Call number: LD2668 .T4 1984 P43 / Master of Science

This thesis questions the relation between political program and architectural production via a close examination of the modern myth: democratization through design. This idea is rooted in the 19th century arts and crafts movement, which indirectly caused the foundation of a very influential design school, the Bauhaus, where the idea of democratization of design has been invented. Years later, the slogan reappeared and became more visible than ever. This time it was IKEA, a furniture company that also promotes the idea of &lsquo / democratization through design&rsquo / with references to Bauhaus announcing the democratic design utopia is back. The survey of the study is based on four main principles that are developed at Bauhaus and later reinvented by IKEA. These principles, namely, mass production, standardization, modularization, and claim of universality characterize the modernist project of instrumentalizing mass production for social benefits.

Our aim is to answer whether or not 3D printing is capable of achieving mass customization and mass production, since answering this might help predict a shift within manufacturing industries and the use that this technology has had the past years. Further, our aim is to give an overall view of the industry of companies offering 3D printed goods for end use through an e-commerce marketplace and its value creating activities. The overall aim is to contribute to fill the academic gap regarding research on 3D printing within the field of mass customization and provide groundwork for future research. To provide the current picture of the industry and thus analyze its capabilities regarding mass production and mass customization, we present the value chain with the involved value creating activities. We have conducted three qualitative interviews to three out of four companies within the industry complemented as well with an exhaustive research to the websites of the companies.

Results of research on the production and distribution of terra sigillata are frequently used as weighty arguments in the discussion of the character of the Roman economy as a whole. Still, many substantial problems remain under discussion, among them the important question of how the mass production of this ware was organized. By re-examining and combining evidence from various production centres, the present thesis aims to develop a comprehensive model for the organization of terra sigillata production. It employs comparative and complementary approaches to interpret the archaeological and epigraphical material, and also analyzes the underlying social and legal structures. Theoretical conceptions of the organization of pottery production are dealt with, and the role of terra sigillata production in models of ancient economy is discussed. The principal focus of the study is on some of the most important centres of terra sigillata production in Italy, Gaul, Germany, Spain, and Africa. Although each production centre has its own individual features, common ones prevail. The application of producers' signatures can be explained by the joint use of production facilities, especially drying sheds, and the exchange of moulds. Similarities in the use of signatures are interpreted as indicating similarities in the organization of production, whereas irregularities in their application are looked upon as the result of varying production conditions. The interpretation of the potters' graffiti enables us to postulate the existence of a leasehold system in which the lessor entered into contracts with lessee workshop managers to deliver set numbers of vessels. Firing masters, who were potters themselves and responsible for the operation of the kilns, acted as middlemen or directly on behalf of the lessor, approving and controlling the potters' work. The mode of production in all centres appears to have been a nucleated workshop industry rather than a manufactory, based on a leasehold system and regulated by large-scale traders, with the producers' social status being of little relevance. Thus all arguments founded upon the distinction of Italian slave manufactories and cooperative production of free men in the western provinces are no longer plausible.

Diss. Stockholm : Stockholms universitet, 2007.

Thesis (Ph.D)--Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. / Committee Chair: Wang, Zhong Lin; Committee Member: Degertekin, F. Levent; Committee Member: Liu, Meilin; Committee Member: Snyder, Robert L.; Committee Member: Tannenbaum, Rina. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

This dissertation examines the nature of luxury and luxury branded products, and the meanings attached to them. This is the first study of its kind as materials, manufacturing, sales and marketing processes are analyzed in relation to the retail environment to establish tiers of luxury relevant in today’s global market. Existing literature about the definitions and implementation of marketing strategies that impact on luxury brands (e.g. Danziger, 2005; Kapferer et al, 2009; and Okonkwo, 2007) demonstrate a lack of clarity as marketeers concentrate on adding value to mass produced products. In essence, terminology is employed, it is argued, that artificially elevates the product by attribution. The dissertation goes on to examine the complexity of the marketing tools used to add value to mass-produced products and a taxonomy of luxury is established to differentiate categories of products. Luxury is a single category that is demonstrably unstable and it is manifested in the changing landscape of the luxury brand market which is considered as part of the fashion cycle where luxury brands continue to extend their product offer to satisfy a continually growing consumer market. Branding has become increasingly important and as a result the proposed taxonomy of the luxury and luxury brands market contributes to a better understanding of the sector. Distinctions are made through the use of three Case Studies (Louis Vuitton, Prada and Tanner Krolle) to address the differences between the luxury and luxury brand markets through the analysis of products within the leather goods category. Thus this dissertation redefines concepts of luxury that are established through new materials, techniques and production methods. Existing definitions of luxury are unstable due to an ever changing cyclical market and are exacerbated by marketing, branding, advertising and mass production. It is important to remove the façade of marketing and branding, despite, or because, of them being powerful forms of communication, in order to provide a perspective that acknowledges the change and importance of fashion business methodologies to ensure business growth. At the same time it is also important to recognize the fundamental significance of luxury brand heritage and the convenient message this sends to the consumer. This work provides an important new platform for future research in terms of a more nuanced debate on luxury in all its guises. Evidence of the broad research potential of this dissertation exists, for example, in the growing demand for luxury and luxury branded products and services of the emerging economies in the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) countries. In addition as the market changes and demands for luxury increases, luxury and luxury brand companies could use this research to connect more meaningfully to their heritage when defining new luxury goods and services. It is evident that concepts of luxury will continue to be defined as part of a complex structure of understanding and interpretation. In light of this, one must not lose sight of the importance of the knowledge of the craftsmen and women and their ability to communicate the intricacies of their skills in order to provoke and challenge the perpetuating luxury debate.

