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This thesis is a study on the interface of public built form and the open public space surrounding it. The aim is to explore the problem of the transition between interior and exterior public space, that is the exterior skin of the public built form: its public wall. Public wall is explored as an in-between element belonging to both spaces, which forms the dialogue of these spaces. The dialogue is studied in terms of communicative qualities. A conceptual framework is established for the analysis of the public wall. To develop the communication notion further, two milieus of communication of the interior and exterior public space are discussed: transparency and de-materialization. At the end, in order to examine how the theoretical approaches turn into practical solutions, some contemporary architectural examples of public buildings are evaluated in relation to the established framework of the public wall. Therefore, the emphasis given on the subject of public wall is supposed to contribute to the network of relations in the cityscape, and activate those relations, as these relations of built form and open space are at the base of urban realm.

L’analyse de la pratique et de la jurisprudence démontre qu’indépendamment de l’existence ou non d’un acteinstrumentaire, certaines obligations dont le contenu n’est pas retranscrit par écrit et qui ne relèvent pas de lacatégorie des obligations imposées contraignent les parties. L’identification d’une double condition de qualificationrévèle l’existence d’une catégorie obligationnelle particulière qui, n’étant pas envisagée en tant que telle par le droitpositif, invite à l’analyse. L’étude des obligations non matérialisées se révèle nécessaire afin de comprendre tant leur mécanique de fonctionnement que les fondements de leur effet contraignant. Les unes, qualifiées d’obligations non matérialisées par renvoi explicite, s’identifient par la stipulation, par les parties, d’une clause par référence dans l’instrumentum qui fait expressément référence à leur caractère obligatoire. Si leur effet contraignant est, donc, justifié par la forceobligatoire du contrat dans lequel la stipulation contractuelle est prévue, le contenu imposable à la relationcontractuelle n’est, toutefois, pas retranscrit dans l’écrit principal. Les autres, qualifiées d’obligations non matérialiséespar renvoi implicite, sont celles qui s’ordonnent aux contractants sans que ces derniers ne justifient d’une volontéexplicite de s’y soumettre. Si cette définition est similaire à celle des obligations imposées en ce qu’elles ne sont pasnécessairement rattachables à la commune intention des parties, ces obligations non matérialisées s’en distinguent parleur fondement. Lorsque les obligations imposées se justifient par la lettre ou la mise en oeuvre d’une dispositionlégale, les obligations non matérialisées par renvoi implicite s’expliquent par la notion d’utilité. La révélation des obligations non matérialisées dans les contrats s’attache à un intérêt pratique puisqu’au terme decette démarche, une visibilité relative à leurs effets permet d’identifier les lacunes que leur effet obligatoire suscite et,partant, les solutions qu’il apparaît opportun d’appliquer. La nature et l’importance des difficultés révélées justifient,alors, la nécessité d’établir un traitement juridique, mais également, de déceler les éléments indispensables à uneproposition qui leur est adaptée. Il se constate que les insuffisances liées au caractère obligatoire des obligations non matérialisées ne leur sont pas spécifiques en ce qu’elles peuvent, du fait de leur caractère général, être décelées dans d’autres situations contractuelles. Les traitements proposés dans la présente étude ont, ainsi, vocation à s’appliquer à l’ensemble de la matière contractuelle. / The analysis of practice and of case-law shows that, independent of the existence or not of a legal instrument, certain obligations the contents of which have not been made in writing and which do not fall under the category of imposed obligations are binding on the parties. The identification of a double condition of qualification shows the existence of a specific obligational category which, not having been envisaged as such by positive law, calls for analysis.The analysis of their exteriorisation proves to be necessary in order to understand not only the way they function but also the foundations of their enforceability. Some, qualified as non-materialized obligations by explicit reference, are identified by the stipulation, by the parties, of a clause by reference in the instrumentum which expressly refers to their enforceability. If their binding nature is, therefore, justified by the binding nature of the contract in which the contractual stipulation is provided, the contents binding vis-à-vis the contractual relationship is not, however, transcribed in the main instrument in writing. The others, qualified as non-materialized obligations by implicit reference, are those which are binding on the contracting parties without the latter justifying any explicit wish to comply with them. If this definition is similar to that of imposed obligations in that they are not necessarily expressly bound to the common intention of the parties, these non-materialized obligations can be distinguished by their foundation. Whereas imposed obligations are justified by the letter or the carrying out of a legal provision, non-materialized obligations by implicit reference can be explained by the notion of utility. The revelation of non-materialized obligations in contracts can be linked to a practical interest as, at the end of this process, a certain visibility concerning their effects enables both the shortcomings caused by their binding nature and hence the seemingly appropriate solutions to apply to be identified. The nature and the importance of the difficulties revealed justify, therefore, the necessity of setting up legal treatment, but also, of identifying the elements indispensable to find a proposition adapted to them. It can be seen that the insufficiencies related to the binding nature of non-materialized obligations are not specific to them in that they can, because of their general nature, be found in other contractual situations. The ways of treating this put forward in this study can therefore be applied to all contractual matters.

