industry and its vital role in the thinking of T. W Adorno and the issue of technical reproducibility of works of art in a Walter Benjamin's essay. The work focuses on the present social functions of mass culture, its internal structure, on the issue of its quality, taking into account the extent to which this appears to be useful. The main topic was ultimately shown to be a phenomenon of education. Keywords. Philosophical Anthropology, Philosophy of Art, Culture and Society, Mass Culture.

The status of contemporary Czech music reviews (also the Czech cultural criticism) ties in with mass culture and trends of postmodern thinking supports. Subjective journalist genres type reviews and critics look like the relevant expert testing about artistic performance, their real aim is economic profitability and fixing a position in their discourse domain. Mass culture can not offer an alternative to itselfa nd that's the reason, why central dichotomy variation - scheme is applicable not only to its products (music CDs, theatrical performances, a new book at he art), but also on the way, which is about these products further talks . Subjective meta - review has a the specific positron in the mass media.

I contend in this study that commercial novels and theater from early twentiethcentury Spain often present male (homo)sexual characters as a point of constellation for anxieties regarding modernization in Madrid and Barcelona. In works by Jacinto Benavente, Josep Maria de Sagarra, El Caballero Audaz (José María Carretero), Antonio de Hoyos y Vinent, Carmen de Burgos, Álvaro Retana, Eduardo Zamacois, and Alfonso Hernández-Catá, concerns about technological and socioeconomic change converge upon hustlers and blackmailers, queer seducers, and chaste inverts. I examine these figures alongside an allegorical interpretation of Goethe’s Faust in Marshall Berman’s book All That is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity (1982) in order to foreground their varying responses to modern innovation. They alternately sell themselves to prosper under consumer capitalism, seduce others into savoring the pleasures of city life, or fall tragically to the conflicting pressures of tradition and change. In the process, they reveal the fear and enthusiasm of their creators vis-à-vis rapid urbanization, fluctuating class hierarchies, the commercialization of art, and the medicalization of sex from the turn of the nineteenth century to the Spanish Civil War. From a methodological standpoint, I argue that close readings of commercial works are worthwhile for what they reveal about the discursive framing of modernity and male (homo)sexualities in Spain in the early 1900s. Hence, I use techniques of literary analysis previously reserved for canonical writers such as Federico García Lorca and Luis Cernuda to discuss texts produced by their bestselling contemporaries, none of whom has been equally scrutinized by subsequent criticism. Existing scholarship on modernity and sexuality in Spain and abroad helps contextualize my detailed interpretations. Although my project is not a sustained exercise in comparative literature, I do situate Spanish works within historical and literary trends beyond Spain so as to acknowledge the interplay of transnational and local concerns surrounding modern change and sexual customs. By considering the primary texts in relation to varying temporal and geographic contexts, the dissertation aims to be of interest to a readership in and outside Hispanism, and to supplement important studies of modernity, (homo)sexualities, and literature that overlook Spain.

Dans le New York underground des années 1940, la Beat Generation gagne son nom, de même que son étoffe contreculturelle, grâce à l’union entre la quête littéraire d’avant-garde et l’art de vivre anticonformiste que concrétisent spontanément ses inspirateurs. La sensibilité revendiquée par les beats de la première heure, soit leur volonté de libération spirituelle, se forge au milieu de l’American Century, entre le péril nucléaire de la guerre froide et l’effervescence hipster exaltée par le jazz. Pourtant, une décennie après cet épisode marginal aboutissant aux publications de Howl and Other Poems (1956) par Allen Ginsberg et de On the Road (1957) par Jack Kerouac, une nouvelle figure sociale entre dans l’orbite de la Beat Generation : le beatnik. Créé par un journaliste, le néologisme reflète les stéréotypes prêtés au mouvement, sitôt subjugué aux forces de la société de consommation. Le mémoire a pour sujet l’entrée de cette contreculture au sein de la culture de masse, tout en signalant le rôle clé qu’y occupe la presse écrite. Par-delà l’implacabilité proverbiale des critiques que relève l’historiographie, la présente étude soutient que les journaux et les magazines, en ouvrant le champ des représentations associées à la Beat Generation, participent à l’avènement du beatnik, réverbéré dans les autres médias. Au terme de l’analyse, la contreculture se comprend tant par ses idées fondatrices que par la pression qu’exerce la culture de masse sur elle; la réunion de ces deux éléments antagoniques renforce l’importance historique de la Beat Generation comme mouvement social aux États-Unis. / In the New York underground scene of the 1940s, the Beat Generation earns its name as well as its countercultural essence thanks to the union between the avant-garde literary pursuit and the unconventional lifestyle that its inspirers spontaneously create. The sensibility proclaimed by the Beats from the very beginning – their desire for spiritual liberation – builds up in the middle of the American Century, between the nuclear threat of the Cold War and the hipster activity exalted by jazz. Nevertheless, a decade after this period leading to the publication of Howl and Other Poems (1956) by Allen Ginsberg and of On the Road (1957) by Jack Kerouac, a new social figure enters the orbit of the Beat Generation : the Beatnik. Conceived by a journalist, the neologism reflects the stereotypes attributed to the movement, soon subdued by the forces of consumer society. This master’s thesis focuses on the insertion of counterculture into mass culture, while noting the key role played by the written press. Beyond the proverbial harshness of the critics acknowledged by the historiography, this study argues that newspapers and magazines, in opening the field of representations associated with the Beat Generation, participate in the arrival of the Beatnik, also echoed in other media. In the end, the meaning of counterculture depends on both its founding ideas and the pressure mass culture exerts on it; the junction of these two antagonistic elements reinforces the historical importance of the Beat Generation as a social movement in the United States.