Metarhizium rileyi é um importante fungo patogênico a várias espécies de pragas desfolhadoras da família Noctuidae. Existe uma grande demanda para a produção em escala deste fungo, mas ainda não há produtos comerciais no mercado brasileiro. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar a produção de conídios de M. rileyi por fermentação sólida usando diferentes grãos e cereais e a produção de blastosporos por fermentação líquida em meios com diferentes fontes de carbono e nitrogênio. Na produção de conídios em substrato sólido, foi empregado o isolado ESALQ 1305 em oito tratamentos com grãos/cereais incubados por 15 dias. Para os experimentos de produção de blastosporos em substrato líquido, foram conduzidos quatro experimentos sequenciais onde foram testados diferentes meios e concentrações de células oriundas do pré-cultivo e diferentes fontes e concentrações de carbono, nitrogênio, relação C:N e tempo de cultivo. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. Os substratos sólidos que resultaram em maior produção de conídios foram o feijão fradinho moído sem peneirar (7,4 ± 2,8 x 108 conídios.g-1) e trigo moído peneirado (3,3 ± 1,2 x 108 conídios.g-1). Nos experimentos de fermentação líquida a 300 R.P.M e 25 °C observou-se que os meios desenvolvidos por Jaronski e Jackson (2012) com relação C:N de 50:1, proporcionam as maiores concentrações de blastosporos de M. rileyi. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos no último experimento com o isolado ESALQ 1305 quando o pré-cultivo foi realizado com meio contendo 36 g.L-1 de concentração de carbono e relação C:N de 50:1, posteriormente inoculado na razão de 105 blastosporos.mL-1 nos meios de cultivo contendo 40 g.L-1 e 80 g.L-1 de carbono, tendo extrato de levedura como fonte proteica, obtendo-se concentrações de 3,6 ± 1,6 x 109 blastosporos.mL-1 e 4,0 ± 0,6 x 109 blastosporos.mL-1, respectivamente, após quatro dias. Os resultados demonstram a viabilidade da produção de blastosporos de M. rileyi, por fermentação líquida. / Metarhizium rileyi is an important fungus pathogenic to various species of defoliating pests of the family Noctuidae. There is a great demand for mass production of this fungus, but there is still no commercial products in the Brazilian market. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the conidial production of M. rileyi by solid fermentation using different grains and cereals and the production of blastospores by liquid fermentation in media with different sources of carbon and nitrogen. In the production of conidia in solid substrate, the isolated ESALQ 1305 was used in eight treatments with grains/cereals incubated for 15 days. For the production of blastospores in liquid substrate, four sequential experiments were conducted using different media, concentrations of pre-cultivation, sources of carbon, nitrogen, C:N ratio and cultivation time where tested. Data were analyzed by the use of ANOVA and post hoc comparisons of means using the Tukey\'s test to 5%. The solid substrates resulting in higher production of conidia were black-eyed beans milled without sieving (7.4 ± 2.8 x 108 conidia.g-1) and wheat milled and sieved (3.3 ± 1.2 x 108 conidia.g-1). In the liquid fermentation experiments to 300 R.P.M. and 25 °C it was observed that the media developed by Jaronski and Jackson (2012) with C:N ratio of 50:1, provides the greatest concentration of blastospores of M. rileyi. The best results were obtained in the last experiment with the isolate ESALQ 1305, when the pre-cultivation was conducted in media containing concentration of carbon of 36 g.L-1 and C:N ratio of 50:1, inoculated in the ratio of 105 blastosporos.mL-1 in culture media containing 40 g.L-1 and 80 g.L-1 of carbon, using yeast extract as protein source, obtaining the concentrations of 3.6 ± 1.6 x 109 blastospores.mL-1 and 4.0 ± 0.6 x 109 blastospores.mL-1, respectively, after four days. The results demonstrate the viability of high-yield production of blastospores of M. rileyi by liquid fermentation.