This thesis investigates materialization and representation in contemporary architectural design practice. Due to cultural and technological shifts, the act of design is no longer squarely located in the abstract realms of drawings or digital geometries. Computer aided manufacturing, simulation and scanning offer new design opportunities that are located in the transfer between representation and material. This has given rise to a post-digital model of practice and thought, in which ‘real’ and discrete chunks of matter are incorporated at the earliest stages of design. The thesis is practice-based, and spans in scope from design to technology to theory. The design work included explores materialization and representation from a particular point of view. In addition, it suggests a methodological approach to design, and explores the theoretical implications in this approach. These implications are addressed in two connected research questions: How can material processes, whether real or simulated, turn transfers between geometry and materialized objects into productive design opportunities? And how might material simulation alter the ways in which representations are conceptualized and used by architects? In parallel with practice-based work, the thesis suggests a theoretical framework for current issues of representation and materialization in architecture. This framework draws from the recent history of the digital turn in architecture as well as from recent design research work and theory in a post-digital turn. This thesis makes contributions in three main areas. Through the design work Erratic, it makes a visceral case for how the use of material simulation might open up new ways of harnessing material agency. It positions simulation in the field of architecture in-between established polarities such as geometry vs. matter, virtual vs. real and drawing vs. mock-up. It discusses the conceptual difference between design based on geometry and design based on discrete pieces of material. Finally, it proposes that form in architecture increasingly can be conceptualized as ‘chunks,’ as opposed to reduced descriptions of geometry. / <p>QC 20161102</p>

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The Wind Projects are based around ideas about materialization. They are an attempt at combining factors related to textiles, such as patterns, structure, materials and body with abstract ideas about movement, change, unpredictability and interrelated relationships between materials, environments objects and actions. / Program: Master in Textile Design

This paper deals with design semiotics, focuses on product design (light design) from the perspectives of social semiotics (van Leeuwen, 2005; Kress a van Leeuwen, 2006), multimodality (Kress, 2010) and product design (Norman, 1988, 2004a; Monö, 1997), and perceive design as a multimodal process of choices as well as a result of materialization of meanings. The theoretical chapters are dedicated to definitions of particular approaches and terms, which are applied within the empirical parts afterwards. These rely on the theories mentioned above and the design phases established by Riley (2003, 2004), which we linked with given theoretical approaches (the discourse phase with social semiotics; the conception phase with multimodality and emotional design; the inception phase with multimodality; and the reception phase with social semiotics and product design). Semi-structured interviews were held with three designers engaged in light design - Jan Plecháč, Jakub Pollág and Karel Matějka. The purpose of this paper is to explore and compare practices of designers from their own perspectives, considering intended product meanings (purposes), used modes and highlighting different design levels. Key words Social semiotics, product design, emotional design, multimodality, materialization

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Les dépendances fonctionnelles fournissent une information sémantique sur les données d’une table en mettant en lumière les liens de corrélation qui les unient. Dans cette thèse, nous traitons du problème de l’extraction de ces dépendances en proposant un contexte unifié permettant la découverte de n’importe quel type de dépendances fonctionnelles (dépendances de clé, dépendances fonctionnelles conditionnelles, que la validité soit complète ou approximative). Notre algorithme, ParaCoDe, s’exécute en parallèle sur les candidats, réduisant ainsi le temps global de calcul. De ce fait, il est très compétitif vis-à-vis des approches séquentielles connues à ce jour. Les dépendances satisfaites sur une table nous servent à résoudre le problème de la matérialisation partielle du cube de données. Nous présentons une caractérisation de la solution optimale dans laquelle le coût de chaque requête est borné par un seuil de performance fixé préalablement et dont la taille est minimale. Cette spécification de la solution donne un cadre unique pour décrire et donc comparer formellement les techniques de résumé de cubes de données. / Functional dependancies provide a semantic information over data from a table to exhibit correlation links. In this thesis, we deal with the dependancy discovery problem by proposing a unified context to extract any type of functional dependencies (key dependencies, conditional functional dependencies, with an exact or an approximate validity). Our algorithm, ParaCoDe, runs in parallel on candidates there by reducing the global time of computations. Hence, it is very competitive comparated to sequential appoaches known today. Satisfied dependencies on a table are used to solve the problem of partial materiali-zation of data cube. We present a characterization of the optimal solution in which the cost of each query is bounded by a before hand fixed performance threshold and its size is minimal. This specification of the solution gives a unique framework to describe and formally compare summarization techniques of data cubes.

Data warehouses are being used in many applications since quite a long time. Traditionally, new data in these warehouses is loaded through offline bulk updates which implies that latest data is not always available for analysis. This, however, is not acceptable in many modern applications (such as intelligent building, smart grid etc.) that require the latest data for decision making. These modern applications necessitate real-time fast atomic integration of incoming facts in data warehouse. Moreover, the data defining the analysis dimensions, stored in dimension tables of these warehouses, also needs to be updated in real-time, in case of any change. In this thesis, such real-time data warehouses are defined as dynamic data warehouses. We propose a data model for these dynamic data warehouses and present the concept of Hierarchical Hybrid Multidimensional Data Space (HHMDS) which constitutes of both ordered and non-ordered hierarchical dimensions. The axes of the data space are non-ordered which help their dynamic evolution without any need of reordering. We define a data grouping structure, called Minimum Bounding Space (MBS), that helps efficient data partitioning of data in the space. Various operators, relations and metrics are defined which are used for the optimization of these data partitions and the analogies among classical OLAP concepts and the HHMDS are defined. We propose efficient algorithms to store summarized or detailed data, in form of MBS, in a tree structure called DyTree. Algorithms for OLAP queries over the DyTree are also detailed. The nodes of DyTree, holding MBS with associated aggregated measure values, represent materialized sections of cuboids and tree as a whole is a partially materialized and indexed data cube which is maintained using online atomic incremental updates. We propose a methodology to experimentally evaluate partial data cubing techniques and a prototype implementing this methodology is developed. The prototype lets us experimentally evaluate and simulate the structure and performance of the DyTree against other solutions. An extensive study is conducted using this prototype which shows that the DyTree is an efficient and effective partial data cubing solution for a dynamic data warehousing environment.