[pt] O objetivo desta pesquisa é uma análise das estratégias cinematográficas que são marcas específicas da obra do diretor espanhol Pedro Almodóvar, especialmente no que se refere às zonas de cruzamento cultural que evidenciam novas formas do posicionamento do sujeito no mundo. Para isto, realiza-se um desdobramento de certos elementos presentes na fonte primária selecionada, o recorte principal de trabalho: o último longa-metragem lançado no mercado internacional, Volver (2006). O estudo é baseado em três discussões que serão também o foco de cada capítulo: as diferenças no tratamento do tempo e na experimentação das esferas temporais; a remodelação da divisão alta arte / cultura de massa e da matriz genérica do melodrama; e finalmente, a construção do espaço fílmico e de representação das cidades. / [en] The main objective of this research is to analyze the cinematographic strategies that are features of filmmaker Pedro Almodóvar s work. Specifically, our aim will be the relations of the cultural intersection zones that reveal new ways in which one lives in the contemporary world. For that matter, this study creates a discussion of various elements present in the primary source: the last film by Almodóvar released in the international market, Volver (2006). This dissertation is based on three points that are also the main focus of each chapter: the first being the different forms of dealing and experimenting with the notion of time; the second, the reconfiguration of the melodrama and the high art / mass culture division; and finally the third, the spacial construction of the film and the representation of the city.

De nos jours, les avatars et les réécritures du mythe du Graal puisent leur source d'inspiration dans la Littérature puisque la première mention littéraire de ce schème apparaît à la fin du XIIeme siècle dans Perceval ou le conte du Graal de Chrétien de Troyes. De par des origines ambivalentes (païennes et chrétiennes), le Graal s'est ancré dans l'imaginaire collectif comme un mythe rédempteur ou tout du moins, étant un idéal à atteindre. Si la quête médiévale chevaleresque demande une rigueur incomparable et une pureté d’âme et de corps pour mériter la révélation des mystères du Saint Calice aujourd’hui, les héros de la littérature populaire et de la culture de masse accèdent à ses secrets par le vecteur d’en-quêtes simplifiées. La dévaluation du mythe s'effectue à mesure des transferts qui s’opèrent dans différents genres, supports et médias mais également dans la réception que la société a du mythe du Graal. De Saint Graal à Graal, de Littérature à paralittérature, de la Bible à la télévision, ce travail cherche à mettre en évidence les différents aspects de ces transferts et tente de prouver qu'il existe des résonances et des points d'articulation entre ces domaines par l'interface du Graal. Dans ce sens, le motif sert aussi de porte-à-faux à une culture et à une littérature dites « mineures » qui peuvent toutefois, sous l'effet du Graal, devenir scientifiques et apporter de nouvelles pistes de réflexion sur le mythe, la société et la Littérature. / Nowadays, avatars and re-writings of the myth of the Grail take their inspiration from Literature because the first literary mention of the scheme appears at the end of the twelfth century in Perceval ou le conte du Graal by Chrétien de Troyes. Thanks to its ambivalent (pagan and christian) origins, the Grail anchored in the collective imaginary as a myth of redemption or, at least, an ideal to reach. If the chivalric medieval quest requires a remarkable rigor and the body and soul purity to deserve the revelation of the Holy Vessel mysteries, in our days, mass culture heroes have an access to its secrets by simplified “quest-igations”. The devaluation of the subject occurs through transpositions in different genres, mediums and medias but also in the way society receives the Grail legend. From Holy Grail to Grail, from Literature to mass culture, from the Holy Bible to TV shows, this study tends to show the aspects of these transpositions and tries to prove that there are echos and exchanges between these mediums via the Grail. Following that point of view, the theme functions also as a overhang for what some call “minor” culture and literature that can, however, under the Grail influence, become scientific and bring new pieces of reflection concerning the myth, society and Literature.

[pt] O envelhecimento tem sido um tema intensamente abordado nos meios de comunicação de massa. Simultaneamente, nas imagens projetadas na mídia, predomina o imperativo da juventude, da beleza e do consumo. Nesse contexto, em que também se discute a eficiência da Previdência Social, a aposentadoria deixou de ser apenas um direito provido pelo Estado e se tornou mais um bem de consumo, amplamente anunciado. Esta dissertação descreve a pesquisa realizada sobre as representações do envelhecimento nos anúncios de planos de previdência privada, assumindo o consumo como um sistema simbólico e tratando a comunicação de massa como dimensão peculiar da sociedade contemporânea, onde são produzidas e disseminadas as narrativas concebidas a partir dessa estrutura simbólica. Nas propagandas pesquisadas em revistas de circulação nacional, como Veja, Época, Isto É, e Exame pode-se ler a história de uma luta contra a morte, seja explicitamente uma batalha para negar o desaparecimento do indivíduo ou uma forma de afirmar a permanência da sua identidade. / [en] The ageing process has been frequently approached by the mass media. At the same time the images disseminated by the media refer predominatly to ideas of youth, beauty and consumption. In that context, where the efficiency of the Pension System is also debated, retirement stopped being one right provided by the Government and became a necessity, highly advertised. This dissertation describes the performed study on the presentations of ageing, advertised by private Pension Funds, recognizing consumption as a symbolic system and treating mass media as a peculiar dimension of the contemporary society, where concepts conceived from that symbolic structure are produced and disseminated. The advertisements studied from national circulation magazines - Veja, Época, Isto É and Exame - present the story of a fight against death as a explicitly battle to deny the disappearance of the individual or as a strategy for affirm (establish) the permanence of its identity.