A atual pesquisa faz parte do grupo de pesquisa, cadastrado no Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, sobre moda na cadeia têxtil, tendo como foco as questões sociais da cadeia produtiva da manufatura do vestuário de moda. O mercado de produto de vestuário de moda massificado enfrenta grandes dificuldades com consumidores que desejam produtos personalizados e serviços rápidos, eficientes e, ao mesmo tempo, conforme suas necessidades. Cada vez mais as empresas do setor de vestuário necessitam de gestões eficientes a partir de novas estratégias alinhadas com as novas tecnologias visando o desenvolvimento, a produção e a comercialização do produto com o objetivo de atender a demanda do mercado consumidor. As empresas que apostam nesses produtos personalizados estão descobrindo que as soluções convencionais poderão ser extintas e que há necessidades de novas práticas para estarem aptos a desenvolver os produtos e serviços que atendam às necessidades e aos desejos dos seus consumidores. O processo de diferenciação e personalização na manufatura do vestuário da moda ocorre de forma cada vez mais acelerada. Neste contexto, a indústria em seu processo de desenvolvimento de novos produtos se antecipa buscando descobrir tendências, a fim de produzir de forma otimizada e atender a demanda de consumidores específicos que desejam ser percebidos de forma cada vez mais individualizada. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral estudar a diferenciação e personalização da produção através da customização em massa, atendendo a demanda de um determinado público-alvo. Em relação aos procedimentos metodológicos, foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográficas que resultaram na fundamentação teórica, a qual auxiliou na construção dos questionários com perguntas semiestruturas, a serem aplicadas nos estudos de casos com empresas que utilizam estratégias de diferenciação do produto, através da customização em massa. Após, foi possível analisar os casos, bem como comparar por meio de quadros, as estratégias e processos utilizados pelas por estas empresas. Os resultados permitiram confirmar quais estratégias e processos são necessários para prática efetiva do produto diferenciado e personalizado através da customização em massa. Portanto, este estudo se justifica pela importância social e econômica do setor têxtil e da moda e pela escassez de bibliografia acerca do tema. Espera-se assim que essa pesquisa possa lançar luz em um campo pouco pesquisado, além contribuir com referencial bibliográfico / The present research is part of the research group, registered with the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, on fashion in the textile chain, focusing on social issues of the productive chain of manufacture of fashion apparel. The massiveness fashion apparel product market faces great difficulties with consumers who want customized products and fast, efficient and at the same time, as needed. More and more clothing sector firms need efficient efforts from new strategies aligned with new technologies for the development, production and marketing of the product in order to meet the demand of the consumer market. The companies that invest in these customized products are finding that conventional solutions may be extinct and that there is need for new practices to be able to develop products and services that meet the needs and desires of its consumers. The differentiation and customization process in the fashion garment manufacturing is increasingly accelerated rate. In this context, the industry in the development process of new products anticipates seeking to discover trends in order to produce optimally and meet the demand for specific consumers who wish to be perceived increasingly individualized. This research has the general objective to study the differentiation and customization of production through mass customization, meeting the demand of a targeted audience. Regarding the methodological procedures were conducted literature searches that resulted in the theoretical foundation, which helped build the questionnaires with semi-structured questions, to be applied in the case studies with companies using product differentiation strategies through mass customization. After it was possible to analyze the cases and compare through frameworks, strategies and processes used by these companies. The results confirm what strategies and processes are needed for effective practice of differentiated and personalized product through mass customization. Therefore, this study is justified by the social and economic importance of the textile sector and fashion and the lack of literature on the subject. It is hoped that this research will shed light on a little-researched field, besides contributing to bibliographic references

Although Walter Benjamin argues printed materials are without traditional art authority or aura, Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg’s work exists in the tradition of high art despite their use of mass-produced materials. Johns and Rauschenberg rely on the distracted attention of the viewer in the age of reproduction to engender reassessment of materials in their works. They use objects that contribute to the new distracted audience but create works that force the viewer toward intense contemplation; their works also combat trends Benjamin identifies to stake their claim as artists of original works while remaining relevant to the modern era. Johns merges print, mechanized reproduction, painting, and sculpture to subvert and reaffirm his place as the artist of an auratic object. Rauschenberg employs ready-mades, painting, printed materials, and sculpture in hybrid art works that unite mechanization with human facture to renegotiate and expose the overstimulation of reproduced objects within society.